280 F. 432 | W.D.N.Y. | 1922
This is a petition for the return of a quantity of intoxicating liquor in bottles, an internal revenue book, and physicians’ prescriptions in the possession of the petitioners, seized under a search warrant pursuant to the provisions of the National Prohibition Act (41 Stat. 305). The petitioner Gritz conceded^ is a licensed druggist, engaged in partnership with one Alpern in business at Buffalo under the firm name of Alpern-Gritz Drug Company. The petition, which is not controverted, shows that on October 24, 1921, in accordance with law, the petitioners in .their firm name applied for and later received from the Commissioner of Internal Revenue a permit and authority to sell and dispense intoxicating liquors under the provisions of the National Prohibition Act. On January 20, 1922, while the permit was in full force and effect, the United States commissioner issued a search warrant on information that the petitioners had sold liquor illegally. Federal Prohibition Agent Christal was authorized to search the drug store of petitioners, which was the place specified in the permit, and there seize all intoxicating iiquors discovered therein. Pursuant thereto the property above specified was taken and is no# in the possession of the local prohibition agent.
“See. 1014 of the Revised Statutes of the United States is hereby made applicable in the enforcement of the act. Officers mentioned in said section v # o are authorized to issue search warrants in the method provided in title XI of the Act approved Juno 15, 1917.”
“A search warrant may issue as provided in title XI of public law numbered 24 of the Sixty-Fifth Congress, approved June 15, 1917, and such liquor, and containers thereof, and such property so seized shall be subject to such disposition as the court may make thereof. If it is found that such liquor or property was so unlawfully held or possessed, or had been so unlawfully used, the liquor, and all property designed for the unlawful manufacture of liquor, shall be destroyed, unless the court shall otherwise order.”
By section 1 of title 11 of the Espionage Act (Comp. St. 1918, Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1919, § 10496J4a) a search warrant may be issued by a judge of the United States District Court or by a United States commissioner for the district wherein the property sought is located, and section 16 (section 10496J4P) reads:
“If it appears that the property or paper taken .is not the same as that described in a warrant or that there is no probable cause for believing tlie existence of the grounds on which the warrant was issued, the judge or commissioner must cause it to be restored to the person from whom it was taken.”
The above provisions relating to the disposition of liquor or property taken, “designed for the manufacture of liquor,” or “property or paper taken,” are apparently conflicting, for in the one it is subject to disposition or destruction by the court,' while iif the other the judge or commissioner must cause the property to be returned to the person from whom it was unlawfully taken. It is true that section 25 of the Prohibition Act, read in connection with section 1 of title 11 of the Act of June 15, 1917 (Espionage Act), vests the District Judge and United States commissioner for the district where the property is located with the power to issue search warrants and to vacate the same. This power under section 25 is, I think, limited to such issuance and vacation, and does not include the disposition or return by the commissioner of any liquor unlawfully seized or found to have been unlawfully possessed or used. That section specifically provides that, the “property so seized shall be subject to such disposition as the court may make thereof * * * and shall be 'destroyed, unless thé court shall otherwise order.” This enactment as to disposition or destruction by the court supersedes section 16 of title 11 of the Espionage Act, relating to the return of property by the judge or commissioner.
The case of Francis Drug Co. v. Potter (D. C.) 275 Fed. 615, is direct authority for this construction. There the question arose in a proceeding to punish the Prohibition Director for contempt in failing to obey an order of the United States commissioner to return liquor unlawfully seized. Judge Morton held that the commissioner did not have the power to order the return of the liquor, and he said:
“Both the Espionage Act and the Prohibition Act contemplate the possibility that property may be seized which ought not to have been seized. The Espionage Act gives the Commissioner who has issued the sehrch warrant the nower to cause such property ‘to be restored to the person from whom It was taken.’ The Prohibition Act provides that ‘property so seized shall be subject to such disposition as the court may make thereof.’ The latter is the later enactment, and refers specifically to property seized under the Pro-*435 bltoitiou Act. As to such property it supersedes, I think, the broader provision oí’ the Espionage Act.”
It is, however, contended by the government that this court is without jurisdiction to pass upon the validity of a search warrant issued bv a United States commissioner while the matter is still pending before him; that the authority to issue impliedly carries with it the equal authority with the court to make return of the property unlawfully seized. Reliance is placed upon U. S. v. Maresca (D. C.) 266 Fed. 713, to support this contention. In that case Judge Hough, who wrote the opinion, did not construe sections 2 and 23 of the Prohibition Act. He held that an order of a United States Commissioner, requiring the return of property unlawfully seized under a search warrant issued by him, i.s in effect a judgment o[ the District Court, from which the writ of error must he taken to the Circuit Court of Appeals, and that the District Court cannot set aside the order of the commissioner directing the return of the property.
There, however, the search warrant was issued under section 6364 of the U. S. Compiled Statutes, wherein it is substantially provided that the judges of the Circuit and District Courts and United States commissioners of Circuit Courts (now United States commissioners) may, within their respective jurisdictions, issue search warrants directed to any internal revenue officer to search premises upon which he has reason to believe that a fraud upon the revenue is being committed. The decision was also based upon the traditional, and general practice that commissioners holding court have power to issue criminal process, including search warrants; that they are in fact a part of the District Court, and as the jurisdiction of both, in respect to issuing search warrants and the return of property, was equal, the District Court could not set aside an order of the commissioner for the return of. property seized under his search warrant, any more than one District Judge may vacate an order entered by another. But in this case no equal power is conferred by the Prohibition Act. The power of disposal and destruction of liquor and property designed for the manufacture of liquor intended to be used in violation of the act is expressly given to the court, not to the commissioner whose duties are prescribed by special statute (U. S. v. Allred, 155 U. S. 594, 15 Sup. Ct. 231, 39 L. Ed. 273), and who, as has frequently been decided, is not a judge of a court, but simply an administrative officer thereof. Hence the principle of the Maresca Case, which, as pointed out, did not construe or pass upon section 25 of the Prohibition Act, is inapposite.
It will be' observed that the statute in plain and unambiguous terms prescribed the- manner in which a permit to possess liquor by a per-mittee may be revoked. No proceedings to revoke have been begun against the petitioners. In the circumstances the possession by them of the intoxicating liquor seized by the prohibition agent was not unlawful and as to such liquor there was insufficient ground for issuing a search warrant or making a seizure of liquor thereunder. In Francis Drug Co. v. Potter, supra, the learned court decided, and I think the. case was correctly decided, that liquor in the possession of the drug company under a permit to keep and sell the same for lawful purposes cannot lawfully be seized under a search warrant issued on an affidavit charging illegal sale on its premises; that a single sale did not afford ground for seizing the entire stock of liquor.
Inasmuch asi all the facts relating to the unlawful seizure are un-_ controverted, the custodian of the liquor must be required to return the same to the petitioners at their place of business, but not the revenue book or physicians’ prescriptions, since section 2'5 is apparently limited to the disposition of the intoxicating liquor and containers, together with any property designed for the manufacture of liquor intended for use in violation of the act. The internal revenue book and physicians’ prescriptions are not shown to have been “property designed for the manufacture of liquor” or articles related thereto.
It is not held herein that the petitioners cannot be proceeded-against for violations under appropriate section's of the Prohibition Act, but this proceeding is separate and independent thereof. The prescriptions and book no doubt relate to the specific charge of selling intoxicating liquor- for beverage purposes without a prescription. Hence their return at this time is not required.
Petitioners further contend that the officer or officers who executed the, search warrant should be enjoined from testifying to facts and information obtained while conducting the unlawful seizure of liquor possessed under a permit, under the doctrine of Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. U. S., 251 U. S. 385, 40 Sup. Ct. 182, 64 L. Ed. 319. But in that case the information upon which the charge was based was obtained through previous unconstitutional search and seizure. There is nothing shown to indicate that such were the facts here. However, the witness to support the specific charge may be cautioned not to give testimony based upon information acquired during the unlawful seizure of liquors. Any question as to the asserted unlawful seizure of prescriptions and internal revenue book is therefore reserved to the hearing.
Since writing the foregoing, Judge LEARNED HAND, with whom I communicated on the subject, has written me that the preferred rule in the Southern district, when the United States commissioner has vacated a search warrant, is to allow the owner of the liquor unlawfully seized a period of ten days to apply to the District Court for its return. For convenience and to secure uniformity of practice in this state, this rule will be adopted and applied in future cases in this district.