219 P.3d 1255
Mont.
2009

Lead Opinion

CHIEF JUSTICE MCGRATH

delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Appellant Youth D.W.B. appeals from the denial of his motion to dismiss and dispositional order of the Youth Court of the Eighth Judicial District Court, Cascade County. We affirm.

¶2 After unsuccessfully attempting to withdraw from a consent adjustment without petition (consent adjustment) before the Youth Court, D.W.B. raises the following issues:

¶3 Whether §41-5-1512, MCA, is unconstitutional on its face and as applied.

¶4 Whether the Youth Court lacked jurisdiction to revoke D.W.B.’s consent adjustment and order disposition.

¶5 Whether D.W.B. should be allowed to withdraw his consent adjustment at any time.

BACKGROUND

¶6 Appellant Youth D.W.B. was cited for misdemeanor criminal trespass to property and minor in possession of alcohol (MIP) on June 10, 2007. D.W.B. pled guilty to the MIP in justice cоurt. For the criminal trespass citation, D.W.B. entered into a consent adjustment, signed by D.W.B., his parent, the deputy and chief probation officers, a deputy county attorney, and the youth court judge. On October 4, 2007, the Youth Court apрroved the consent adjustment and ordered ‘informal probation” for approximately nine months with conditions.

¶7 The State filed a petition to revoke the consent adjustment on June 17, 2008, based on a Youth Court Services rеport of violation alleging that D.W.B. had violated four conditions of his consent adjustment and probation. D.W.B. objected to the proceeding to revoke the consent adjustment and filed a motion to dismiss, challenging the constitutionality of §41-5-1512, ‍​​​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‍MCA, on due process grounds. Counsel for D.W.B. informed the court that the Youth and his mother were confused when they signed the consent adjustment, and D.W.B. would have denied the trespass claim and demanded a trial had he known the details of the complaint. The court denied the motion to dismiss on September 26, 2008, concluding the statute was constitutional.

¶8 At the evidentiary hearing on the petition to revoke the consent adjustment, D.W.B. moved for reсonsideration of the motion to dismiss, which the court denied. D.W.B. pled ‘true” that he had violated two conditions of his consent adjustment probation (skipping school, and consuming alcohol or drugs). The court revoked the previous conditions of probation imposed by the consent adjustment *196and extended D.W.B.’s probation until January 31, 2009, with conditions attached and incorporated into the order. D.W.B. now appeals.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶9 Statutes enjoy a presumрtion of constitutionality and the person challenging a statute’s constitutionality bears the burden of proving it unconstitutional beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Knudson, 2007 MT 324, ¶ 12, 340 Mont. 167, 174 P.3d 469. The constitutionality of a statute is a question of law. Knudson, ¶ 12. This Court exercises plenary review of questions of constitutional law, and reviews a district court’s application of the Constitution to determine if it is correct. Knudson, ¶ 12.

¶10 This Court reviews a youth court’s interpretation and application of the Youth Court Act for correctness. In re K.D.K., 2006 MT 187, ¶ 15, 333 Mont. 100, 141 P.3d 1212.

DISCUSSION

¶11 Whether §41-5-1512, MCA, is unconstitutiоnal on its face and as applied.

¶12 A consent adjustment without petition is an informal tool used by a probation officer when a youth is alleged to have violated the law but the probation officer does not bеlieve it would be in the best interests ‍​​​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‍of the youth, the family, and the public to file a formal petition. A consent adjustment allows the State to rehabilitate the youth through probation or other dispositions without charging the youth formally. See Youth Court Act, Title 41, Chapter 5, Part 13 Informal Proceeding. Section 41-5-1512(1), MCA, regarding the disposition of youths who violate consent adjustments, provides in relevant part: “[i]f a youth is found ... to have violated a consent adjustment, the youth сourt may enter its judgment making one or more of the following dispositions: (a) place the youth on probation. The youth court shall retain jurisdiction in a disposition under this subsection.”

¶13 D.W.B. argues that §41-5-1512,MCA,is unconstitutional because it allоws the State and the youth court to proceed from an informal consent adjustment, in which the youth makes admissions and agrees to conditions without the advice of counsel, to a formal revocation and disposition without requiring the State to formally charge the youth. In particular, D.W.B. claims that §41-5-1512, MCA, permits the youth court to accept the consent adjustment “admission” as an admission of “true” to a criminal offense and proceed to formal disposition without *197assurances that the admission was voluntary, knowing, and intelligent. D.W.B. argues that §41-5-1512, MCA, allows the State to use a consent adjustment as an admission of a crime and bypass requirements to prove the underlying offensе and grant certain constitutional protections.

¶14 D.W.B. misses the critical distinction implicit in informal proceedings, which precludes adjudication of the youth as either a delinquent youth or a youth in need of intervention and any resulting commitment to Department of Corrections’ facilities. Compare §§41-5-1304 and -1512, MCA, with § 41-5-1513(l)(b), MCA. Montana recognizes that youths are to be given special treatment by the courts. The youth court system is designed to promote individual rehabilitation and аllow young people to learn positive lessons from their transgressions. In youth court, these young people are not subject to the same criminal sanctions as are adults. An express legislative purpose of the Montana Youth Court Act is ‘to prevent and reduce youth delinquency through a system that does not seek retribution but that provides: (a) immediate, consistent, enforceable, and avoidable consequences of yоuths’ actions; (b) a program of supervision, care, rehabilitation, detention, competency development, and community protection for youth before they become adult offenders[.]” Section 41-5-102(2), MCA; In re D.A.S., 2008 MT 168, ¶ 11, 343 Mont. 360, 184 P.3d 349; Matter of S.L.M., 287 Mont. 23, 35-36, 951 P.2d 1365, 1373 (1997).

¶15 Due prоcess guarantees of right to counsel generally attach when an individual is charged with a criminal offense that could result in the individual being incarcerated. See Lassiter v. Dept. of Soc. Servs. of Durham Co., N.C., 452 U.S. 18, 25-27, 101 S. Ct. 2153, 2158-59 (1981); In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1, 41, 87 S. Ct. 1428, 1451 (1967); State v. Buck, 2006 MT 81, ¶ 33, 331 Mont. 517, 134 P.3d 53. Incarceration is not authorized under the informal proceedings of the Youth Court Act. Moreover, there were no violations of due process here. The consent adjustment was signed both by the youth and his parent and it was approved by the judge. The consent adjustment advised D.W.B. of his basic legal rights guaranteed by law and that violations might result in a formal ‍​​​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‍dispositional hearing resulting in any disposition contained in §41-5-1512, MCA. The Youth Court held hearings at which D.W.B. was represented by counsel and entitled to contest the allegations that he violated his probation. Furthermore, by admitting to violations of the consent adjustment, D.W.B. waived any claim that the State failed to bear its burden of proof.

*198¶16 By permitting the youth court to enforce the violation of informal consent adjustments without requiring a petition or finding that a youth is delinquent or in need of intervention, § 41-5-1512, MCA, has a reasonable and rational relation to the express statutory purposes of the Youth Court Act. When D.W.B. violated the consent adjustment, the State did not seek retribution and punishment for the underlying criminal trespass, nor for D.W.B.’s underage drinking, but instead sought a continuation of D.W.B.’s probation to provide immediate, consistent, enforceable, аnd avoidable consequences of the youth’s actions and a program of supervision, care, rehabilitation, competency development, and community protection. See §41-5-102(2), MCA. D.W.B.’s approach would elеvate every violation of an informal consent adjustment to delinquency proceedings.

¶17 We agree with the District Court’s reasoning that §41-5-1512, MCA, is constitutional as drafted:

[T]he plain meaning of the statute allows a court to impоse a disposition upon a youth who is found to have violated the terms of a consent adjustment without going through the formal proceedings as the dispositions provided for under the act are designed to promote the welfare of the youth and uphold the purposes of the Montana Youth Court Act and they are not punitive, but are consistent, enforceable, and avoidable consequences of the youth’s failure to comрly with the terms of his agreement with the State.

D.W.B. fails to prove § 41-5-1512, MCA, unconstitutional beyond a reasonable doubt and the District Court was correct in finding the statute constitutional.

¶18 Whether the Youth Court lacked jurisdiction to revoke D.W.B.’s cоnsent adjustment and order disposition.

¶19 D.W.B. argues that the Youth Court lacked jurisdiction to revoke the consent adjustment between the probation officer and the youth and his family. D.W.B. ‍​​​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‍argues that §41-5-203(1), MCA, does not confer jurisdiction upon a youth court to determine matters pertaining to a consent adjustment. The statute provides:

[T]he court has exclusive original jurisdiction of all proceedings under the Montana Youth Court Act in which a youth is alleged to be a delinquent youth or a youth in need of intervention or concerning any person under 21 years of age charged with having violated any law of the state or any ordinance of a city or town other than a traffic or fish and game law prior to having become 18 years of age.

*199Section 41-5-203(1), MCA (emphasis added.) D.W.B. notes that a consent adjustment does not invoke a youth court “proceeding,” nor does it “charge” a youth with a criminal offense or allege that a youth is delinquent or a youth in need of intervention. Furthermorе, D.W.B. argues that because no complaint or petition was filed against the youth, and because the probation officer and the youth were in agreement, then there was no pending controversy between advеrse parties for the Youth Court to decide and render judgment. Without a controversy, D.W.B. claims there is no jurisdiction.

¶20 The Youth Court Act expressly confers jurisdiction on the youth court over all matters involving offenses committed by youth, whеther disposed of through formal or informal proceedings. Section 41-5-203(1), MCA, provides original jurisdiction over cases involving persons under the age of 18. State v. Andersen-Conway, 2007 MT 281, ¶ 15, 339 Mont. 439, 171 P.3d 678. Section 41-5-1205, MCA, expressly provides for informal dispositions (i.e. consent аdjustments) in youth court, in addition to formal dispositions. More specifically, § 41-5-1301(2), MCA, provides for

treatment or adjustment involving probation or other disposition authorized under 41-5-1302 through 41-5-1304 if the treatment or adjustment is voluntarily acceptеd by the youth’s parents or guardian and the youth, if the matter is referred immediately to the county attorney for review, and if the probation officer or assessment officer proceeds no further unless authorized by the cоunty attorney.

Additionally, the Youth Court Act expressly provides jurisdiction to the youth court to order disposition when a youth violates a consent adjustment. Section 41-5-1512(1), MCA. Finally, the Youth Court approved the consent adjustment ‍​​​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌​‌​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌‌​​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​​‌‍here with specific language that made its jurisdiction clear: ‘FOR GOOD CAUSE SHOWN, THE FOREGOING CONSENT. ADJUSTMENT AND ORDER IS APPROVED BY THE COURT AND HENCEFORTH SHALL BE ENFORCEABLE AS AN ORDER OF THE COURT.”

¶21 Whether D.W.B. should be allowed to withdraw his consent adjustment at any time.

¶22 D.W.B. argues that the voluntary, informal nature of the consent adjustment proceedings requires that a youth be allowed to withdraw his acceptance of the agreement at any time. However, nothing in the record shows that D.W.B. ever requested permission from the Youth Court to withdraw his consent adjustment. “As a general rule, a party mаy raise on direct appeal only those issues and claims that were *200properly preserved.” State v. West, 2008 MT 338, ¶ 16, 346 Mont. 244, 194 P.3d 683. We therefore decline to address this issue since it was not raised in the District Court.

¶23 Affirmed.

JUSTICES COTTER, LEAPHART and MORRIS concur.



Concurrence Opinion

JUSTICE NELSON,

specially concurring.

¶24 I concur in the Court’s Opinion based on the facts at issue here and the procedural posture of this case.