In Re Andrea F.
Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the court:
The State and the Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) appeal from a judgment of the appellate court reversing the circuit court’s termination of T.F.’s parental rights. The circuit court of Winnebago County adjudicated T.F. an unfit parent, terminated his parental rights to his daughter, Andrea, and appointed DCFS guardian of Andrea with the power to consent to adoption. The appellate court reversed, finding that the circuit court failed to comply with section 1 — 5(3) of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (Act) (
On November 6, 1995, the State filed separate petitions of abuse and neglect with respect to Andrea and S. H., T.F.’s daughter and stepdaughter, respectively. In the first petition, the State alleged in count I that T.F. had sexually abused Andrea, and alleged in count II that T. F. had neglected Andrea, in that he had placed her at risk of harm by sexually abusing S.H. In the second petition, the State alleged in count I that T.F. had sexually abused S.H., and alleged in count II that T.F. had neglected S.H., in that he had placed her at risk of harm by sexually abusing Andrea.
At his first appearance on December 1, 1995, the circuit court admonished T.F. that if either allegation were found to be true, or if the court found that the parents were unable to adequately care for, protect, train, or discipline the children, the children could be declared wards of the court, removed from the custody of one or both parents, and placed under the guardianship of DCFS. The trial court also admonished T.F. as to his rights under
The adjudication hearing began on May 2, 1996, and continued through July 2, 1996, at which time the trial court found that the allegations of each petition had been proved by a preponderance of the evidence. Following a dispositional hearing on July 30, 1996, the trial court declared Andrea and S.H. to be wards of the court. C.J., Andrea’s mother, was given custody and guardianship of Andrea, and both parents were ordered to cooperate with DCFS and participate in any counseling DCFS recommended. Again, T.F. was not specifically told that his parental rights could be terminated if he should fail to cooperate with DCFS. T.F. appealed.
T.F. subsequently filed a motion to modify the order of disposition. Following a hearing on May 11, 1998,
On August 11, 2000, the State filed a petition to terminate the parental rights of T.F. and C.J. with respect to Andrea and to appoint DCFS as guardian of Andrea with the power to consent to adoption. The petition alleged that T.F. and C.J. were unfit parents in that: one, they had failed to maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern or responsibility as to Andrea’s welfare; two, they had substantially neglected Andrea in a continuous or repeated manner; and three, they had failed to make reasonable efforts to correct the conditions that were the basis of the removal or to make reasonable progress toward the return of Andrea to them within nine months after an adjudication of neglect or abuse.
Immediately prior to the hearing on the petition, C.J. surrendered her parental rights to Andrea. Following the hearing, the trial court found that the State had demonstrated by clear and convincing evidence that T.F. had failed to maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern or responsibility for Andrea, and had failed to make reasonable efforts to correct the conditions that led to Andrea’s removal and failed to make reasonable efforts toward her return. The trial court found the evidence insufficient to prove that T.F. had substantially neglected Andrea in a repeated or continuous manner. Following a best interests hearing on September 6, 2001, the trial court terminated T.F.’s parental rights and authorized the DCFS to consent to her adoption. T.F. appealed.
The appellate court reversed, holding that the circuit court’s failure to admonish T.F. that his failure to cooperate with DCFS, comply with the service plans, or correct the conditions that caused Andrea to be in DCFS’s care could result in the termination of his parental rights violated
T.F. also argued that the adjudication of unfitness was contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence and that the trial court violated his fifth amendment right not to incriminate himself because the findings of unfitness were improperly based on his refusal to admit that he had sexually abused S.H. The appellate court declined to address these arguments, other than to note that on remand DCFS could not compel therapy treatment that would require T.F. to incriminate himself and that the trial court could not base its decision to terminate parental rights on T.F.’s refusal to admit to a crime.
Prior to addressing the merits of the appellant’s argument, we must consider whether this appeal should be dismissed as moot. At oral argument, counsel for the State disclosed that several days earlier, T.F. had executed a surrender of his parental rights.
The existence of an actual controversy is an essential requisite to appellate jurisdiction, and courts of review will generally not decide abstract, hypothetical, or moot questions. Steinbrecher v. Steinbrecher,
Notwithstanding these general rules, a reviewing court may nevertheless review an otherwise moot issue pursuant to the public interest exception to the mootness doctrine. Richardson,
The issue in this case clearly falls within the public interest exception. The question of whether circuit courts were required under former
This determination does not conflict with our pervious holdings in In re Adoption of Walgreen,
In Walgreen, Charles and Kathleen Walgreen filed a petition to adopt two of their grandchildren, arguing that the children’s biological mother, Loren, was unfit. DCFS was granted leave to intervene. The trial court denied the Walgreens’ petition based on its finding that several provisions of the Adoption Act were unconstitutional. Subsequent to the Walgreens’ direct appeal to this court, Loren consented to the adoption. Loren and the Walgreens agreed to dismissal of the appeal on mootness grounds, but DCFS argued that this court should address the issues raised in the case in order to provide guidance for future cases. We declined to do so, stating that a court should not resolve questions merely for the sake of setting precedent to govern potential cases. With respect to the public interest exception, we concluded that the exception did not apply. We acknowledged that the question of whether the challenged statutory provisions were constitutional was one of public importance, but found no need for authoritative determination for the future guidance of public officers because various panels of the appellate court had considered similar constitutional challenges to the provision in question and had consistently found them to be constitutional. Walgreen,
In the present case, by contrast, it was the appellate court, rather than a circuit court, which held in a written opinion that the pre-January 1, 1998, version of
In In re India B., the circuit court entered a default judgement terminating the parental rights of Denise S. and appointing DCFS as guardian with the power to consent to adoption. Her motion to vacate the default order was denied and the children were subsequently adopted. Denise S. appealed, arguing that she was denied due process and the right to counsel when the circuit court barred her from presenting either a defense or further pleadings as a sanction for failing to appear at her parental fitness hearing. The appellate court affirmed (In re India B., No. 1 — 99—3433 (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23)), and we granted leave to appeal. In response to the State’s motion to dismiss the appeal as moot, Denise S. argued that the public interest exception applied because there was conflicting appellate authority on the appropriate application of Supreme Court Rule 219(c) sanctions in cases involving termination of parental rights. Without undertaking an examination of her argument on appeal, we noted that each appellate case she cited was decided on its own
In re India B. is clearly distinguishable from the present case. The only grounds for invoking the public interest exception advanced by the appellant was that there was conflicting appellate authority. This court determined that the appellate cases cited by the appellant were not in conflict. Thus, appellant failed to show that there was a need for an authoritative determination by this court for future guidance. In the present case, the State’s argument for invoking the public interest exception is not based on the need to resolve conflicting precedent.
Finally, in In re J.B., Wanda B. appealed the circuit court’s finding that she was unfit and its termination of her parental rights. During the pendency of her appeal, the children were adopted. In her appeal to this court, she argued that section 1(D) (q) of the Adoption Act was unconstitutional. In response to the State’s motion to dismiss the appeal as moot, Wanda B. argued that the public interest exception applied. Finding that we were presented with the same scenario as in In re India B., we reached the same conclusion — the public interest exception did not apply. In re J.B.,
As with Walgreen and India B., we find that In re J.B. is distinguishable and does not preclude us from invoking the public interest exception to the mootness doctrine. We now turn to an analysis of the merits of the appellant’s arguments.
The question of whether the trial court was required by
Prior to January 1, 1998,
“Rights of parties to proceedings.
* * *
(3) *** At the first appearance before the court by the minor [and] his parents *** the court shall explain the nature of the proceedings and inform the parties of their rights under the first 2 paragraphs of this Section.”705 ILCS 405/1 — 5(3) (West 1996).
The clear and unambiguous language of the version of
Because
In support of its position, the appellate court noted that the amended version of
As noted above, the appellate court acknowledged that under the version of
In Smith, L.S. consented to having her child, A.S., placed in the temporary custody of DCFS until an adjudicatory hearing could be held. The trial court admonished L.S. that she was entitled to have an attorney at that hearing. L.S. acknowledged that she had such a right, but chose not to exercise it. Following the adjudicatory hearing, the trial court found A.S. to be neglected and placed him in the temporary custody of DCFS, pending the dispositional hearing. Following that hearing, the trial court removed A.S. from the custody of his parents and placed him in the permanent custody of DCFS. In re Smith,
L.S. appealed, arguing, inter alia, that the trial court failed to advise her of her rights and the nature of the proceedings, as required by subsection (3) of section 1 — 20 of the Juvenile Court Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 37, par. 701 — 20(3)), which provided that at their first appearance, parents were to be informed of the nature of the proceedings and their rights under subsections (1) and (2) of section 1 — 20. The appellate court held that while there was little authority as to what would constitute adequate admonitions under section 1 — 20, the statutory language clearly imposed a mandatory duty on the trial court to inform the parties of the nature of the proceedings and that, at a minimum, this included a duty to admonish parents that the child may become a ward of the court and that they may lose custody of their child. Applying this principle to the case before it, the court concluded that the trial court erred in failing to admonish L.S. at her first appearance that she could lose custody of her son. The court noted that there was no showing in the record that L.S. had agreed to DCFS’s taking permanent custody of her son, or that she was even aware that such action was possible. In fact, the court further noted, a DCFS social worker had told L.S. at the adjudicatory hearing that DCFS wanted to return her son to her the following summer. Thus, the court concluded that in the absence of any admonitions as to the nature of the dispositional proceedings or that she could lose permanent custody of her son, L.S. was unprepared to challenge the State when it sought permanent custody at the dispositional hearing. In re Smith,
In Moore, the trial court found E.M. to be neglected and, following a dispositional hearing, awarded custody to E.M.’s grandmother. J.B., E.M.’s mother, appealed, arguing that she was denied due process where the trial court failed to explain to her the nature of the adjudicatory proceedings, and that such failure violated section 1 — 20 of the Juvenile Court Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 37, par. 701 — 20). The appellate court held that because the record did not affirmatively demonstrate that J.B. was aware of the nature of the adjudicatory proceedings, her rights under section 1 — 20 were denied. Citing Smith, the court in Moore held that a new adjudicatory hearing is required when it is not apparent that the parent was aware of his or her rights or that the proceedings could result in the loss of custody of the child. In re Moore,
Neither Smith nor Moore support the appellate court’s position. In Smith, L.S. was not represented by counsel and had been led to believe that her loss of custody was temporary. Because she was not admonished
In any event, we find that in this case T.F. was not denied due process by the court’s failure to give the admonishment in question.
A parent has a fundamental due process right to the care, custody and control of his or her children, but that right is subject to termination. In re M.H.,
Applying the Mathews factors to the facts of the present case, we conclude that T.F. was not denied due process by the trial court’s failure to specifically admonish him that he risked termination of his parental rights if he failed to cooperate with DCFS or comply with the terms of the service plans. This court has previously held a parent’s right to the care, custody and control of his or her child is a fundamental right that courts will not terminate lightly. In re Paul,
The record reveals that T.F. was admonished at his first appearance that his children could be declared wards of the court and removed from his custody. At the conclusion of the adjudicatory hearing, that trial court expressed its concern about “termination proceedings.” Following the dispositional hearing, the court ordered T.F. to cooperate with DCFS and to participate in any and all counseling services DCFS recommended. At a hearing on February 25, 1997, T.F.’s attorney argued that it would be unfair “to terminate his rights” because he refused to admit in sex offender counseling that he had sexually abused his children. Thus, the record in the present case clearly demonstrates that T.F. was well aware of his need to cooperate with DCFS and that termination of his parental rights was a possibility.
Appellants also argue that, assuming this cause is remanded to the trial court, the appellate court erred in holding that T.F. could not be required to admit in sexual abuse counseling that he sexually abused S.H. because the applicable statute of limitations for any such criminal offense has expired. They further argue that the finding of unfitness was not contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. Given our disposition of appellants’ principal argument, we need not address these arguments.
We hold that, prior to January 1, 1998,
Appellate court judgment vacated; circuit court judgment affirmed.
Notes
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
The majority purports to hold that “prior to January 1,1998,
In the case at bar, the circuit court granted the State’s petition to terminate the parental rights of Andrea’s father, T.F., after finding that T.F. was unfit because he: (1) failed to maintain a reasonable degree of interest, concern or responsibility for Andrea, and (2) failed to make reasonable efforts to correct conditions which led to Andrea’s removal or to make reasonable progress toward Andrea’s return within the nine months following adjudication. The appellate court reversed the termination order, holding that the circuit court violated
Before 1998,
In the case at bar, all of the relevant hearings — first appearance, adjudication and disposition — took place prior to January 1, 1998. The appellate court agreed that the pre-amended version did not explicitly require the admonishments at issue here, but held that the statute implicitly required the court to give these admonishments as part of its duty to inform parents of their rights regarding the “nature of the proceedings” and because the failure to so admonish parents would be a violation of the parents’ due process rights.
The appeal in this matter has been rendered moot by the fact that T.F. has subsequently executed a surrender of his parental rights. The majority, however, finds that the public interest exception to the mootness doctrine should be applied to consider “whether circuit courts were required under former
The issue of public importance, to justify the invocation of the public interest exception, therefore, is the correctness of the appellate court’s determination that “as a matter of due process,
The majority cites Mathews v. Eldridge,
“We find that the risk that T.F. was erroneously deprived of [the fundamental interest in the care, custody and control of his child] as a result of the failure to give the admonishment in question is minimal because the record amply demonstrates that T.F. was aware of the need to cooperate with DCFS and that his parental rights could be terminated.” (Emphasis added.)208 Ill. 2d at 166 .
Thus, the majority answers a question which is quite narrow, i.e., whether T.F.’s due process rights were violated. The issue of public importance, and the one which purportedly threatens to disturb a great number of other dispositions, is much broader: whether the requirement in former
As it stands, the majority does not resolve the issue which threatens to disturb the “great number of dispositions under the Act where the initial court appearance, adjudicatory hearing, or dispositional hearing occurred prior to January 1, 1998.” Employing the majority’s analysis, each case will have to be examined to determine whether the record demonstrates that the parent knew of his or her rights. Moreover, the majority’s opinion provides no guidance on the question of whether due process requires the admonishments in question in those instances where the record fails to affirmatively demonstrate that the parent was aware of the need to cooperate with DCFS. Thus, the public interest rationale for reviewing this appeal as an exception to the mootness doctrine is completely lost.
If the public interest exception to the mootness doctrine is to apply in this case, this court should and must decide whether, under former
JUSTICE FREEMAN joins in this dissent.
also dissenting:
I respectfully dissent. This appeal is moot and should be dismissed. Not only does this court lack jurisdiction to decide this case because there is no actual controversy, it fails to meet the rigid requirements of the public policy exception to the mootness doctrine. This court’s function is to decide controverted issues between real parties. Richardson v. Rock Island County Officers Electoral Board,
This court’s jurisdiction is restricted to cases that present an actual controversy. Steinbrecher v. Steinbrecher,
The public policy exception to the mootness doctrine only exists when the question involved (1) is of a substantial public nature, (2) an authoritative determination for future guidance is needed, and (3) the circumstances are likely to recur. Walgreen,
The question of whether circuit courts were required under the former
The majority concludes that, although the case is moot because T.F. voluntarily surrendered his parental rights several days before oral argument, authoritative guidance from this court is required because the State alleged during oral argument that “the appellate court’s decision threatens to disturb a great number of dispositions under the Act where the initial court appearance, adjudicatory hearing, or dispositional hearing occurred prior to January 1, 1998.”
This issue has not arisen in the past and it is almost certain not to recur in the future. This court’s authoritative guidance is not needed for future cases because all post-1998 initial appearances, adjudications, and dispositions are governed by the January 1, 1998, amendments to the Act, requiring trial courts to admonish parents that they “must cooperate with [DCFS], comply with the terms of the service plans, and correct the conditions that require the child to be in care, or risk termination of their parental rights” (
I also share the Chief Justice’s concern that the majority fails to address the very issue it uses to justify invoking the public interest exception to the mootness doctrine.
Accordingly, this appeal should be dismissed as moot.