In re BRITTANY K., et al., Persons Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
Sonoma County Human Services Department, Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
Ellen J., Defendant and Appellant.
Court of Appeal, First District, Division Three.
*490 Carol Greeley, under appointment of the Court of Appeal, for Objector and Appellant.
Steven M. Woodside, County Counsel, Bruce D. Goldstein, Deputy County Counsel for Petitioner and Respondent.
Certified for Partial Publication.[*]
McGUINESS, P.J.
In these four consolidated appeals, appellant Ellen J., the maternal grandmother of minors Brittany and Amanda K. appeals from four different juvenile court orders issued after the court had already entered permanent placement plan orders finding the minors adoptable, terminating parental rights, and denying placement of the minors with appellant. In our previous opinion in this matter, filed on February 28, 2002, we affirmed the juvenile court's permanent placement plan orders in their entirety. On this appeal, appellant challenges (a) the juvenile court's denial of two successive petitions for modification under Welfare and Institutions Code section 388,[1] requesting immediate removal of the minors from the care of their foster parents (the D.'s) and placement in her own home; (b) the court's issuance, after a hearing, of a three-year restraining order barring appellant from having contact with the minors and their foster parents; and (c) its order granting the motion of respondent Sonoma County Human Services Department to terminate appellant's previously granted status as a de facto parent.[2] Based on our review of the entire record, including our previous decisions denying writ review of juvenile court orders terminating reunification services and affirming the subsequent permanency planning orders, we conclude that the juvenile court did not err or abuse its discretion, and there are no grounds for reversal. We therefore affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND[**]
EX PARTE DENIAL OF SECTION 388 PETITIONS
Appellant asserts that the juvenile court committed reversible error by denying her two section 388 petitions without a hearing, contrary to governing standards requiring that such petitions be liberally construed in favor of granting a hearing to consider a requested modification. Under the facts presented on this record, appellant's assertions are meritless.
UNTIMELINESS OF APPEAL IN NO. A102668
We must first address the jurisdictional question of whether appellant's notice of appeal in No. A102668 was timely filed from the juvenile court's February 27, 2003, decision denying her second section 388 petition without a hearing. The notice of appeal was filed on May 12, 2003, more than 60 days after rendition of the order. Appellant contends she had an additional 10 dаys to file her notice of appeal, i.e., until May 13, 2003, because the commissioner was purportedly acting as a referee rather than as a temporary judge. Both parties acknowledge that the timeliness of appellant's appeal depends on whether the court commissioner who issued the denial ex parte was acting as a referee or as a temporary judge; and that the appeal was *491 untimely unless the commissioner was sitting as a referee.
Under the Sonoma County Superior Court Local Rules, and without further order of the court, court commissioners act as temporary judges with respect to any and all proceedings to which they are assigned, unless otherwise expressly specified. (In re Brittany K., supra, 96 Cal.App.4th at pp. 811-812,
APPEAL IN APPEAL NO. A101698
Section 388, subdivision (a) provides in pertinent part: "Any parent or other person having an interest in a child who is a dependent child of the juvenile court ... may, upon grounds of change of circumstance or new evidence, petition the court in the same action in which the child was found to be a dependent child of the juvenile court ... for a hearing to change, modify, or set aside any order of court previously made or to terminate the jurisdiction of the court. The petition shall be verified and ... shall state the petitioner's relationship to or interest in the child and shall set forth in concise language any change of circumstances or new evidence which are alleged to require the change of order or termination of jurisdiction." Under California Rules of Court, rule 1432,[15] a petition for modification under section 388 "must be liberally construed in favor of its sufficiency." (Rule 1432(a).) On the other hand, "If the petition fails to state a change of circumstance or new evidence that might require a change of order or termination of jurisdiction, the court may deny the application ex parte." (Rule 1432(b).) Moreover, a petition may not be granted unless "it appears that the best interest of the child may be promoted by the proposed change of order or termination of jurisdiction," and all the parties have stipulated to the requested modification or the court has held an evidentiary hearing at which the petitioner has the burden of proving "that the child's welfare requires such a modification." (Rule 1432(c), (d), (f).) Significantly, if the requested modification is for the removal of a child from the child's current home, the petitioner must make this showing by the higher standard of clear and convincing evidence. (§ 361, subd. (c); rule 1432(f).)[16]
*492 Thus, in order to obtain a hearing on her section 388 modification petition, appellant was required to make a prima facie showing of changed circumstances or new evidence "that might require" the removal of the minors from their foster parents' home and their transfer to appellant's own custody and care in order to promote and protect the best interests and welfare of the minors. (Rule 1432(b), (c); In re Marilyn H. (1993)
The juvenile court's determination to deny a section 388 petition without a hearing is reviewed for abuse of discretion. (In re Stephanie M. (1994)
Moreover, in reviewing the juvenile court's determination, we bear in mind the fact that, "[i]n any custody determination, *493 a primary consideration in determining the child's best interests is the goal of assuring stability and continuity. [Citation.] `When custody continues over a significant period, the child's need for continuity and stability assumes an increasingly important role. That need will often dictate the conclusion that maintenance of the current arrangement would be in the best interests of that child.' [Citations.] [¶] ... [¶] After the termination of reunification services, the parents' interest in the care, custody and companionship of the child are no longer pаramount. Rather, at this point `the focus shifts to the needs of the child for permanency and stability' [citation], and in fact, there is a rebuttable presumption that continued foster care is in the best interests of the child. [Citation.] A court hearing a motion for change of placement at this stage of the proceedings must recognize this shift of focus in determining the ultimate question before it, that is, the best interests of the child." (In re Stephanie M., supra,
In order to obtain a hearing on her section 388 petition, appellant had to allege a "change of circumstance or new evidence that requires changing the [juvenile court's] order." (Rule 1432(a)(6); In re Edward H., supra,
This appellant has failed to do. Virtually the entire focus of appellant's section 388 petition which requested modification of the juvenile court's prior orders to remove the minors from the foster parents care and place them with appellant as a new adoptive placement was on the alleged unsuitability of the minors' foster placement with the D.'s, or respondent's alleged failure to give appellant or the biological mother access to the minors. Appellant's unsubstantiated allegations about the unfitness of the D.'s as foster parents for the minors were refuted by the recent social worker and CASA reports submitted by respondent in opposition to the petition, and in connection with the intervening permanency review hearing, all showing that the minors had made dramatic progress under the foster parents' care. In contrast, appellant failed to make any showing that her own personal circumstances had changed to such an extent that she herself could now be considered an appropriate placement for the minors.[17]*494 In actuality, by so clearly demonstrating the lengths to which appellant would go to destabilize the minors' foster placement, and simultaneously revealing her own lack of genuine empathy for the reality of the minors' circumstances, appellant's petition actually demonstrated that her own circumstances had not changed at all, and that she continued not to be fit for consideration as a permanent placement for the minors.
Even if we were to conclude that appellant's section 388 petition made a prima facie showing of changed circumstances which we do not the juvenile court properly denied the petition because there was no showing that it was in the minors' best interests for the court to return them to appellant's custody. (In re Anthony W., supra, 87 Cal.App.4th at pp. 251-252,
In sum, the record shows that appellant failed to meet her burden of making a prima facie showing of changed circumstances, or that the requested modification would promote the minors' best interest. (In re Zachary G., supra, 77 Cal.App.4th at pp. 805-807,
IMPOSITION OF RESTRAINING ORDER
Appellant contends that we must reverse the juvenile court's imposition of a *495 restraining order against her because (a) it was in violation of her constitutional right to due process, and (b) it was unsupported by the evidence. Neither contention has any merit.
SECTION 213.5 NOT UNCONSTITUTIONAL
Appellant asserts that the restraining order must be reversed because section 213.5, subdivision (a), pursuant to which it was issued, is "vague and overbroad," and in violation of substantive due process, because it unreasonably and arbitrarily restricts her fundamental rights without рroviding any clear or narrowly drawn definition of the term "stalking." There is no merit to appellant's constitutional claims.
Appellant defines the "fundamental rights" threatened by issuance of the restraining order pursuant to section 213.5 as her "fundamental right to maintain a relationship with her grandchildren, her right to participate in the dependency proceeding in order [to] ensure that her grandchildren are safe and are provided a suitable permanent home, her right to travel freely, her right to speak freely, etc." Contrary to her apparent assumption, appellant a noncustodial grandparent of dependents of the juvenile court has no substantive due process right to free association with the minors, or to maintain a relationship with them. The rights of grandparents to assert control over their grandchildren аre restricted by state juvenile jurisdiction to determine and protect the best interests of dependent minors. (See Troxel v. Granville (2000)
We turn to appellant's contention that section 213.5 is unconstitutionally vague or uncertain. At issue is the following statutory provision: "After a petition has been filed pursuant to Section 311 to declare a child a dependent child of the juvenile court, and until the time that the petition is dismissed or dependency is terminated, upon application ... the juvenile court may issue ex parte orders (1) enjoining any person from molesting, attacking, striking, sexually assaulting, stalking, or battering the child or any other child in the household; (2) excluding any person from the dwelling of the person who has care, custody, and control of the child; and (3) enjoining any person from behavior, including contacting, threatening, or disturbing the peace of the child, that the court determines is necessary to effectuate orders under paragraph (1) or (2). A court issuing an ex parte order pursuant to this subdivision may simultaneously issue an ex parte order enjoining any person from contacting, threatening, molesting, attacking, striking, sexually assaulting, stalking, battering, or disturbing the peace of any parent, legal guardian, or current caretaker of the child, regardless of whether the child resides with that parent, legal *496 guardian, or current caretaker...." (§ 213.5, subd. (a), italics added.) Appellant contends the statute is unconstitutionally vague, "unreasonable and arbitrary," because "it provides no guidelines whatsoever for deciding what `stalking' means." The issue appears to be one of first impression.
Appellant's constitutional challenge to section 213.5 must overcome the strong presumption favoring a law's validity. "All presumptions and intendments favor the validity of a statute and mere doubt does not afford sufficient reason for a judicial declaration of invalidity. Statutes must be upheld unless their unconstitutionality clearly, positively and unmistakably appears." (Lockheed Aircraft Corp. v. Superior Court (1946)
In accordance with these principles, section 213.5, subdivision (a) must not be found unconstitutionally vague unless no reasonable and practical construction of the statutory term "stalking" can be found by reference to other statutory, legislative and judicial sources, as well as common usage. In common English, to "stalk" is defined as "to pursue quarry or prey stealthily or under cover," or more generally as "to pursue or follow in a stealthy, furtive, or persistent matter." (Webster's 3d Internat. Dict. (1970) p. 2221.) Certainly, this ordinary dictionary definition of the word is neither arcane nor obviously unrelated to the term as utilized in the statute itself, where it is linked to a variety of offensive behaviors including, among other things, "molesting," "contacting, threatening, or disturbing the peace." (§ 213.5, subd. (a).) To consider just one of these terms, "molesting" has been defined for purposes of section 213.5 as synonymous with "`"trouble, disturb, annoy or vex,"'" or "`"`to interfere with or meddle with unwarrantably so as to injure or disturb.'"'" (In re Cassandra B. (2004)
*497 The ordinary dictionary definition of the term is, moreover, close to that utilized in other statutes, to which wе may refer for purposes of obtaining a "reasonable and practical" statutory construction of the term as used in section 213.5. (Personal Watercraft Coalition v. Marin County Bd. of Supervisors, supra,
In utilizing these statutory provisions to aid in construing the statutory term "stalking" for purposes of section 213.5, it is not necessary for us to incorporate every aspect of the statutory definitions of that word as used in Civil Code section 1708.7 or Penal Code section 646.9 for the purpose of describing, respectively, the crime and the tort of "stalking." Rather, we may simply utilize these sources as references to aid us in determining if the term as used in section 213.5 is susceptible to a reasonable and practical construction, such that a person of ordinary intelligence would have notice of the conduct to be enjoined by a restraining order issued under that statute. If so, that is sufficient to uphold the constitutionality of section 213.5. (Williams v. Garcetti, supra,
*498 On the basis of the definitions of the word used in the Penal and Civil Codes, the ordinary dictionary definitions of the term in common usage, and the clarifying language found in section 213.5 itself, we conclude that the term "stalking," as utilized in section 213.5, does not refer exclusively to the act of literally following someone, although it certainly includes that conduct. Instead, it refers broadly to conduct that is designed to "follow" a particular person in a more general sense, as in to pursue, monitor, watch or keep that person under surveillance for no legitimate purpose, and with the consequent effect of seriously harassing, alarming, annoying, tormenting, or terrorizing the person being followed, pursued, monitored, watched or kept under surveillance. (Cf. People v. Lopez, supra, 19 Cal.4th at pp. 289-290,
Appellant cannot overcome the strong presumption favoring the validity and constitutionality of the statute. Simply put, a reasonable person would necessarily be on notice that if she surreptitiously conceals herself for the purpose of making unauthorized contact with specific children, hires investigators to spy on them, videotapes their home, tracks their movements, and goes to their schools unannounced to see them and spread defamatory information about their caretakers, all resulting in emotional distress to the children and their caretakers, she would be engaged in "stalking," and subject to a restraining order under section 213.5. (Williams v. Garcetti, supra,
RESTRAINING ORDER SUPPORTED BY SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE
Appellant further contends that there was insufficient evidence to support the allegation that she engaged in "stalking," as used in section 213.5, and that the restraining order must be reversed on this basis. Appellant is wrong.
Appellant's uncontested behavior toward the minors and the foster parents in this case easily comes within a reasonable and practical construction of either of the statutory terms "molesting" or "stalking." Thus, the record shows appellant concеaled herself at a scheduled visitation between the minors and their birthmother so as to obtain unauthorized access to them; surreptitiously searched out and located the confidential location of the foster residence, in violation of their intended privacy; hired a private detective to spy on the minors' comings and goings at their foster home; and showed up unannounced at each of the minors' schools, where she proceeded to make defamatory accusations about the foster parents to school authorities and attempted to make unauthorized contact with the minors. Particularly when considered in the larger context of appellant's relentless and unceasing attempts to remove the minors' from their caregivers' home, all this conduct was at the very least troubling, disturbing, vexing, and unwarrantably meddlesome to the minors and their foster parents, and unquestionably interfered with their attempts to stabilize and nurture their relationship with the goal of permanency and adoption. (In re Cassandra B., supra, 125 *499 Cal.App.4th at pp. 212-213,
We conclude that appellant's conduct constituted a knowing and willful course of conduct specifically directed at the minors and the D.'s, which seriously alarmed, annoyed, tormented, and even terrorized them, and which served no legitimate purpose. As such, there was sufficient evidence to support a conclusion that appellant had been "stalking" the minors and the foster parents. There was no abuse of discretion by the juvenile court in imposing a restraining order pursuant to section 213.5.
TERMINATION OF DE FACTO PARENT STATUS
Appellant's final contention, and the subject of her appeal in No. A103987, is that the juvenile court's decision terminating her de facto parent status was an abuse of discretion. The contention is meritless.
A "de facto parent" is "a person who has been found by the court to have assumed, on a day-to-day basis, the role of parent, fulfilling both the child's physical and psychological needs for care and affection, and who has assumed that role for a substantial period." (Rule 1401(a)(8); In re Patricia L. (1992)
"Whether a person falls within the definition of a `de facto parent' depends strongly on the particular individual seeking such status and the unique circumstances of the case. However, the courts have identified several factors relevant to the decision. Those considerations include whether (1) the child is `psychologically bonded' to the adult; (2) the adult has assumed the role of a parent on a day-to-day basis for a substantial period of time; (3) the adult possesses information about the child unique from the other participants in the process; (4) the adult has regularly attended juvenile court hearings; and (5) a future proceeding may result in an order permanently foreclosing any future contact with the adult. [Citations.]" (In re Patricia L., supra, 9 Cal.App.4th at pp. 66-67,
The juvenile court originally granted appellant the status of de facto parent on June 7, 2000. At the hearing on its motion to terminate appellant's de facto parent status, respondent clearly bore its burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that as a result of changed circumstances, the considerations supporting appellant's de facto pаrent status no longer exist. Respondent presented substantial evidence showing that appellant no longer serves as a psychological parent to the minors. Respondent's witnesses testified that the D.'s had become the minors' psychological parents, appellant no longer played this role, and it would be disastrous or traumatic for the minors to be removed from their foster placement. Significantly, a witness called by appellant herself the licensed clinical social worker who performed appellant's adoption homestudy and authored the report denying her home as a suitable placement for the minors also testified to the same effect. By the same token, there was no evidence offered showing that appellant herself filled the role of psychological parent to the minоrs. To the contrary, the evidence that was adduced on this subject showed that the minors rarely if ever mentioned appellant, or requested to see her.
Substantial evidence was similarly admitted showing that appellant does not possess any unique information regarding the minors that would assist the juvenile court in assessing their best interests. Appellant had not provided regular care to the minors for approximately three years, and had not even seen them except for one surreptitious and unauthorized visit for a year. Visitation had been suspended because of appellant's inappropriate comments to the minors and her frequent nonobservance of respondent's rules, and the concern of respondent and the juvenile court that she posed a substantial risk to the minors' emotional health and the stability of their placement. Moreover, respondent also introduced evidence from the minors' therapists showing that appellant's understanding of the minors' emotional needs was seriously deficient, and she appeared unable to recognize or acknowledge the duration or the severity of physical abuse and neglect previously suffered by the minors. It was reasonable for the juvenile court to conclude, as did the minors' therapists, that appellant's tendency to minimize the extent and impact of the abuse and neglect previously suffered by the minors restricted her ability to understand their emotional needs, and compromised the reliability or usefulness of any assistance she might be able to give the juvenile court in assessing their best interests.
De facto parent status is also granted, in part, to permit аn adult to protect his or her potential custody interests in a dependent child where a future proceeding may result in an order permanently foreclosing any future contact between the child and the adult. (In re B.G. (1974)
Nothing has happened since our last opinion in this case to change the conclusion to which we came at that time. To the contrary, appellant's conduct since the January 25, 2001, section 366.26 hearing terminating the parental rights of the minors' biological mother has simply provided even stronger evidence of appellant's unfitness to serve as their custodial parent. Despite the unanimous reports showing that the minors have done well in foster care, and their manifest need for stability and permanence, appellant has obstinately refused to acknowledge any progress they have made. Rather than attempting in any positive way to support the minors in their growth, she instead has relentlessly tried to undermine and discredit the foster parents and destabilize the minors' placement with them. Her ongoing efforts including but not limited to surreptitiously concealing herself in an attempt to gain unauthorized access to the minors, hiring a private investigator to spy on and videotape the minors and their foster parents at their confidential residential address, seeking out negative information about the D.'s from neighbors and a former spouse, showing up unannounced at both of the minors' schools, and disseminating inflammatory material about the D.'s to school authorities and othershave predictably and understandably caused substantial emotional distress to the minors and their foster parents, and placed their foster placement and potential adoption in serious jeopardy.
In short, appellant has by her own actions forfeited any custody interest she might have had in the minors, and convincingly demonstrated that she no longer meets the requirements for de facto parent status. The juvenile court clearly did not abuse its discretion in making the determination to terminate that status.
DISPOSITION
The appeal in No. A102668 is dismissed as untimely. In all other respects, the orders, decisions and determinations of the juvenile court from which appellant appeals are affirmed in their entirety.
We concur: PARRILLI and POLLAK, JJ.
NOTES
Notes
[*] Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 976(b) and 976.1, this opinion is certified for publication with the exception of the Factual and Procedural Background.
[1] Unless otherwise indicated, all further unspecified statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
[2] As of the date of issuance of the order terminating appellant's de facto parent status, Brittany was 13 and Amanda was 10 years of age.
[**] See footnote *, ante.
[15] Unless otherwise indicated, all further references to rules are to the California Rules of Court.
[16] Rule 1432(f) states in pertinent part: "The petitioner requesting the modification under section 388 has the burden of proof. If the request is for the removal of the child from the child's home, the petitioner must show by clear and convincing evidence that the grounds for removal in section 361[, subdivision] (c) exist." (Italics added.)
Section 361, subdivision (c) in turn provides in pertinent part: "A dependent child may not be taken from the physical custody of his or her parents or guardian or guardians with whom the child resides at the time the petition was initiated, unless the juvenile court finds clear and convincing evidence of any of the following:
"(1) There is a substantial danger to the physical health, safety, protection, or physical or emotional well-being of the minor ..., and there are no reasonable means by which the minor's physical health can be protected without removing the minor from the minor's parents' or guardians' physical custody. [¶] ... [¶]
"(3) The minor is suffering severe emotional damage, as indicated by extreme anxiety, depression, withdrawal, or untoward aggressive behavior toward himself or herself or others, and there are no reasonable means by which the minor's emotional health may be protected without removing the minor from the physical custody of his or her parent or guardian.
"(4) The minor or a sibling of the minor has been sexually abused, or is deemed to be at substantial risk of being sexually abused, by a parent, guardian, or member of his or her household, or other person known to his or her parent, and there are no reasonable means by which the minor сan be protected from further sexual abuse or a substantial risk of sexual abuse without removing the minor from his or her parent or guardian, or the minor does not wish to return to his or her parent or guardian.
"(5) The minor has been left without any provision for his or her support, or a parent who has been incarcerated or institutionalized cannot arrange for the care of the minor...." (Italics added.)
[17] Thus, appellant alleged as changed circumstances that the foster parents had declined to adopt the minors because of their bond with the biological mother; respondent had restricted post-termination visitation by the biological mother; respondent had refused to schedule visitation for appellant; the social workers had failed to tell the juvenile court that Mr. D. allegedly had "a recent criminal conviction and had been married six times"; and the CASA and the social worker had made reports indicating that the minors were having difficulty bonding with the foster parents. The only allegedly "changed circumstances" related to appellant herself were that appellant had been found to be qualified as a foster parent by Yolo County, and evaluated "by two psychologists" to be "psychologically appropriate to care" for the minors; and appellant still had "a strong bond" with the minors, despite her lack of any recent contact.
Aside from the statement in her declaration, there was nothing in the record before the juvenile court on appellant's first section 388 petition to substantiate appellant's assertions about her qualification as a foster parent in Yolo County or her evaluation by "twо psychologists." These evaluations did not become part of the record until they were submitted by appellant in connection with her opposition to respondent's motion to terminate her de facto parent status. The evaluations were conducted in 2000, and were therefore not "new evidence." Moreover, they were contradicted by subsequent peer review, which came to the conclusion that appellant's demonstrated personality patterns presented grounds for serious concern about her ability to function effectively as a custodial parent.
[18] Penal Code section 646.9 provides in pertinent part: "(a) Any person who willfully, maliciously, and repeatedly follows or willfully and maliciously harasses another person and who makes a credible threat with the intent to place that person in reasonable fear for his or her safety, or the safety of his or her immediate family is guilty of the crime of stalking .... [¶] ... [¶] (e) For the purposes of this section, `harasses' means engages in a knowing and willful course of conduct directed at a specific person that seriously alarms, annoys, torments, or terrorizes the person, and that serves no legitimate purpose. [¶] (f) For the purposes of this section, `course of conduct' means two or more acts occurring over a period of time, however short, evidencing a continuity of purpose. Constitutionally protected activity is not included within the meaning of `course of conduct.' [¶] (g) For the purposes of this section, `credible threat' means a verbal or written threat, including that performed through the use of an electronic communication deviсe, or a threat implied by a pattern of conduct or a combination of verbal, written, or electronically communicated statements and conduct, made with the intent to place the person that is the target of the threat in reasonable fear for his or safety or the safety of his or her family, and made with the apparent ability to carry out the threat so as to cause the person who is the target of the threat to reasonably fear for his or her safety or the safety of his or her family. It is not necessary to prove that the defendant had the intent to actually carry out the threat."
[19] The rights of de facto parents with respect to juvenile dependency proceedings are thus greater than those accorded to relatives of dependent children. Although relatives may, "[u]pon a suffiсient showing to the court," be permitted to be present at hearings and to address the court (rule 1412(f)), de facto parents have these rights by virtue of their status without the need for any additional showing. In addition, as a party, the de facto parent has the right to be represented by counsel and, most significantly, has the right to present evidence at hearings. (Rule 1412(e).)
"From these rules we discern the importance of de facto parent status: the status provides a nonbiological parent who has achieved a close and continuing relationship with a child the right to appear as a party, to be represented by counsel, and present evidence at dispositional hearings. Absent such status, very important persons in the minor's life would have no vehicle for `assert[ing] and protect[ing] their own interest in the companionship, care, custody and management of the child' [citation] and the court would be deprived of critical information relating to the child's best interests. [Citations.]" (In re Patricia L., supra,