152 F. 137 | 2d Cir. | 1907
The executors of Blitch and the alleged bankrupt have each appealed from an order of the court below allowing the claim of Blitch as a creditor, and adjudging the amount at $11,346. It is insisted on the part of the alleged bankrupt that the claim should have been disallowed in its entirety, and in behalf of the executors that a considerably larger sum should have been adjudged owing. The District Court referred it to a special commissioner to take the evidence in respect to the claim and report to the court with his opinion. The case presented is this:
Baxter & Co. was a New York corporation having its principal place of business in New York City, and having also branch offices in various parts of the country, including one at Savannah, Ga. Its ostensible business was that of a broker in the business of buying and selling securities and produce, but its real business'was that of a “bucket shop,” dealing with customers who deposited small margins and speculated upon the fluctations in the market prices. • It received orders and purported to execute them at the market price, and credited or charged the account of the customer accordingly; but it executed the orders only upon its books. These orders were sent by wire from the office at which they were received to the principal office, and a confirmation slip was delivered to the customer, signed by Baxter & Co. These slips contained this clause:
“We receive no orders except witli the understanding that the actual delivery of property bought or sold is in all cases contemplated and understood. It is further understood and agreed that on all marginal business the right is reserved to close transactions when the market value indicates an insufficiency of margin in our hands to prevent loss to us, without notice and at public or private sale.”
Blitch resided in Georgia, and in January, 1903, opened a speculative account with Gray, the agent of Baxter & Co., at its branch office in Savannah. For three years previously he had had a speculative account with Murphy & Co., a concern carrying on a bucket shop at Savannah. He was a merchant, doing a business of forty or fifty thousand dollars a year, and postmaster of the village in which he lived. Between January and August 7th, Blitch gave the Savannah office numerous orders to buy and sell cotton, and some to buy mining shares, and received for each order a confirmation slip such as has been referred to. On the 7th day of August, 1903, a number of these orders were outstanding. The value of the property, at the market prices represented by the orders to purchase, was nearly $120,000, and of the property represented by his orders to sell was about $40,000. At the market prices, on the opening of business of that day, there would have been a margin in his favor of about $1,000. There was much fluctuation in the cotton market, and his orders were most of them for the purchase or sale of cotton for future delivery. He was informed by Gray that his account needed additional margin by four or five hundred dollars, and thereupon he gave Gray a check, and a note payable in the future, amounting together to $476.81, and received a receipt therefor. August 10th he was notified by Gray that he could not use the note, and more margin must be put up at once “or he (Gray) should have
The special commissioner found as facts that Gray had received the note given by Blitch as so much cash, and that at the time Baxter & Co. closed the orders Blitch’s customary margin was not exhausted. He also made the following findings:
“The evidence forces me to the conclusion that Mr. Blitch never expected to receive and pay for the merchandise that he purchased, or to deliver the merchandise he sold, but that his intention in each instance was to settle on differences. With much doubt I find as a fact that Baxter & Co. had represented to him that in every instance they actually executed each order he gave them, and that he supposed Baxter & Co. were doing a legitimate brokerage business and were actually carrying for him the merchandise he had directed them to purchase or to sell.”
As matter of law the special commissioner found that the relations between Blitch and Baxter & Co. were the same as though the representations made by it to Blitch, and believed by him, had been true; that the acts of Baxter & Co. in closing the orders given by Blitch were equivalent to a conversion of the property represented by the orders to purchase; and that Blitch was entitled to recover as damages the highest value of the property intermediate the time of the conversion and a reasonable time after he had been notified thereof. He also found that as to the cotton and the copper stock 15 days was a reasonable time, and as to the ribs 30 days was a reasonable time.
It is contended for the alleged bankrupt that no recovery should have been allowed Blitch for the conversion of the property which he had ordered Baxter & Co. to purchase, because his claim is founded merely upon a breach of an agent’s instructions in carrying out wagering contracts. If it was the understanding between Blitch and Baxter & Co. that their dealings would be those ordinarily carried on between a customer and a bucket shop, or that Baxter & Co. would not actually execute the orders according to the custom of brokers, so that there would be no future delivery of the property ordered to be purchased, the transactions between them were in furtherance of a mere gambling scheme, and a recovery could not he permitted.
It is too well settled to need any citation of authority that contracts for the purchase of property to be delivered at a future day are not void as wager contracts merely because the property is not in existence in the hands of the seller and is to be subsequently acquired by him. It is equally well settled that a transaction which is on its face legitimate cannot be held void as a wagering contract by showing that one of the parties to it understood and meant it to be so. “The proof must go ' further and show that this understanding was mutual — that both parties so understood the transaction.” Irwin v. Williar, 110 U. S. 499,
“At common law, in order to render a contract void as a wagering contract, it must appear that both parties understood and agreed, expressly or impliedly, to the things which constituted it as matter of law a wagering contract. This does no rest on grounds peculiar to wagering contracts. The unexpressed or uncommunicated intention of one party to a contract is not binding upon the other party to the contract. In order to be binding, the intention must be common to both.”
That this is the law of Georgia sufficiently appears by Forsyth Mfg. Co. v. Castelin, 112 Ga. 199, 37 S. E. 485, 81 Am. St. Rep. 28, where in an action by brokers it was contended that the transactions involved were dealings in fictitious “futures.” The court held that transactions of that kind were not invalid unless it appeared “that neither of the parties contemplated an actual delivery of the goods, and that it was the intention of both-that there should be no actual delivery, but on the day fixed for delivery there should be a settlement of their differences, based on the .market value of the goods on that day.”
This is a' case where each party intended to engage in a series of wagering transactions,' and where it is sufficiently plain that Baxter & Co. understood the intentions of Blitch. The real inquiry consequently is whether Blitch understood the intentions of Baxter & Co. The finding of the special commissioner, that Baxter & Co. had represented to Blitch that in every instance they actually executed the orders given them, was based upon the recital contained in the confirmation slips. But if Blitch did. pot rely upon these representations, the fact that they were made is not important. Blitch was examined as a witness before the special commissioner, and his testimony indicates that he was a man of keen intelligence and extensive business experience. We are unable to accept the conclusion of the court below, reached with “much doubt,” that Blitch believed these representations. He was an experienced .business man, and familiar with the business of speculating in futures. It is almost incredible that such a man should not have known that he was dealing with a bucket shop, or that he was not aware of the ordinary business methods of such a concern. According to common understanding the bucket shop “uses the terms and outward forms of the exchanges, but differs from the exchanges in that there is no delivery, and no expectation or intention to deliver or receive securities or commodities said to be sold or purchased.”' (See Standard Dictionary-.) Blitch not only testified that he was not aware that Baxter & Co. was operating a bucket shop, but he testified that he supposed that it was actually carrying the property covered by his orders. It is impossible to contradict the testimony of a witness as to his state of mind by direct evidence, unless he has made impeaching state
We are unable to doubt that each party understood the other, and that the implied understanding between them was, at the inception of and throughout their dealings, that their transactions should be those of the ordinary kind between customer and bucket shop proprietor. The courts ought not to indulge in any violent or improbable inferences from the facts to assist either of the parties to such dealings, or to differentiate their dealings from ordinary gambling transactions.
These conclusions render it unnecessary to consider any of the questions as to the amount of the recovery presented by the appeal of either party.
The order is reversed, with instructions to the court below to disallow the claim.
