*1
Association, Plaintiff
Idaho Education
School District Preston Joint # 201; School District Emmett Joint 221; County School District # Jefferson *2 251; als.), Defendants-in-Intervention- Joint et School # Jerome Joint Complainants-Third-Party 261; Cross Falls School District # Post Plaintiffs-Appellants, # 273; School District Madison School 321; Sugar Jt. School District # Salem and 322; County District # Minidoka Jt. Independent District Boise School # 331; Twin School School Dist. Falls City, Defendant-in-Intervention # 411; and Buhl Joint School District Respondent. # 412, Plaintiffs-Respondents, District EQUAL EDUC. IDAHO SCHOOLS FOR
and al., OPPORTUNITY, Plaintiffs- et Respondents, 61; County District # Dan Blaine School Luber, ielle Kristin Luber and Sarah and Luber, through by parents, their and Association, Plaintiff Idaho Education Luber; Stephen and Lorie John Reese in-Intervention-Respondent, Reese, through by their and Ellen and v. Reese; parents, Heidi Ron and Susie Molly Poehling Amy Poehling, and EVANS, al., Jerry Defendants L. et parents Poehling, by through and their Respondents. Poehling; Brady and Mike Sharon FRAZIER, al., et Jonathan Roark, Hailey Jennifer Roark and Plaintiffs-Respondents, Roark, by through parents, their and Roark; Kimberly Keith and Laurie and Mecham, Mecham, Aubree Camille # 61, County School District Blaine Mecham, by Morgan and Mecham and al., et Plaintiffs-Intervenors- through parents Milo and Diane their Appellants, Mecham; Healy, Ryan Thomas and v. through his mother Christina Van Beu ren, and all on behalf of themselves The IDAHO STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION, al., residing in and et Defendants other school children Respondents, County; attending in Blaine and school Luber, Luber, Stephen Lorie Ron Reese, Reese, Poehling, Mike Susie Equal Opportu for Educ. Idaho Schools Roark, Poehling, Keith Laurie Sharon al., nity, et Defendants-in-Intervention- Mecham, Mecham, Roark, Diane Milo Complainants-Third-Party Cross Beuren, citizens and and Christina Van Plaintiffs-Respondents, taxpayers, Plaintiffs-Intervenors-Re spondents, Independent of Boise District City, Defendant-in-Intervention-
The IDAHO STATE BOARD OF EDU Respondent. CATION; Evans, capaci Jerry L. his and 19923. Nos. ty Superintendent State as Idaho an ex-officio Instruction and as Public Idaho, Supreme Court Board of member of the Idaho State Boise, 1992 Term. September Idaho, Education; De and the State 18, 1993. March fendants-Respondents, May 6, 1993. Rehearing Denied Op Equal Educational Schools (See als., portunity, Above for et Title *4 stability republican form of upon depending mainly
government people, it shall be intelligence Idaho, legislature to estab- duty of the general, maintain a uniform lish and public, common thorough system of free schools. 2 of the state constitution
Article part: provides peo- power All is inherent in political their ple. is instituted for Government benefit____ equal protection and plaintiffs these consolidated cases funding allege the current method public provide schools does either a system “thorough” “uniform” or a *5 further, and, equal protection violates the clause.
BACKGROUND by in a Public schools Idaho are funded local, state, federal combination and totally partially funds. The State or reim- expenses districts for burses the certain (80% exceptional per- of costs education costs; sonnel; transportation and 85% Givens, Pursley, Huntley, Boise, Webb & benefits, Social teacher retirement 100% Equal for Idaho Schools for Educational insurance). Security, unemployment and Jr., Opportunity. Huntley, Robert C. ar- Money received Edu- is also from the State gued. Support Program. program cational This Hawley, Troxell, Hawley, Boise, Ennis & by revenues, state by is funded a allocated respondents Frazier, Merlyn for et al. W. “support unit” formula and on aver- based Clark, argued. age daily attendance in the Each district. Hawley, Troxell, Hawley, Ennis & Ket- portion by school district’s is reduced a chum, for County, Blaine Rand et al. L. “local projected equal contribution” to the Peebles, argued. money would aby be collected .36% levy EchoHawk, Gen., property tax district.
Larry school Atty. and Wil- Gen., Tagen, Deputy Atty. liam A. Von Because a school district with low assessed Boise, respondents for Andrus Governor property money value will collect less than Legislature. and the Idaho A. William Von high property a district with under values argued. Tagen, formula, a property low value .36% Cantrill, district less Skinner, Boise, money contributes to the Edu- King, Sullivan & respondent Tyra Support for City. Program high Boise H. cational a fund than Stubbs, argued. property value school district. The school also, may approval, district with voter raise
BISTLINE, Justice. money through supplemental more levies. Supplemental capi- levies are used Article for both state constitution (“the clause”) provides: education tal construction and mainte- day-to-day operations. plaintiffs argue nance and court did not con- As will be discussed that the greater below, thoroughness ques- in detail chartered sider merits of school greater authority levy deciding districts tion from have and instead abstained money question. than do non-chartered districts. Fi- The also held that the court nally, relatively plaintiffs small of a did have taxpayer/citizen amount school budget lottery standing sue further held that the pro- district’s comes from but did plaintiffs standing. other have programs. ceeds and various federal argue On appeal, appellants that the appellants The in this are the case Thompson district court misread and that Equal Opportunity Schools for Educational taxpayer/citizens standing do have (“ISEEO”), County Blaine School District respondents Thompson sue. The claim (“Frazi- (“Blaine”), group and the Frazier appel- of all the mandates dismissal er”). respondents The are the State of only lants’ causes of action and that not do Idaho, by through Legislature the taxpayer/citizens standing lack but so (“State”), City the Boise Governor organizations do the other individuals and (“Boise”). School District involved this suit. County ISEEO filed a lawsuit in Latah alleging system funding current STANDARD OF REVIEW public schools is unconstitutional because it reviewing The for a dis standard provide thorough does not education missal for failure state a cause of action necessary' resources are unavailable 12(b)(6) pursuant is to I.R.C.P. the same as money. due to lack Frazier lawsuit upon grant of a motion standard filed in County, alleging was Ada also non-moving summary judgment. funding system thorough. is not Frazier party is entitled to have all inferences from alleged disparities further that the fund- *6 pleadings the record and viewed in his/her ing by property-tax sys- the caused funded favor, question only may then the be system pro- tem in a does not results that for relief asked whether claim has been vide a uniform education and the violates Power, stated. v. 116 Idaho Miles Idaho protection equal clause. The ISEEO suit 635, 637, 757, 778 759 County upon by was moved to Ada motion the State. ISEEO and Blaine moved to DISCUSSION party plaintiffs
intervene as
in the Frazier
party
suit.
to
as a
Boise moved
intervene
above,
previous-
As
has
noted
this Court
granted.
were
defendant. These motions
at
ly considered a case similar
the one
Eventually, the Frazier and ISEEO suits
Thompson
Engelking,
bar.
96 Idaho
v.
were consolidated.
793,
(1975). The
P.2d 635
resolution of
537
appeal largely depends
the
the
on
on
issues
The State and Boise moved to dismiss for
Thompson
effect of
on this case.
plaintiffs
failure of the
to state
cause of
the
standing.
Thompson,
lack of
dis-
In
the Court reviewed
action and for
The
parties
All
the
Judicial District
granted
trict court
the motion.
decision of
Fourth
court,
Durtschi,
Court,
Ray
pre-
agree
in its memorandum
the Honorable J.
that the
decision,
1)
siding.
equal protection
Judge
determined that
held that:
the
Durtschi
adversely
system
funding],
present
claims
to the
“the
school
had been decided
[of
Thompson
heavy
on the ad
plaintiffs
Engelking,
in
v.
96 with its
reliance
valorem
tax,
9,
1,
793,
(1975),
2)
Art.
Sec. of the
property
Idaho
quires only uniformity only grounds not if no can advanced to be goals. uniformity funding. the justify State’s Olsen v. J.A. 711, Co., 117 Idaho 791 P.2d Freeman Equal 2. The is Not Protection Clause (1990). appellants 1290 claim Funding by the Violated Current School Thompson applied should not be here be- System. equal developments protec- cause recent Thompson precedential a. analysis has effect. tion doctrine have undermined the has argument in that This three case. appellants argue portion that the subparts. funding is The first that Idaho’s Thompson funding system the held subject the strict should be to scru- equal protection did not violate the state equal tiny purposes protec- test for of the clause not be it need followed because was clause is a funda- tion because education support, they point dicta. In that nei- out mental interest under the Idaho Constitu- party appealed Judge ther in Thompson Second, appellants argue if tion. that ruling equal protection Durtschi’s that the scrutiny applied strict test is not then that, argue clause was violated scrutiny test should an intermediate be therefore, necessary it was not for this Third, appellants argue used. Court reach the in order to render to issue only if applies, even the rational basis test a decision. as to plaintiffs are entitled a trial wheth- argument This fails to into ac take funding system er satisfies the test. count fact that an order of the where Thomp- the result reached in We believe upon court is correct an district but based equal protection as to claim son was theory, affirm erroneous this Court will sound one and we continue to adhere to it. upon theory. the correct Andre v. Mor row, 106 Idaho 680 P.2d proper procedure out This Court set (1984). This is doctrine sometimes resolving equal protection an clause “right result-wrong theory” called rule. Comm’n, argument in Tarbox v. Tax Handbook, pg. Appellate Idaho 3-24 (1985): P.2d 342 Thus, though disagreed with even we equal step protection The first in an anal- Judge holding Durtschi’s the school identify ysis is classification which funding uniformity re scheme violated being challenged____ is clause, quirement education step The second is determine the stan- order, Court have affirmed if could still his dard under which the classification will pro thought equal we the scheme violated judicially be reviewed. fact, respon In many pages tection. Tarbox, 107 Idaho at at 344. in Thompson dent’s brief are devoted to step The third is to determine whether the arguing equal Brief protection claim. standard has been satisfied. See State v. al, Thompson, pg. C. et. 59-74. Marba Breed, 497, 500, 111 Idaho 725 P.2d Thus, the Court needed address the (Ct.App.1986). *8 equal fully in protection issue order to de appeal, equal protection cide the and the 1) classifications here are: The Thompson precedential full holding in has higher pay tax those citizens who must effect. higher rates than the norm or taxes than bring norm in to their local school order Thompson right b. result. reached funding of as district the same level Thompson The reviewed the other the school fund Court districts because of 2) plaintiffs’ equal protection ing equalization under charge program, those stu dents, parents, basis and concluded the administrators rational test and school funding system equal school not an receiving did that who are less than violate test, pro equal funding standard. Under that amount from the State. As only taxpayer proper tection is if standard plaintiffs, clause violated a classifica solely easily tion is rule totally based on reasons unre is determined. “The established pursuit is goals lated to the or in Idaho that the rational basis test is State’s
581 appropriate appeal, dispose standard of of classifi- so of this the defini- review as purposes.” right” cations made for tax as set forth Tarbox v. tion “fundamental Comm’n, i.e., 959, right explicitly 107 Idaho Rodriguez, Tax at 695 P.2d at in a or 344; Sheppard Dep’t Employ- guaranteed by v. State the Constitu- implicitly 501, ment, 504, 643, 103 Idaho 650 P.2d 646 tion. (1982). 803, 96 Idaho 537 P.2d at Thompson, at 645. proper
The apply standard to to the sec- group ond identify. is more difficult to Although, correctly appellants as the ob- appellants suggest The apply that we Court, serve, this in cases decided after standard, scrutiny requires strict scrutiny embraced the strict Thompson, that proving the State bear the burden of under in analysis our state constitution only it compelling that has a state rights cases where fundamental are in- justifies interest which the classification (the scrutiny” volved “two-tiered strict test but also that the is discrimination neces- above), see, Tarbox, e.g., mentioned 107 sary promote that 959-60, interest. State v. 344-45; Idaho 695 at at P.2d Olsen Missamore, 27, 33, 528, Idaho 119 803 P.2d Freeman, Co., 706, 710, v. J.A. 117 Idaho (1990); 711, State, 534 Newlan v. 96 Idaho 1285, (1990), 791 P.2d 1289 we have never 713, appel- 535 P.2d 1350 The adopted the Rodriguez definition of funda- lants Supreme note that United rights. States using mental Instead of the Rodri- Court right has stated that a test, is fundamen- guez guarantee constitutional we have tal for purposes equal protection federal right question determined whether analysis right if guaranteed by that is in the was fundamental on a case case basis. far, federal constitution. Indep. San Thus this Court has never held that Antonio 1, 33, Rodriguez, particular right Dist. v. 411 at U.S. issue was fundamental 1278, 1297, (1973) 93 S.Ct. has voting, 36 16 one but stated in L.Ed.2d dicta procreation, (Rodriguez safeguards held that and constitutional education was not a right persons fundamental accused equal under the of crimes are funda- federal protection clause.). rights mental under appellants con- the state constitution. Tarbox, clude from the above See 107 Idaho at n. should 695 P.2d education Newlan, be n. 1 (quoting considered a at 345 right fundamental for state Idaho at equal protection 1350); analysis it 535 P.2d at because is ex- see also State v. pressly Breed, mentioned art. 1. (Ct.App.1986).
First, we note that the Thompson Court rejected argument: this same We have determined that it is time to by partially abandon our case case determi- argument is advanced that under the particular right nation of whether a assert-
strict scrutiny-compelling state interest approach provides ed is fundamental. That test by Supreme used the United States no neutral criteria which the Court can Rodriguez, system public Court our give make that determination and could financing equal school pro- violates the appearance of result-oriented decision mak- tection clause the Idaho Constitution. Further, ing. guidance it gives no to the proponents Its contend that there exists courts they lower when are faced with right substantive to edu- fundamental making that determination. cation, upon based 1 of Art. Sec. Idaho Constitution. We now hold that the “fundamental
rights” found in our state constitution are *9 We expressed believe this to be an inappropriate positive right. those as a We adopt occasion by to for use this Court in reject appellants’ have considered but the interpreting the equal protection Idaho suggestion that the Rodriguez definition of clause, strict-scrutiny the two-tiered test rights adopted. fundamental Although be by used Supreme the United States in the sections our state constitution which initially Court to a impose duty upon scrutinize Rodri- government might Nor, guez____ are adopt, we right inclined be to invest said a derivative in those 582 Medicine, 97 owed, end. v. State Bd. inclusion of Jones duty
to whom the
is
867,
399,
859,
407
555 P.2d
definition
rights in our
those derivative
overly broad.
rights would be
fundamental
Reed,
appellants rely upon
v.
The
State
3,
provides that
example,
26
For
art.
§
162,
(Ct.App.1984),
based on the
duty
Balancing our constitutional
Thompson
1. The
Court was
§
thoroughness
meaning of the
to define
to,
it,
meaning
asked
nor did
address
political
art. 9 1 with the
requirement of
§
only
“thorough.” Judge Durtschi
the word
made sim
that task has been
difficulties of
provide a “uni-
system
ruled that
did not
the executive
for this Court because
pler
education;
ruling
only
form”
that was
already pro
government has
branch
the Court. To the extent that isolat-
before
pursuant
educational standards
mulgated
Thomp-
phrases can be taken out of the
ed
33-
in I.C.
legislature’s directive
to the
§
appear that we
opinion which make it
son
Education Rules
Board
118.
State
See
thoroughness question,
there addressed
K-12,
Public School
Regulations
taken out of context and
phrases
those
are
examined those
We have
IDAPA 08.02.
binding.
are not
that, un
hold
carefully and now
standards
9, 1,
requirements for school
art.
respondents argue that
der
facilities,
programs and text
instructional
in the com
Court should not involve itself
books,
transportation systems as con
is a “thor
plicated determination of what
in ef
regulations presently
in those
tained
we should defer
ough” education and that
thor
fect,
with our view of
consistent
in this
are
government
to the other branches of
acknowl
that our
oughness. We believe
“[arguments erupt
Mindful that
matter.
appropriately
these standards
edgement of
is or is not
drop
at
of a hat as to what
gov-
of state
the other branches
as
involves
necessary
an educational
[and
signifi-
appear to be less
substantially
between districts
funding system
exist
is
1. The school
today
Thompson was de-
Thompson
as it was when
decided.
same
cided. If
the time
was
cant than at
today
anything,
disparities which
*11
money
allowing
judiciary
eminent
the
the same amount of
while
order to raise
independent duty
hold fast
“property-rich”
to its
of inter-
that
school districts raise
preting
sum,
the constitution when and as re-
plain-
In
these
with a lower tax rate.
quired.2
funding
the
of
results
tiffs assert
method
funding
school districts
uneven
between
plaintiffs
Where the
have stated a
uniformity
and thus violates the
and thor-
alleging
cause of action in
that the current
oughness requirements
the education
of
funding system
provide
does not
a thor
equal protection
clause.
clause and
education,
ough
they are entitled to an
opportunity
prove
allegations.
their
granted
respon-
The district court
prove
plaintiffs
Should the
be able
that
pursuant
dents’ motion to dismiss
to our
they cannot meet the standards established
Co.,
decision in Miles v. Idaho Power
Education,
by Board of
noted
State
money. Thus the school districts meet
and
5.
the School Districts
ISEEO
they allege a
test
in that
distinct
Miles
Standing
Authority
Have
and the
to
funds)
(lack
adequate
palpable injury
of
Bring This Lawsuit.
fairly
has a
traceable causal connec-
that
(the
of
amount
to the actions
the State
tion
argues
of Idaho
that we can
State
Legislature to
money
by the
of
allocated
part of
still affirm
the district court’s deci-
education).
dismissing
sion
all
claims
reasons
the
for
1)
court,
by
not used
the
to
that
trial
wit:
argues
the
Finally,
the State
that
bring
standing
ISEEO lacks
to
these law-
of
lack
superintendents/members
ISEEO
suits,
2) the
stand-
and
school districts lack
a
standing
they have not suffered
because
ing
authority
sue.
to
disagree.
palpable injury.
distinct
We
districts,
superinten
Like the school
the
support
In
of the second claim the
alleged they
provide
have
cannot
a
dents
authority
State
us to
which holds that
cites
thorough
charges
to
to
education
their
due
creator,
a
district cannot sue its
school
funding.
they
of
Thus
have
lack
state
v.
State. East
Jackson Pub. Schools
ISEEO,
standing
individual
under Miles.
State,
132,
303
Mich.App.
133
348 N.W.2d
superintendents,
of
has
the association
(1984).
acknowledge
While we
the Michi
standing
organization
“an
because
whose
held,
gan court has so
we
unable to
are
injured
represent
may
members are
those
adopt
reasoning.
court’s
in
that
The court
proceeding
judicial
in
for
re
members
a
rejected
argument
that
East
Jackson
Morton,
v.
405
view.” Sierra Club
U.S.
statutory
power
school district’s
to
1368,
727, 739,
92
31 L.Ed.2d
S.Ct.
authority
give
“sue and be sued” did not
it
(1972);
Glengary-Gamlin
Protec
see
to sue the state. 348 N.W.2d
306 n. 11.
at
Bird,
106 Idaho
tive Ass’n v.
Court,
contrary,
already
This
to the
has
(Ct.App.1983).
held that the “sue or
sued”
be
clause
I.C.
33-301 was intended
allow the
to
§
CONCLUSION
school
to “prosecute any
districts
actions
Judge
We affirm
Schroeder’s dismissal
they might
necessary
protec
deem
for the
allege
the causes of action which
that
of
preservation
tion and
of the
funds
school
funding system
provide
school
does not
and property.”
“unqualified grant
This
of
system
a “uniform”
of education. The dis-
power
carries
it all powers
...
with
that
equal protection
of
claim also
missal
is
ordinarily
are
to the prosecution
incident
affirmed, except
part regarding
to that
equity.”
and defense of a
at law or in
suit
of chartered and non-
different treatment
Independent School Dists. v. Common
chartered school
The dismissal of
districts.
Dists.,
56 Idaho
P.2d 144
the Frazier and
causes
action
ISEEO
allege they
As the school districts
allege
funding
does not
being deprived
they
are
of the
are
funds
thorough
a
provide
education is reversed.
under
they
entitled to
art.
have the
§
dismissing
taxpayer/citizens
The order
authority under I.C.
33-301 to maintain
this
is
is
from
suit
affirmed.
case
this suit.
remanded
the district court for further
argues
Next the
the dis
State
that
proceedings
opin-
not inconsistent with this
standing
they
tricts
not
do
have
because
ion.
represent
rights
did
the stu
dents. Whether or not that is true is be
TROUT,
concur.
JOHNSON
JJ.
point
side
because the districts have
McDEVITT,
Justice, concurring
Chief
required “personal
stake”
the outcome
dissenting.
litigation.
have an
School districts
Court,
receiving enough money
pro
opinion
interest in
I
concur
thorough
pupils.
except
portion
vide a
for
education
their
of its discussion
2(b).
adhering
is there that
to the resolution
appearing
part
It
Instead
under
it,
have deter-
issue before
the Court has
the Court announces
the narrow
“[w]e
partially
that it is time
abandon
attempted
pen
“bright-line”
mined
rule for
case
case determination whether
our
right analyses. The
future fundamental
right
is
particular
asserted
fundamental.”
to take is to
proper course for this Court
Equal
Opp.
For
Educ.
Idaho Schools
offering generaliza-
itself from
restrain
573, 581,
Evans, 123 Idaho
850 P.2d
law, and to wait for the
tions about the
*13
Further,
(1993).
the Court holds “that
732
through
argu-
present itself
oral
issue to
rights’
in
the ‘fundamental
found
our state
ruling,
ment, briefing,
and
a lower court
expressed
posi-
are those
as a
constitution
Specifi-
proper preservation of the issue.
Schools,
right.”
tive
Idaho
123 Idaho at
to
cally,
should wait for a case
this Court
581,
Finally, the
thus,
scrutiny
the strict
level of
entitled to
Ultimately, the
held that the
review.
Court
I
Ida-
holding Thompson Engelking,
v.
96
805,
635,
(1975),
793,
that
ho
537 P.2d
647
opin-
Part 1 of the Court’s
I concur with
right,
being education is not a fundamental
determi-
upholds
in
it
this Court’s
ion which
Schools,
question.
Idaho
controlled the
Thompson Engelking,
in
96 Idaho
nation
v.
731,
580, 582,
peal
equal protection holding
and the
in
thorough system
public,
uniform and
of
precedential
Thompson has full
effect.”
in
free common schools for all children
the
580,
At
In
final
P.2d at 734.
Court
its
that, stating
our
just
do
that
opinion
Thompson
seems to
stated:
“duty
meaning
thor-
part
define the
of the
court and is not
of the record on
oughness requirement
appeal.
copy
of art. 9 1
in the Idaho
... has
State Law
§
simpler
Library comprises nearly
pages,
been made
for this Court because
a sub-
government
portion
the executive
of the
branch
stantial
of which involves school
already promulgated
facilities,
programs
has
educational stan-
instructional
and text
books,
pursuant
legislature’s
transportation systems.5
dards
to the
di-
and
While
583,
regulation
portions
rective
I.C. 33-118.” At
850 P.2d
of the
some
describe
§
adopts
portion
programs
at 734. The Court then
that
and facilities which no doubt are
question
“thoroughness,”
of the State Board of Education’s rules
relevant to
and
K-12,
regulations
public
stating
for
school
IDAPA I
the Court errs in
that
believe
08.02,
facilities,
dealing
in-
compliance
with “school
with IDAPA 08.02 is now con-
books,
programs
stitutionally
through
structional
and text
mandated
the word
1,
transportation systems.”
“thorough”
The Court then
in Article
of the Idaho
§
“thorough” requirement
Today’s
holds that the
of Constitution.
decision will raise
issues,
requires
complex
Article
state
meet
innumerable
factual
some
§
requirements.
totally
those
of which will be
unrelated to what
“thorough”
constitutes a
education.
majority opin
For the reasons
describes,
great
I
Today’s opinion
ion itself
have a
deal of
leaves unanswered such
difficulty allowing
gov
questions
portion
other branches of
as whether that
regulations dealing
ernment to set the standard for determin
for
with the standards
ing meaning
provision
applied
of a
of the Idaho
school construction must
new
be
However, I
existing
Constitution.
have even more
facilities as the result of the con-
difficulty
stitutionalizing
with
Court’s conclusion
of State Board Education
“thorough”
Regulation
the word
in Article
con
No. 08.02. I believe the Court
§
stitutionalizes the State Board of Edu
has committed a serious error
first con-
regulation
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STATE OF EDUCATION *17 AND RULES REGULATIONS
FOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS K-12
Approved
By the Idaho State Board of Education December, 1982 Effective
January, 1983 regulations regulations for those which indicates 5. While the are much too volumi- contents the vast opinion describe, scope today's opin- nous to ion, much less set out in this Appendix the material which attached as "A" is the table of constitutionalizes. June,
Reprinted All Revisions Included to Date THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION IDAHO Shurtliff, M. Karl President..................................................Boise Hinckley, Keith Vice-President.........................................Blackfoot S. Mosman, Moscow Roy Secretary................................................... Bilyeu, Diane Member....................................................Pocatello Fields, L. Meadows Roberta Member..........................................New Mahoney, Lewiston Colleen Member................................................ Parkinson, Joe Member.......................................................Boise Evans, Jerry L. Ex Officio Member...........................................Boise
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION AND
RULES REGULATIONS
FOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS K-12
INDEX Organization Operation CHAPTER A............................School District CHAPTER District Fiscal Affairs B..........................................School CHAPTER C....................................District Personnel and Certification CHAPTER Facilities D......................................................School Programs CHAPTER E.................................Instructional and Textbooks F.....................................................Special Programs CHAPTER G........................................................Transportation CHAPTER CHAPTER H.................................................. Miscellaneous Items
APPENDIX Employment Equitable of Public School Personnel and
Delivery of Educational Services *18 Policy Files Uniform on Teacher Placement Corporal Statement State Board of Education on Punishment
Fall Statewide Educational Conferences
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION AND RULES REGULATIONS FOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS K-12 INDEX
SUBJECT—TITLE Chapter-Rule Subject-Title -A- Absence, Day of..............................................................A.4 Accounting, Pupil—Definition..................................................A.4 E.12 E.ll Accreditation, High School.................................................... Accreditation, High............................................. Middle/Junior Accreditation, Personnel Standards.............................................C.32 Institution, Definition................................................C.l Accredited G.7 Activity Busing ............................................................... ADA, Determination............................................................B.2 ADA, Early Graduation.........................................................B.2 Alterations/Renovations, Additions, Administrative (Bldg)......................................D.7 Endorsement..................................C.25 Exceptional Child Education,
Administrator, Certificates................................C.30 Vocational Administrator’s Certificate.....................................................C.21 Counselor Endorsement..............................................C.22 Advanced K-3 Certificate......................................................C.18 Advanced Elementary Certificate...............................................C.18 Advanced Advanced Advanced Agreement, Cooperative.........................................................E.8 Secondary Certificate................................................C.18 Standing Examination.................................................E.8 Boundaries............................................H.6 Altering School District E.16 Programs.............................................. High School Alternate Alternate American School..........................................-......................E.7 Ancillary Route, Certification..................................................C.18 Personnel, Salary................................................B.4 Base Funding....................................................B.5 Ancillary Personnel Appeals to State Board of Education...........................................H.3 Appeals of Certification........................................................C.17 Institutions...............................C.7 Regionally Accredited Applicants from Music, Limited Applied Architects, Certificate..............................................C.26 Require to Provide.............................D.10 School District will .........................................................D.4 Architectural Services Attendance, Average Daily.....................................................A.4 Attendance, Attendance, of, of, Kindergarten.............................................. Day Day 1-12 ..............................................A.4 Grades A.4 Attendance, 90%...............................................................A. Endorsement, Standard..............................................C.22 Audiology Authorization, Letters of........................................................C.9 Agencies/Con- Special Education Approve for SDE Authorization tracts ........................................................................B.6 A.4 Average Daily Attendance.....................................................
-B- Instruction, Limited Certificate...........................................C.26 Bible Boards, Commissions/Advisory Councils........................................H.2 Account, Building Bus School District................................................B.8 G.4 Drivers, School...........................................................
-C- Office....................................................H.l for Public Candidate Capital *19 G.7 Investment, Transportation............................................. Certificate, Administrator’s.....................................................C.21 Certificate, Application Procedures .............................................C.17 Institutions....................C.7 Certificate, Regionally Accredited Applicants from Changes............................................................C.17 Certificate Certificates, Duplicate.........................................................C.17 Chapter-Rule Subject-Title Certificates, Elementary/Secondary.............................................C.18 Certificate, Certificate, of Out-of-State.......................................C.16 Endorsement Endorsement, Teachers, Secondary Subject Area.....................C.20 Certificate, Exceptional Child...................................................C.25 Certificate, Endorsements..............................................C.19 General Certificate, Initial..............................................................C.17 Certificate, of Authorization.............................................C.9 Letters Certificate, Life................................................................C.4 Certificate, Limited.............................................................C.4 Certificate, Longer No Issued..................................................C.26 Certificate, Out-of-State........................................................C.16 Certificate, Required—Misassignment.......................C.10 Proper Certification Services, Certificate, Pupil Personnel Standard and Advanced....................C.22 Certificate, Renewal...........................................................C.17 Certificate, Transcripts Submitted Retention for...............................C.5 Certificate, Transcripts..........................................................C.5 Certificate, Vocational Administrator...........................................C.30 Certificate, Vocational Education...............................................C.28 Certificate, Specialist................................................C.29 Vocational Certification, Alternate Route..................................................C.18 Certification, Appeals..........................................................C.17 Certification, Authorizations/Misassignments....................................C.10 Certification Certification Standards/Vocational Educators....................................C.28 Certification, Foreign Teachers Trained Institutions.........................C.2 Compact............................................... D.9 Interstate Change Order, School Facilities................................................D.9 Closure, Emergency........................................................... A.3 Code Ethics................................................................C.33 College, Junior, Credits........................................................C.14 Communicable Diseases.........................................................E.3 Commercial Computerized Routing/Scheduling.................................. Fall Teacher G.8 Conference, ...............................................Appendix Feasibility B.10 Consolidation Studies............................................... Requirements..................................................... D.5 Construction Consultant Specialist, Limited Certificate .......................................C.26 Consultant/Advisory Service to Public Schools..................................H.5 Consulting Teacher Endorsement...............................................C.25 Program Contract Contracts......................................................................B.6 Model.......................................................A.6 Contracts, Educ., Special Approval.........................................B.6 State Contracts, Standard, Deviation A.2 from............................................ Cooperating Teachers..........................................................C.12 Cooperative Agreement........................................................H.4 Competency............................................................. E.12 Core Corporal Punishment...................................................Appendix Correspondence, Private & Trade Schools........................................F.4 Counselor Endorsement........................................................C.22 Study...............................................................E.2 Courses Files, Policy.................................................Appendix Credential Credits, Non-resident..........................................................C.15 Credits, College.........................................................C.14 Junior Materials, Charges Curriculum for..............................................E.l
-D- Days in Session...............................................................A.4 Day of A.4 A.4 A.4 Absence............................................................... Days of Attendance........................................................... Attendance, Days Kindergarten............................................. Defense, Civil..................................................................E.2 Definition of an Accredited Institution...........................................C.l *20 Chapter-Rule Subject-Title E.17 Detention, Juvenile........................................................... ADA, Early for Graduation.......................................B.2 Determination Development Program Model...................................................A.6 from Standard Contract Form........................................A.2 Deviation Deviation from State Board Diploma, Standards, School Facilities.........................D.2 School, High Courses....................................E.4 Rehabilitation Diseases, Communicable........................................................E.3 E.12 Learning............................................................ Distance District District, Boundaries, Altering...................................................H.6 Policy...............................................C.35 Evaluation Local Qualifications.......................................F.l Driver Education Instructor Driver Education Driver Programs.....................................................F.l Permits.......................................................F.l Education G.4 Drivers, School Bus........................................................... G.4 Bus Drivers.................................................. Duties School
-El- Childhood/Special Graduation.........................................................B.2, Endorsement................................C.25 Early Early Education E.12 Fall...........................................Appendix Conferences, Educational E.ll Program, Principle................................................ Educational of........................................Appendix Services, Delivery Educational Elections, Office..........................................H.l Candidate Public E.10 Elementary Approval.................................................. Elementary Certificates........................................................C.18 Elementary Specialist Music Certificate.........................................C.18 Emergency Closure............................................................A.3 Delivery Services.....Appendix Personnel/Equitable Employment of Public School Principal......................................C.21 Endorsement, Elementary School Endorsement, Nurse............................................C.23 Interim School Endorsement, Out-of-State Certificates..........................................C.16 Endorsement, Endorsement, Secondary Principal.......................................C.21 Secondary School Teachers, Subject......................................C.20 C.24 Endorsement, School Nurse............. Endorsement, Subject Areas...................................................C.20 Endorsement, Superintendent...................................................C.21 Certificate, Endorsement, Teaching General.....................................C.19 Design Requirements, Facility...................................D.6 Environmental Ethics, Code of................................................................C.33 Evaluation, Policy...............................................C.35 District Local Certificate, Advanced.........................................C.25 Exceptional Child Certificate, Exceptional Standard.........................................C.25 Child Endorsement, Administrative..................................C.25 Exceptional Child
-F- Facilities, Planning School...........................................D.l Guide for Facilities, School, Deviation....................................................D.2 Requirements....................................D.6 Design Facility Environmental Conferences..................................Appendix Fall Statewide Educational Feasibility Studies.......................................................:----B.10 Federally Programs....................................................A.l Funded Work, Qualifications College for...........................C.13 Year Level of Fifth Files, Policy on Placement....................................A.2 Uniform Teacher Drills..............................................................E.10, E.12 Fire Institutions, Trained in.........................C.2 Certification of Teachers Foreign Funding, Ancillary Personnel....................................................B.5 Withheld, Records....................................B.l Late Submission of Funds *21 Chapter-Rule Subject-Title —G—
GED Tests.....................................................................E.5 General Gifted/Talented Model.........................................................A.6 Reporting, School Facilities............................................D.8 1-12, Days of Grades Graduation Attendance..............................................A.4 E.12 Requirements..................................................... Graduation, Early..............................................................B.2 Planning Guide School Facilities............................................D.l
-H- Half-day in Session............................................................A.4 Teacher, Small Head Schools...................................................C.ll Diploma, High School Rehabilitation Courses ....................................E.4 Study Home Courses...........................................................E.6 Program Homebound Model....................................................A.6
-I- Penitentiary, Special Programs......................................F.4 Idaho State Idaho Teacher Excellence Program.............................................C.34 Initial Professional Certificate Examination.....................................C.17 Time, Instructional Driver Education............................................F.l Time, Required...................................................A.4 Instructional Integrated Kindergarten Model.................................................A.6 Interim School Nurse Endorsement.............................................C.23 Interns, Permits................................................................C.6 Compact................................................C.31 Interstate Certification Investment, Capital............................................................ G.8 Program Itinerant Model......................................................A.6
-J- College Junior Junior Juvenile Credits.........................................................C.14 High E.ll Accreditation.............................................. E.17 Detention............................................................
-K- Kindergarten.............................................................B.3, E.10 Kindergarten, Days of Attendance.............................................A.4 Kindergarten, Double Session Authorized........................................B.3
-1^ Proposal................................................C.9 Letter Licensing Authorization Training Commercial Schools Driver and Instructors...................F.l Life Certificates................................................................C.4 Limited Certificates............................................................C.26
-M- Maintenance Standards Middle/Junior G.2 ........................................................ High School Accreditation....................................... E.ll Misassignment, Authorization..................................................C.10 Misassignment, Proper Certificate..............................................C.10 Models, Special Programs............................................A.6 Education Chapter-Rule Subject-Title *22 -N-
NASDTEC....................................................................H.7 National Standards G.l Adopted, Transportation.................................... Requirement........................................A.5 Attendance Ninety Percent Non-resident Credits...........................................................C.15 Nurse, School.................................................................C.24 Interim, Nurse, School, Endorsement...........................................C.23
-0- Programs............H.7 Existing Education Teacher Approval for Official Vehicle Patterns, Organization Out-of-State Out-of-State School..................................................A.7 Certificates, Endorsements.........................................C.16 Tuition.............................................................B.9
-P- State, Special Programs Penitentiary, Idaho .....................................F.3 Permits, Interns................................................................C.6 Personnel, Accreditation Standards.............................................C.32 Personnel, Salary...............................................B.4 Ancillary, Base Approval............................C.32 for Accreditation Personnel Standards Plans, (School Facility) ..........................................D.3 Submission G.6 (Transportation)......................................................... Policy Professional Standards Reimbursement, Commission, Teach- Substitute ers ..........................................................................B.7 Programs, Federally Funded...................................................A.l Childhood, Early Limited Certificate.................................C.26 Provisional Psychological Public Pupil Endorsement...........................................C.22 Examiner Office, for Candidate ...................................................H.l Accounting..............................................................A.4 Pupil Personnel Certificate.....................................................C.22 Pupil/Counselor Ratios ....................................................E.10-12
-R- Submissions, Reeords, Late Funds Withheld.....................................B.l Institutions, ...............................................C.7 Regional Certificates High Diploma.................................E.4 for Courses School Rehabilitation Districts for Substitute Costs.................................B.7 Reimbursement Reimbursement to Districts High for Feasibility Study School/Dis- B.10 trict Consolidation.......................................................... Programs.........................................................E.9 Release Time Time .........................................................E.9 Religion, Release Renewal of Certificates........................................................C.17 Construction).....................................D.8 (Facilities Reporting, General Required Instructional Time....................................................A.4 Program Model......................................................A.6 Resource Retention or Teachers Cer- Applications with Transcripts Submitted tificates ......................................................................C.5 G.9 Scheduling, Computerized......................................... Routing
-S- G.7 Busing................................................................. Safety Ancillary Personnel.....................................................B.4 Salary, G.9 Routing, Computerized......................................... Scheduling and Depreciation.....................................................G.8, School Bus G.4 Bus Drivers............................................................ School School Bus Inspection.......................................................G.2, Chapter-Rule Subject-Title Boundaries, Altering............................................H.6 School District School District School District School School Building Account................................................B.8 Operation.......................................A Organization Facilities, Facilities, Facilities, Facilities, D.4 Services......................................... Architectural Requirements....................................D.5 Construction School Deviation.....................................................D.2 Design Requirements...........................D.6 Environmental Facilities, Planning.....................................................D.l School School *23 Facilities, D.3 Submission Plans.......................................... School Nurse..................................................................C.24 A.7 Organization School School Patterns................................................... Psychologist Endorsement...............................................C.22 School Schedules..............................................................A.4 Week, Definition .......................................................A.4 Schools, American..............................................................E.7 Secondary Certificates.........................................................C.18 Secondary Training Program............................C.18 Field Centered Teacher Program Self-Contained Model.................................................A.6 Services, Withholding.......................................................... A.3 Schools, Small Head Teacher...................................................C.ll Endorsement, Social Worker Special Design School............................................C.22 A.6 Model.......................................................... Special Agencies Ap- Education and Contracts Authorization for SDE proval .......................................................................E.6 Special Special Contracts, Approval...........................................B.6 Education Program Education A.6 Models............................................. Special Programs, Penitentiary......................................F.3 Idaho State Speech Language Pathologist Endorsement.....................................C.22 Standard K-3 Certificate.......................................................C.18 Elementary Secondary Standard Certificate................................................C.18 Standard Certificate.................................................C.18 Standard Counselor Endorsement...............................................C.22 Adopted, Standards (Transportation)................................... National G.l Department State State Statement Approval........................................E.6 of Education Support Program Allowance...............................................B.9 State Board of Corporal Punishment.........Appendix Education on Strike, Teacher................................................................A.3 Busing, Responsibilities..................................... Student Duties and G.5 Study, Courses of..............................................................E.2 Plans, Submission of School Facilities..........................................D.3 Substitute Teacher Authorization................................................C.8 Teacher, Substitute Reimbursement .............................................B.7
-T- Teacher Conferences....................................................Appendix Programs, Approval.........................................H.7 Teacher Education Teacher Excellence in Idaho...................................................C.34 Teacher, Head, Smaller Schools................................................C.ll Teacher, Idaho, Program............................................C.34 Excellence Teacher Inservice Teacher-Parent Conferences A.4 A.4 Activities.................................................... ................................................... Files, Teacher Placement Policy................................Appendix Uniform Teacher Strike ................................................................A.3 Teachers, Cooperating.........................................................C.12 Teachers, Homebound..........................................................B.5 Teachers, Substitute............................................................C.8 Certificate, Teaching Application Procedures....................................C.17 Testing in the Public Schools................................................. E.13 Tests, Textbook Textbook and (GED)..................................E.5 Development General Educational Adoptions E.14 E.14 .......................................................... Improvement of Instruction Committee.......................... Chapter-Rule
Subject-Title Schools, Correspondence..........................................F.4 Trade Private Applications, Retention of...............C.5 Transcripts Transitional, Certification Submitted with Certificate................................................C.26 Limited G.7 Activity Busing................................................ Transportation, G.8 G.9 G.7 G.2 Transportation, Capital Investment............................................. Routing.............................. Computerized Transportation, Commercial Trip Busing.............................................. Transportation, Field Transportation, Maintenance Standards......................................... G.l Adopted.................................... Transportation, National Standards G.6 Policy Transportation, Transportation, Program....................................................... ......................................................... G.6 G.7 Transportation, Program Costs................................................. G.7 G.4 Safety Busing.................................................. Transportation, Transportation, School Bus Drivers............................................. G.5 Responsibilities............................. Transportation, Transportation, Duties and Student G.3 Operation.............................................. Vehicle *24 Tuition, Out-of-state............................................................B.9
-U- Files..............................Appendix Policy Placement on Teacher Uniform of Life Certificates ........................................................C.4 Use
-V- G.3 Operation ............................................................. Vehicle Vehicles, Driver Education......................................................F.l Program, Approval of Schools...............................F.2 Education Veterans Education, Administrator Certificate.................................C.30 Vocational Vocational Vocational Education, Specialist Certificate......................................C.29 Education Certificates...............................................C.28 Endorsement.......................................................C.28 Vocational
-W- Withheld, of Records...................................B.l Funds—Late Submission Withholding of Service.........................................................A.3 Plaintiff-Counter-defendant, CURTIS,
Carl Appellan t-Cross -Respondent, Defendant-Counterclaimant, FIRTH,
Sandra Responde nt-Cros s-Appellant.
No. 18871. Idaho,
Supreme Court
Boise, April 1992 Term.
March 1993.