Opinion by
The Police Tenure Act, the popular designation for the Act of June 15, 1951, P.L. 586, 53 P.S. §811 et seq., governs suspensions and dismissals of tenured police officers in Second Class Townships. Section 2 of the Act, 53 P.S. §812, allows the imposition of discipline *470 for, among other things, “conduct unbecoming an officer,” proоf of which constitutes just cause for dismissal.
This case comes before us on cross-appeals by Officer Redo and the township from an order of the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County affirming the adjudication of the Board of Supervisors of West Goshen Township that Redo engaged in conduct unbecoming an officer, 1 but modifying the Board’s dismissal order to a one-year suspension.
We adopt the findings of fact of the court below, with which the parties have no significant disagreement. 2 The gist of those facts are that Officer Redo, embroiled in marital difficulties, engaged in an аltercation at the Eagle Hotel with the hotel’s owner, whom Redo suspected of causing or exacerbating his marital problems. West Goshen’s chief of police, concerned over the embarrassment created by Redo’s imbroglio in a neighboring township, warned him to stay away from that hotel and its owner. His marital difficulties unresolved, Redo several weeks later returned to the hotel anyway and another row with the owner ensued, resulting in an investigation and report filed by the police of the neighboring township. The police chief of West Goshen then filed the chargеs which culminated in Redo’s dismissal by the Board.
Together, the appellants present us with three issues: (1) whether the procedures employed by the township in affording Redo a hearing on his dismissal, through an improper commingling of prosecutorial and adjudicatory functions, denied him due procеss; *471 (2) whether the conduct proven legally amounted to conduct unbecoming an officer; (3) whether the lower court acted improperly in modifying the penalty imposed by the township Board.
The due process contention is based upon arguments that: the Police Tenure Act contemplates convening an independent civil service panel to handle all police tenure, appointment and removal questions; the members of the Board exercised their judicial functions while already “thoroughly familiar” with the case; the attorney who advised the Boаrd, because he was also the solicitor for the township’s Zoning Hearing Board, was not “independent” of the prosecution; and, the township solicitor, who prosecuted the case before the Board, also helped to prepare the pre-hearing notices of susрension and termination.
Section 4 of the Police Tenure Act, 53 P.S. §814, expressly requires the township Board of Supervisors, as the appointing authority, to take, disciplinary action against a policeman and also adjudicate the propriety of its own action if the officer demands a hearing on the charges. In thus being authorized to wear different hats at different stages of a proceeding, the Board functions in a manner akin to the way a number of our state agencies operate under their respective enabling statutes.
Analogous due process cases dealing with adjudications rendered by such state agencies have considered the problem that those kinds of administrative structures can too easily encroach on the impermissible zone of
apparent,
as opposed to actual, bias. A general rule has emerged that a decision made by a tribunal after a formal adversarial hearing, where that tribunal has previously generally supervised an investigation into the same matter or made a pre-hearing determination of probable cause, is not per se an adjudication rendered by a biased tribunal, аs long as the
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prosecutorial aud investigatory aspects of the matter are adequately separated from the adjudicatory function.
Bruteyn Appeal,
We believe that Bruteyn Appeal, supra, provides the guiding principle for this case:
We do not mean ... to minimize the potential dangers arising when those who investigate also adjudicate. We are simply recognizing that inquiries into probable cause do not raise an unconstitutionally high risk of bias or prejudgment so as to invalidate ipso facto a decision, after a contested hearing, that there has been a violation of the statute. Some finding of actual bias is required. To hold otherwise would ‘[overlook] the purpose of judicial and quasi-judicial proceedings as well as the ability of honest men to perform the duty required of them as normal human beings endowed with intellect and reason. 7 Vandergrift Borough v. Polito,407 Pa. 286 , 288,180 A.2d 215 , 215 (1962). (Citation omitted.)
In the present case, one of the three Board members signed a letter informing Bedo of his suspension and thereafter a different Board member signed a letter notifying him of his dismissal. At the hearing, those two members testified that they respectively signed the letters based upon the recommendations of the police chief, who filed the chargеs, and the township solicitor, who prepared the letters, and that therefore each signature represented only pro forma approval. They thus inquired into the matter only gener *473 ally and only enough so that their signatures indicated a determination in the nature of probable сause. 3
Because no member of the Board here was the complainant, nor even prepared the charges, under the principles of
Bruteyn Appeal,
this case is on due process grounds similar to
Barr v. Pine Township Board of Supervisors,
Nor can we accept appellant’s remaining due process arguments relating to the actual fairness of the hearing. We are convinced that the prosecutorial and judicial functions at all times remained distinct during the hearing and the decision-making process.
Whatever due process concerns are raised by the fact that the township solicitor, the prosecuting attorney, may have individually “briefed” two members of the Boаrd as to the charges in order that they had enough information to honestly sign the suspension and termination letters sent to Redo, are certainly cured by the solicitor’s rigid disassociation of himself from the case during the hearing and thereafter, and the presence of independent cоunsel to advise the Board during the hearing and the decision.
4
Compare,
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Horn v. Township of Hilltown,
That the Board’s counsel was also the solicitor for the township zoning hearing board does not destroy his independence; that establishes his independence because the Horn case, supra, requires that zoning-hearing boards have independent counsel.
Unlike other statutes applicable to Court of Common Pleas review of a dismissed or suspended policeman, the Police Tenure Act does not contain a provision explicitly delineating the court’s scope of review on appeal. Section 5 оf the Act provides that the employee shall have a right to appeal to the Court of Common Pleas, without further elaboration. 5
It is not necessary to engage in a prolonged review of the complicated history of the scope of review of police civil sеrvice cases, 6 because we believe that the *475 following observations by our Supreme Court on that matter are controlling:
[I]n view of tbe procedure outlined in tbe Act of 1941 [ 7 ] wbicb expresses tbe intent of tbe legislature in substantially similar proceedings, we are of opinion that tbe Court of Common Pleas on sucb an appeal may take additional testimony and find fоr itself tbe facts necessary to a just determination of tbe controversy. And, for tbe same reason, it would seem that tbe Court of Common Pleas should have tbe same power under tbe 1951 statute [tbe Police Tenure Act] as that given it by tbe Act of 1941 to determine tbe case £as tbe court deems proper,’ and to make its own order concerning tbe suspension, discharge, demotion or reinstatement of tbe officer.
Appeal of Vega,
Consequently, we will review tbe lower court’s action in tbe present case in tbe same manner as we would an appeal taken under tbe Borough Codе or First Class Township Code; those statutes expressly provide for “as tbe court deems proper” review on appeal to tbe Court of Common Pleas. Tbe applicable law under tbe Borough Code where tbe court below has taken additional testimony and issued an order modi *476 fying the penalty imposed was cogently explained in Re: Appeal of Fuller:
[0]ur scope of review is to determine whether the court was guilty of an abuse of discretion or an error of law. Eppolito v. Bristol Borough,19 Pa. Commonwealth Ct. 99 ,339 A.2d 653 (1975).
[U]nder the Borough Code a court of common pleas may modify a penalty . .. [although] even under the ‘as the court deems proper’ language the court cannot have total, unfettered discretion. ... In essence, in Eppolito we held that the court had abused its discretion in modifying what was admittedly a discretionary decision by the [Borough] Civil Service Commission. . . . fW]e conclude the broad language of Section 1191 of the Borough Code, 53 P.S. §46191, empowers a Court of Common Pleas to modify a рenalty imposed by a Borough Civil Service Commission as long as the court itself does not thereby commit an abuse of discretion. (Emphasis in original.) 8
Thus, linking our own scope of review to the scope of review applicable to the lower court, we here review the question of law of whether the facts found by the
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court
constitute just cause for dismissal and the question of whether the
court
abused its discretion by modifying the Board’s exercise of its initial discretion to decide whether, under the circumstances, the penalty of dismissal should have been imposed.
Cf. Oswald v. City of
Allentown,
The court properly sustained the Board’s legal conclusion that Redo’s involvement in the fracas on December 20, 1976, especially in light of the prior warning given to him, constituted conduct unbecoming an officer. He need not have been on duty at the time.
See Faust v. Civil Service Commission,
An officer’s past record, the effects of his conduct оn the morale of the police force and on the citizenry’s respect for the force are all relevant factors in deciding the severity of the penalty. After reviewing the record, and considering that the court took additional testimony relating to all three issues, 9 we cаnnot say that the lower court manifestly abused its discretion in modifying the Board’s dismissal, nor that it cavalierly overrode the Board’s judgment on this matter.
Order
And Now, this 8th day of May, 1979, the order of the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County at Misc. No. 40,1977, is affirmed.
Notes
The Board and court also sustained a charge of disobedience of a lawful order. We do not find it necessary to discuss that conclusion, because in the factual context of this case, the order amounted to an order not to engage in conduct unbecoming an officer in the future and therefore merely adds support for that charge.
That opinion is reported at 26 Ches. Co. Rep. 12 (1977).
The parties particularly argue over the significance of a phrase in the dismissal letter indicating that the Board had decided on such action after “careful consideration” of the charges. The court below thoroughly considered the implied assertion that the dismissal letter constituted evidence of actual bias. It found dispositive of the issue the testimony of the Board members that they never in fact conferred with one another on the matter and the testimony of the Board chairman that he only cursorily reviewed the charges so as to be ablе to sign the dismissal letter with sincerity. We agree.
This case is, by analogy, covered by our decision in
Steffen v. Board of Directors of South Middletown Township School District,
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This is the only statute granting police tenure rights that does not describe the nature of the review to be used by the Court of Common Pleas.
The township would fault the court below for not having considered the scope оf review set forth in the Local Agency Law applicable at that time, the Act of December 2, 1968, P.L. 1133, formerly 53 P.S. §11301 et seq., repealed by the Judiciary Act Repealer Act (JARA), Act of April 28, 1978, P.L. 202, 42 P.S. §2001 et seq. However, Section 10 of the Local Agency Law in effect at that time, *475 formerly 53 P.S. §11310, provided that the section оf the Local Agency Law providing the court’s procedure on appeal “shall not apply to any adjudication which under any existing act may be appealed to a court of record.” The Police Tenure Act is one such act.
The original act granting job tenure rights to police in certain boroughs, incorporated towns and first class townships, the Act of June 5, 1941, P.L. 84,
formerly
53 P.S. §351.1 et seq., repealed as applied to boroughs by the Borough Code of 1947 and repealed in toto by the First Class Township Code of 1949.
See also, George v. Moore,
Also, as in
Fuller, the
parties here argue the meaning of
Baker Case,
In particular, the court considered testimony from two of Redo’s former superior officers, both of whom testified that Redo was basically a good officer and if he had a flaw it was his short temper. The court’s opinion took notice that suspicions of marital infidelity have historically aroused passionate and intemperate responses in even the most docile of men. The court also considered testimony from Redo’s fellow-officers and from citizens who had attended the hearings before the Board.