In re C.P., Juvenile
Nos. 12-057 & 12-191
Supreme Court of Vermont
December 7, 2012
2012 VT 100 | 193 Vt. 29 | 71 A.3d 1142
Present: Reiber, C.J., Dooley, Skoglund, Burgess and Robinson, JJ.
Michael Rose, St. Albans, for Appellant Father.
William H. Sorrell, Attorney General, and Martha E. Csala, Assistant Attorney General, Montpelier, for Appellee.
Jill Jourdan and Julianne Woolard of Willey & Power, Newport, for Juvenile.
¶ 1. Dooley, J. This decision resolves two consolidated appeals related to family division proceedings involving juvenile C.P. First, mother and father appeal termination of their parental rights to their son C.P., born in November 2009. Father argues that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to adjudicate the termination proceeding. Mother joins father‘s jurisdictional argument and also contends that the evidence and findings do not support the conclusion that termination is in C.P.‘s best interests. Second, father challenges the court‘s post-termination order striking a sentence of the termination decision, and finding that the Department for Children and Families (DCF) made reasonable efforts toward achieving the permanency plan goal of reunifying C.P. with his parents. We affirm.
¶ 2. C.P. was born in Plattsburgh, New York, which is about twenty miles south of Mooers, the rural community in New York state where mother and father live. Mother and father reside at father‘s mother‘s home with several adult family members, all of whom are disabled to some degree and one of whom has a history of sexually abusing others. Mother was known to the New York Department of Social Services (DSS) prior to C.P.‘s birth because she has some emotional dysregulation and receives adult protective services. During mother‘s pregnancy, DSS employees observed mother having an emotional meltdown. DSS then worked with mother to develop a safety plan to be implemented following the baby‘s birth. The plan required father‘s mother to provide supervision for mother and baby and precluded mother from being left alone with the baby. The plan was imposed following C.P.‘s birth. On April 19, 2010, an altercation occurred between mother and father‘s mother, and the police responded. Father‘s family reported that mother had grabbed C.P.‘s arm and had covered C.P.‘s mouth with hers to stop him from crying.
¶ 3. Mother left that home and initially went to stay with her mother, but she was unable to remain there. Because mother could not care for the baby on her own, DSS sought a placement for C.P. DSS contacted mother‘s sister in Morgan, Vermont, and she agreed to take in both mother and C.P. On April 21, C.P.‘s aunt traveled to New York and signed an agreement, which explained that because mother could become easily frustrated and anxious with the baby, she could not be left as the sole caretaker of C.P. The aunt, C.P., and mother then returned to Vermont with the intent that the child would reside indefinitely in the aunt‘s home. During mother‘s stay, C.P.‘s aunt observed that mother was unwilling to attend to C.P. and focused more on reestablishing her relationship with father. C.P.‘s aunt and her
¶ 4. On April 24, the aunt learned that father and his mother planned to pick up mother and take her back to father‘s mother‘s home in New York. Apparently, mother and the aunt were not getting along. When father arrived, the aunt told father to take mother, but that based on her understanding of the agreement she had signed with DSS, she could not let father take C.P. The aunt called Vermont DCF, and the DCF investigator spoke to both mother and the aunt. When the DCF investigator came to the house, mother was already gone, but C.P. remained. On April 26, DCF filed a petition for custody and an emergency care order, which was granted based on mother‘s abandonment of C.P. At the temporary care hearing a couple of days later, the court established father‘s paternity of C.P., continued DCF custody and granted parents visitation.
¶ 5. DCF filed a petition alleging that C.P. was a child in need of care or supervision (CHINS) based on two grounds - mother‘s abandonment of C.P. and her failure to provide parental care. In October 2010, mother stipulated that C.P. was CHINS because she had not arranged for proper medical care when she left C.P. with his aunt. The preliminary case plan set concurrent goals of reunification and adoption. It called for mother and father to find appropriate work, to visit C.P. regularly, to work with a parent educator, and to obtain mental health counseling. A disposition report filed in November 2010 recommended termination of the parental rights of both the mother and father. DCF followed up with a formal petition to terminate in the disposition order.
¶ 6. During the period leading up to the disposition hearing, visits between parents and C.P. took place in Newport, Vermont, which is 90 to 110 miles from where parents live - about a two-hour drive. Initially, the visits were scheduled for an hour twice a week, but due to parents’ unreliable transportation and difficulty finding a supervisor, the visits were changed to two hours once a week. Parents had problems securing transportation to the visits and missed 41% of their visits between July 2010 and July 2011.
¶ 7. A developmental assessment of C.P. was conducted in May 2010. It concluded that C.P. had delayed physical development. Within three weeks of being at the aunt‘s house, he made three months’ worth of progress. By a year later, a similar assessment indicated that C.P. was developing normally, except for speech and language difficulties that were being addressed.
¶ 8. A forensic psychologist evaluated mother and father in the spring of 2011. The psychologist concluded that mother “would not be able to adapt her mode of parenting as the child grew” and “would find it difficult to take the negative ‘feedback’ an unhappy child would express, and that she would require a substantial degree of external support.” The psychologist concluded that mother and father would both need assistance in completing daily skills and would need to be monitored. The psychologist determined that father could not successfully care for C.P. without “substantial supports.”
¶ 9. The court held a disposition/termination hearing over two days in August and September 2011. At the hearing, testimony was presented by the DSS case worker, C.P.‘s aunt and uncle, father‘s mother, a parent educator, mother and father. In addition, the court received deposition testimony from the forensic psychologist.
¶ 10. Based on the evidence, the trial court concluded that termination of parental
¶ 11. The court‘s order also stated “This Court does not find that DCF used reasonable efforts to reunify [C.P.] with his parents. If the Department wishes further hearing on this issue it may so request.” On February 17, 2012, DCF moved for an additional hearing. The court discussed the matter at a February 27 permanency planning review and again on April 9, 2012. No additional evidence was taken on the matter. On April 27, 2012, the court issued an order, finding based on the evidence submitted during the termination hearing that DCF had made reasonable efforts to finalize a concurrent permanency plan for C.P. As to the efforts to reunify C.P. with his parents, the court listed the following acts by DCF: facilitating parent-child contact, providing parents with a parent educator, completing an assessment of C.P. for developmental delays, having an interstate home study of parents’ home in New York completed and making referrals for mental health treatment for both parents. The court also noted the efforts DCF made toward achieving adoption. The court struck the sentence from its prior order regarding the lack of reasonable efforts.
¶ 12. Both parents appeal the termination decision. On appeal, parents argue that the court lacked jurisdiction and the case should be remanded for New York to assume jurisdiction. Mother argues that the evidence and findings do not support the court‘s best-interests analysis. Father also appeals the court‘s order concluding that DCF made reasonable efforts to finalize a permanency plan. Father contends that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to modify its termination order and that the subsequent decision regarding DCF‘s reasonable efforts served to emphasize that termination was due to factors beyond parents’ control.
¶ 13. We first address the parties’ challenge to the court‘s jurisdiction to adjudicate the proceedings in this case. The Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act (UCCJA),
¶ 14. Some factual background is necessary to understand this issue fully. Father‘s attorney first raised jurisdiction at the temporary care hearing in April 2010, explaining that parents and child were most connected to New York State, but conceding that the court had emergency jurisdiction. At the CHINS merits
hearing in October 2010, father‘s attorney again conceded emergency jurisdiction under the UCCJA, but objected to the court issuing a disposition order. The court invited counsel to file a motion. No motion was filed before the court found C.P. was CHINS based on mother‘s stipulation on October 15, 2010, almost six months after C.P. arrived in Vermont. In November 2010, at a hearing, father‘s counsel reiterated that she felt the court lacked jurisdiction to issue a disposition order. There was some discussion of the issue on the record, and the court instructed the parties to file any motions concerning UCCJA jurisdiction within two weeks. Again, no motion was filed. All parties were present and represented at the termination hearing, and no party objected on jurisdictional grounds.
¶ 15. In its termination order, the court examined the proceeding‘s jurisdictional basis. The court found that Vermont‘s initial jurisdiction was based on the emergency provisions of the UCCJA.
¶ 16. On appeal, father and mother now contend that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction. They argue that Vermont lacked emergency jurisdiction over C.P. initially because C.P. and his parents had no connection to the state and there was no compelling evidence of abuse, neglect or abandonment. Therefore, they claim that there was no jurisdiction to enter the CHINS order. Parents contend further that Vermont did not become C.P.‘s home state by the time the initial disposition was filed because an erroneous assumption of jurisdiction cannot be cured by an erroneous retention of jurisdiction.
¶ 17. As explained in detail below, we conclude that parents’ attempts to collaterally challenge the CHINS order is unavailing and that the court had jurisdiction at the termination stage. This case is substantially controlled by In re B.C., 169 Vt. 1, 726 A.2d 45 (1999). See also In re R.W., 2011 VT 124, ¶ 13. In In re B.C., the juvenile‘s mother and grandmother appealed a termination decision, arguing that the family court did not have jurisdiction over the proceeding because the juvenile had been in Vermont for only two months prior to the filing of the underlying CHINS petition. 169 Vt. at 4, 726 A.2d at 48. The mother and grandmother did not challenge Vermont‘s jurisdiction until after the CHINS determination was final and a termination petition was pending. They argued that while there may have been temporary emergency jurisdiction, the court lacked authority to make permanent custody decisions. This Court held that there was home-state jurisdiction by the time the termination petition was filed. Id. at 5, 726 A.2d at 49. As to the CHINS and disposition orders, we explained that because the mother had failed to appeal she could prevail only if those orders were void under Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(4). Id. at 7, 726 A.2d at 50. Because the court had subject matter jurisdiction “over the general type of controversy before it,” the resulting judgments were not void even if jurisdiction was erroneously exercised in the particular case. Id. We noted that this was in keeping with the policy behind the UCCJA because “[a]utomatically voiding prior judgments stemming from an erroneous exercise of jurisdiction under the UCCJA not only would undermine the principle of finality, but would permit litigants to contest the merits of a controversy in a convenient forum while reserving the ‘jurisdictional card’ in the event of an unfavorable decision.” Id. at 8, 726 A.2d at 50.
¶ 18. The CHINS merits decision in this case is similarly final and not void pursuant to a belated collateral attack. See Peery v. Super. Ct., 219 Cal. Rptr. 882, 886 (Ct. App. 1985) (explaining that normally a party is barred from collaterally attacking final judgment on jurisdictional grounds unless “the exercise of jurisdiction constitutes a manifest abuse of authority“). As explained in In re B.C., when a party seeks to void a judgment after it is final the party must “satisfy the criteria for obtaining relief from a final judgment.” 169 Vt. at 7, 726 A.2d at 50 (citing
¶ 20. Father contends that the proceedings should have been commenced in New York where C.P. had lived until a few days before and where parents continued to reside. Whatever the merit of this argument at that time, it cannot be revived now that the order is final. It is highly significant that no party challenged the court‘s jurisdiction at the initial stages of the proceeding. In fact, the issue of jurisdiction was raised but at the time all parties, including father‘s attorney, agreed that the Vermont court had authority to adjudicate emergency matters concerning C.P. See Peery, 219 Cal. Rptr. at 887 (noting that a collateral jurisdictional attack is not appropriate where issue of jurisdiction was a factual matter and actually litigated). Further, despite the court‘s invitation to file a motion challenging jurisdiction, no party did. Without a motion, no evidentiary record was created on the factual questions related to the jurisdictional issue - such as whether mother abandoned C.P. or whether C.P. was subject to or threatened with abuse or neglect. Mother stipulated that C.P. was CHINS due to lack of parental care, and the CHINS order became final.
¶ 21. Next, we turn to the court‘s termination-of-parental-rights decision. Jurisdiction for termination could not be based on the emergency provision of the UCCJA because it is a permanent order. In re D.T., 170 Vt. at 156, 743 A.2d at 1083; see In re A.L.H., 160 Vt. 410, 414-15, 630 A.2d 1288, 1291 (1993) (explaining that emergency jurisdiction limited to temporary orders). By the time the initial disposition report requesting termination was filed in November 2010, C.P. had lived in Vermont for more than six months. Thus, Vermont had become C.P.‘s home state,
¶ 23. It is not determinative that termination was sought at the initial disposition stage, rather than in a subsequent motion.
The CHINS decision ended one phase of the proceeding and was a final appealable order. See In re P.J., 2009 VT 5, ¶ 11, 185 Vt. 606, 969 A.2d 133 (mem.) (noting that res judicata applies to CHINS decision because CHINS is “a final judgment“). Thus, further action in the juvenile case commenced a new proceeding. See Columb v. Columb, 161 Vt. 103, 112, 633 A.2d 689, 694 (1993) (explaining that minor‘s home state may change over time). Specifically, the termination petition initiated a new stage of the proceeding, and the basis for jurisdiction had to be considered anew at that point. See In re E.X.J., 662 S.E.2d 24, 29 (N.C. Ct. App. 2008) (concluding that home-state jurisdiction was established for termination because child had resided in state for more than six months since initial emergency order and no other intervening custody proceedings were initiated in another state); In re L.F.B., No. M2005-00697-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 2978964, at *5-6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 7, 2005) (explaining that termination is separate from dependent neglect proceeding and home-state jurisdiction may be established in the interim).
¶ 24. We recognize that in In re B.C. we noted that a termination petition starts a new proceeding if it is not part of the initial disposition process. 169 Vt. at 5, 726 A.2d at 49. To the extent that that language can be taken as a ruling that disposition generally, and termination of parental rights at disposition specifically, does not start a new proceeding, we clarify that this interpretation is erroneous. In view of our finality conclusion with respect to a CHINS merits adjudication, disposition is necessarily a separate proceeding, irrespective of whether termination is sought at that time. It is separately defined by statute and requires separate procedures. See
¶ 25. In addition, the interest of New York did not preclude Vermont from adjudicating the proceeding. We recognize that New York had a strong interest in this matter, especially in the
beginning stages. While the record is not fully developed on this point because no challenge to the court‘s emergency jurisdiction was raised, it seems evident that the matter should have been originally adjudicated in New York given that it was the home state of parents and C.P. Nonetheless, this recognition
¶ 26. One of the main purposes of the UCCJA is to “avoid jurisdictional conflict with courts of other states and to discourage continuing controversies over child custody in the interest of more stability and security for the child.” In re N.H., 2005 VT 118, ¶ 7, 179 Vt. 537, 889 A.2d 727 (mem.). Here, Vermont‘s exercise of jurisdiction does not contravene that purpose. There was simply no conflict between Vermont and New York regarding the juvenile. Cf. In re A.L.H., 160 Vt. at 416, 630 A.2d at 1291-92 (identifying competing orders of Vermont and South Carolina). New York DSS was the social services agency originally involved in C.P.‘s care and had, in fact, initially placed C.P. in Vermont. After placement, DSS continued working with Vermont DCF on C.P.‘s case, and the DSS caseworker even testified at C.P.‘s termination proceeding. Thus, there is no reason that Vermont‘s exercise of home state jurisdiction was inappropriate.
¶ 27. Finally, we address father‘s argument that the CHINS adjudication was not final as to him because the allegations did not involve him. Father‘s argument is unavailing. Father was a full party in the CHINS proceeding. He raised the jurisdictional question but never followed through with a challenge to jurisdiction despite being invited by the court to do so.
¶ 28. The focus of a CHINS proceeding is the welfare of the child, and therefore a court may adjudicate the child as CHINS even if the allegations are established as to one parent but not the other. See In re F.P., 164 Vt. 117, 121-22, 665 A.2d 597, 600-01 (1995); see In re E.X.J., 662 S.E.2d at 30 (explaining that abuse, neglect and dependency proceedings are focused on juvenile and do not require a finding related to each parent‘s conduct). Further, although the CHINS determination is a temporary one for purposes of exercising emergency jurisdiction, it is nonetheless a final appealable order. The CHINS proceeding determines issues critical to the child‘s welfare and custody status, and while not the last word on the subject, it is certainly a final judgment. The CHINS merits decision is final and cannot be collaterally attacked by father any more than by mother. Further, it can form the basis for a termination petition pertaining to father even if the allegations therein were not directed particularly at father. In re B.H., 174 Vt. 554, 556, 811 A.2d 213, 215-16 (2002) (mem.). To allow father to attack Vermont‘s exercise of jurisdiction after Vermont has home-state jurisdiction when father knowingly submitted to Vermont‘s adjudication of the matter, failed to file a motion challenging jurisdiction, and asserted a jurisdictional claim only after he was dissatisfied with the results would “present a classic case of forum shopping such as the UCCJA was intended to avoid.” Peery, 219 Cal. Rptr. at 888.
¶ 29. As to the merits, mother argues that the evidence and findings do
¶ 30. The family court may terminate parental rights at the initial disposition proceeding if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the child‘s best interests. In re J.T., 166 Vt. 173, 177, 179-80, 693 A.2d 283, 285, 287 (1997); see
¶ 31. As related to mother‘s ability to parent C.P., the court found the following relevant facts: mother had little capacity to adapt her care to C.P.‘s needs, the residence where mother and father reside is not a suitable place for C.P., neither mother nor father are capable of living independently of their communal living situation, C.P. suffered developmental delays while living with his parents, mother and C.P. do not share a close bond, and C.P. would suffer lasting damage if reunification were attempted and unsuccessful. This evidence supports the court‘s finding that despite mother‘s progress in meeting her personal goals, she will not be able to resume parenting C.P. within a reasonable period of time. See In re J.J., 143 Vt. 1, 6, 458 A.2d 1129, 1131 (1983) (explaining that “while parental improvement is a factor to consider, the real test is whether there is a reasonable possibility of reuniting parent and child within a reasonable period of time“). Therefore, there are no grounds to disturb the court‘s exercise of discretion, and we affirm.
¶ 32. Next, we turn to father‘s challenge to the court‘s decision regarding DCF‘s reasonable efforts. The reasonable efforts requirement stems from two federal laws. First, Congress enacted the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980 to provide participating states with funding for foster care, adoption assistance and child welfare programs. Suter v. Artist M., 503 U.S. 347, 350-51 (1992) (describing Act‘s requirements). To receive funding, the statute requires that participating states adopt certain practices, including making reasonable efforts to prevent removing children from their home and, after removal, to helping the child to return home.
¶ 33. To implement these federal requirements, both reasonable-efforts determinations have been incorporated into Vermont law.
¶ 34. This appeal involves DCF‘s efforts to finalize a permanency plan for C.P. The record reveals some confusion about what plan was “in effect at the time of the hearing.”
¶ 35. On February 17, 2012, DCF moved for a further hearing on whether it made reasonable efforts to finalize a permanency plan for C.P. DCF argued that because its permanency goal at the time of disposition was to free C.P. for adoption it was not required to demonstrate efforts to reunite C.P. with his parents. See
¶ 36. The record of the ensuing conferences reveals that the court and DCF were not in agreement about which permanency plan the court was being asked to review.
¶ 37. Father appeals this order. He does not challenge the evidence on which the court‘s decision is based or the findings derived therein. Instead he submits that the court lacked jurisdiction to modify the termination order. In addition, he argues that the court‘s initial finding regarding DCF‘s lack of reasonable efforts and its comments at the post-termination hearings4 demonstrate that termination of parental rights was due to factors beyond parents’ control.
¶ 38. Father‘s arguments reveal a basic misunderstanding regarding the court‘s determination of reasonable efforts.
Under the statute, this issue of reasonable efforts is separate from whether termination of parental rights is in a child‘s best interests. Termination of parental rights may be granted at the initial disposition stage if the court determines that it is in the best interests of the child, as set forth in the statutory factors.
¶ 39. Thus, there is no merit to father‘s argument that the court improperly modified the termination order by changing its conclusion with respect to reasonable efforts. Although the court addressed both subjects in the same written order, the subjects were separate. Further, although the court‘s termination decision was final, there was no final determination regarding reasonable efforts. The court simply rejected a reasonable-efforts finding based on the court‘s understanding of the state of the record, but specifically left the matter open, inviting DCF to move for further hearing on that matter. Without a final decision, the court had not divested itself of jurisdiction on the reasonable-efforts question and was free to revisit that matter.
¶ 40. In addition, neither the court‘s comments at the post-termination hearings nor the court‘s initial finding on DCF‘s lack of reasonable efforts supports a conclusion that termination of parental rights was caused by factors beyond the parents’
Affirmed.
¶ 41. Robinson, J., concurring. I concur in the result, and join the lion‘s share of the majority‘s opinion. I write separately because I do not believe we need to reach the question of whether In re B.C., 169 Vt. 1, 726 A.2d 45 (1999), should be extended to this circumstance - in which the petition to terminate parental rights was sought at the initial disposition hearing - because parents waived the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act (UCCJA) jurisdictional challenge to the termination of parental rights (TPR) proceedings on the record.
¶ 42. The majority‘s analysis hinges on its conclusion that the petition to terminate parental rights in this case started a new action, subject to a new analysis of the court‘s jurisdiction under the UCCJA. Because C.P. had lived with his aunt in Vermont, pursuant to DCF placement, for nearly seven months at the time DCF filed its petition to terminate parental rights, the majority concludes that Vermont‘s courts had home-state jurisdiction to entertain that petition pursuant to the UCCJA, without regard to the soundness of the court‘s prior exercise of jurisdiction in the child in need of care or supervision (CHINS) phase of these proceedings. The majority relies on our decision in In re B.C. to support its holding. In that case, we stated, “Unless termination of parental rights is sought at the initial disposition hearing, a TPR petition commences a new proceeding to modify the previous disposition order based on changed circumstances.” In re B.C., 169 Vt. at 5, 726 A.2d at 49. This case presents the exact scenario this Court expressly excepted from the scope of its holding in In re B.C.: In this case, DCF did seek termination of parental rights at the initial disposition hearing.
¶ 43. Some of the rationales underlying the Court‘s holding in In re B.C. may apply when DCF seeks TPR at the initial disposition, but in In re B.C. we considered significant the fact that a TPR petition filed after an initial disposition order is essentially a motion to modify a previous disposition order based on changed circumstances - which qualifies as a distinct proceeding for UCCJA purposes. In this case, the termination petition was part and parcel of the initial disposition hearing in the CHINS case, so the argument for
¶ 44. The court‘s authority under the UCCJA to adjudicate the CHINS case, while unappealed and not subject to collateral attack here, was highly questionable. C.P. was born in New York, his parents lived in New York, and his life was based in New York at the time his mother brought him to Vermont pursuant to the guidance of New York Department of Social Services (DSS). He was in Vermont for a matter of days when DCF intervened and the court began exercising emergency jurisdiction. The parents cannot fairly be characterized as having abandoned the child in Vermont; the trial court found that mother left the child in Vermont after aunt essentially kicked mother out of aunt‘s home while insisting on retaining custody of C.P. The trial court found that aunt suggested to father that he would be kidnapping C.P. if he took the child when he came to retrieve mother. Rather than contacting the on-call DSS/New York caseworker, as contemplated by the agreement she had signed with DSS several days earlier, aunt contacted Vermont DCF. Instead of taking immediate action to protect the child and then deferring to DSS caseworkers to initiate a proceeding in New York to provide for C.P.‘s well-being in the long term, DCF proceeded as if C.P. was a Vermont child. And the trial court proceeded accordingly.
¶ 45. Although I might agree to extend In re B.C. in an appropriate case, and to hold that a TPR petition initiates a separate proceeding under the UCCJA even when filed in connection with the initial disposition in a CHINS case, the facts here present a less-than-compelling case for doing so. Because I believe that the child‘s continued presence in Vermont for a period longer than six months was secured by an improper exercise of ongoing jurisdiction by the trial court, which itself followed on the heels of the child‘s aunt‘s denying the parents the opportunity to take him back to his home state of New York with threats of kidnapping charges, I cannot readily conclude that the child‘s presence in Vermont was a sufficient foundation to support home-state status.
¶ 46. I do not believe we need to address the issue in this case on account of the parents’ own decision to essentially withdraw objections to the court‘s authority under the UCCJA to proceed with the TPR. At a January 2011 status conference, after the CHINS judgment and before the disposition/termination hearing, and after multiple invitations by the court to brief the jurisdiction issue, the court specifically asked the parties whether they intended to pursue a jurisdictional challenge. Father‘s counsel stated, “I wanted to consider it, but I feel like it‘s at a point now where we need to litigate the merits of the determination of the petition.” Mother‘s counsel remained silent, and the discussion proceeded to other topics. The parties did not simply waive the argument that the court lacked authority to proceed with the TPR by virtue of their inaction; when expressly questioned on the record about whether they had ongoing objections to the court‘s authority, father‘s counsel said no, and mother‘s counsel said nothing. I believe a challenge to the court‘s authority to act under the UCCJA, while not necessarily waivable by inaction, can be expressly relinquished. Having declined the trial court‘s express invitation to pursue the issue, parents cannot raise it now on appeal. See In re Estate of Cartmell, 120 Vt. 234, 240, 138 A.2d 592, 595 (1958) (“If a court has jurisdiction of the subject matter, the parties by their conduct may waive all other jurisdictional requirements.“).
¶ 47. Notwithstanding my divergent views on the underlying rationale with respect