Ickes v. Ickes
85 A. 885
Pa.
1912
Check Treatment

. Opinion by

Mr. Justice Moschzisker,

The plaintiff brought an action of trespass against *589the defendant, her father-in-law, alleging that he had alienated the affections of her husband and induced him to leave her and join the U. S. Navy. She recovered a verdict upon which judgment was entered, and the defendant has appealed.

The appellant contends that the plaintiff did not produce evidence sufficient to sustain the verdict and that judgment should have been entered in his favor. The plaintiff had lived as a servant in the defendant’s family, and had subsequently married his son, who was then 19 years of age, 6 years her junior, and earned only 77 cents a day. After this young man had thus improvidently become a husband and undertaken the support of a wife, who shortly expected a child, it was the right of the defendant, without incurring any liability to his daughter-in-law, to counsel with his boy and advise him in good faith as to the position in which he was placed; and in regard to any advice the father may have given, his motives would be presumed to be good. While the law would not permit him maliciously to break up the marriage, yet, since the defendant was the father of the plaintiff’s husband, the measure of proof required was greater than it would have been had he been a mere intermeddling stranger; Gernerd v. Gernerd, 185 Pa. 233. But, after a review of all the evidence, we cannot say that the plaintiff’s proofs, if believed, were insufficient to sustain a verdict in her favor. Hence, the case could not have been withdrawn from the jury, and assignments 1 y2, 2, 3 and 4, complaining of the refusal of certain points for charge presented by the defendant, which, as drawn, amounted to requests for binding instructions, cannot be sustained; these, with assignment-27, which complains of »the failure to enter judgment non obstante veredicto, are overruled.

The first assignment does not cover anything done by the court below; it complains of certain remarks of plaintiff’s counsel in his opening address to the jury. *590An objection was made at tbe time and an exception noted, which was all that was asked.. Had a request for the withdrawal of a juror and a continuance of the case been made and refused, and an exception granted, the incident would have been reviewable here; but as it is, nothing is before us and the assignment is dismissed: Brown v. Central Pa. Traction Co., 237 Pa. 324.

The 23d and 24th assignments suggest a most interesting point. C. H. Carr, a witness for the defendant, had testified that he knew both the plaintiff and her husband; that about the 18th of May, 1905, eight or ten days before the latter had left his home, the witness had seen the couple together on the street and overheard a conversation between them in which the wife had confessed to her husband that the child about to be born was not his. At this point the following offer was made: “Counsel for defendant also offers to show by C. H. Carr, the witness on the stand, that the day before George Ickes left he had a conversation with this wit-, ness, in which he told the witness that he had trouble with his wife and was going to leave, and that the witness told him ‘I know all about it, I overheard the conversation.’ And he then and there told the witness that his.reason for leaving was that his wife was in a family-way and that he wasn’t the father of the child. This happened the day before he left, and is offered for the purpose of showing his reason for leaving.” This was. objected to as “Too remote from the time of the leaving to be a part of the res gestae,” and for other reasons. The objection was sustained and the appellant now assigná the rejection of the offer as error.

The plaintiff’s contention was that the defendant had so worked upon the mind of his son as to cause him to leave her and join the navy. The defense’s reply was that the husband had left, not because of any advice or persuasion of his father, but as the result of other moving causes operating upon his mind at the time, the *591chief of which was the alleged unfaithfulness of his wife. This raised an issue as to the motive which caused George Ickes to leave, which involved his state of mind as a principal fact in the case. How could this be proved? When Ickes was called his testimony was objected to and refused because he was the husband of the plaintiff. The only way that his state of mind could possibly be shown was by proof of things that he said and did at the time; but this does not necessarily mean at the very moment of his departure. In the present case, as in many other cases in the books, confusion has been caused by losing sight of the distinctions between contemporaneous spontaneous exclamations growing out of and explanatory of an event, or other declarations directly connected with and forming part of the res gestae, and declarations relied upon solely to show an existing intention or state of mind. When the court determines in any case that a man’s state of mind, or the reason why he did a certain act, is a relevant principal fact to be ascertained, that is the particular thing under immediate investigation, and what he may have said concerning it is usually the best and only evidence that can he obtained on the subject; but the proofs must always be restricted to declarations indicating the state of mind at the time of their utterance. When evidence of this character is produced, sufficient to show a then present intention, or state of mind, it may be assumed to have continued and formed the motive which controlled the doing of a subsequent act following closely thereafter, if under all the surrounding circumstances one would naturally associate the two together; and it is for the jury to draw the conclusion.

With this understanding of the principals just adverted to, we take up the assignments under consideration and find that 8 or 10 days before the departure of George Ickes the witness had heard him accuse his wife of infidelity and the latter’s confession that the child *592she was then carrying was not the offspring of her husband, and that only the day before Ickes left he had said to this witness that he was about to do so because he was not the father of the child. What better character of proof was it possible to obtain in support of the defendant’s contention concerning the motive which induced his son to leave the plaintiff and join the navy? The testimony offered might not have convinced the jury, but it was competent evidence of a relevant fact under the established rules which deal with declarations indicating intention or state of mind. The general principle is well stated in Sugden v. St. Leonards, 1 P. D. 151, where Mellish, L. J., said: “Whenever it is material to prove the state of a person’s mind, or what was passing in it, and what were his intentions, there you may prove what he said, because that is the only means by which you can find out what his intentions were.” Commonwealth v. Trefethen, 157 Mass. 180, is a leading American case upon the point; the defendant was charged with murder and it was the theory of the defense that the alleged victim had committed suicide. The defendant’s counsel offered a witness to prove that the deceased had come to her (the day before she left her home and about three weeks before her dead body was found in a river) and stated that she was five months pregnant with child, and that she was going to drown herself. The offer was refused, and on appeal this ruling was reversed, the court saying: “When evidence of the declarations of any person is offered for the purpose of showing the state of mind or intention of that person at the time the declarations were made, the declarations undoubtedly may be so remote in point of time, or so altered in import by change in the circumstances of the maker, as to be wholly immaterial, and wisely to be rejected......The counsel for the defendant concede that the declaration in this case is not, under our decisions admissible as a part of what has *593been called the res gestae, although some courts have admitted similar declarations on this ground, and they also concede that to make a declaration admissible on this ground, it must accompany an act which directly or indirectly is relevant to the issue being tried, and must in some way qualify, explain or characterize that act, and be in a legal sense a part of it.......They contend that the declaration is some evidence of the state of mind or intention of the deceased at the time she made it; that the intention which it tends to prove is a material fact, which in connection with other facts proved, tends to support the theory of suicide; and that the state of mind or intention in the mind of a person, when material, can be proved by evidence of his declarations, as well as of his acts, particularly when the person ......cannot be called as a witness...... The fundamental proposition is, that an intention in the mind of a person can only be shown by some external manifestation, which must be some look or appearance of the face or body, or some act or speech, and that proof of either or all of these for the sole purpose of showing state of mind or intention of the person is proof of a fact from which state of mind or intention may be inferred.” In State v. Mortensen, 26 Utah 312, another murder case, it was contended at trial that the defendant had induced the deceased to come to his house to collect some money on the evening of the homicide. On appeal, the court said: “The appellant also complains of the action of the court in permitting, over the objection of the defense, the wife of the deceased to testify that after supper, on the night of the homicide, as her husband was leaving the house, he closed the door and said to her: ‘I am going over to Peter’s (the defendant’s) for a few minutes to collect some money. I will be back soon.’ ......They are declarations of the intention and purpose of the deceased to meet the defendant, and were admissible, as original evidence, under one of the ex*594ceptions to the rule of hearsay. Some courts admit such declarations as a part of the res gestae, but we think that they more properly come under the exceptions to the rule against hearsay evidence. The evidence of these declarations was not admitted for the purpose of showing that the deceased was actually at the house of the defendant, but to show what was in his mind — what his intentions were — at the time of the utterance. Evidence of what a person’s intentions were is relevant circumstantially to show that he afterwards carried out his designs.......These declarations, as appears, were made in a natural way, and not under circumstances of suspicion, and therefore proof of them was admissible not only to show the intentions of the deceased, but also as showing his intention of going to the house of the defendant for a legitimate purpose.” Rens v. Mutual Relief Ass’n, 100 Wis. 266, is another illustrative case; it was an action on a life insurance policy which did not cover death by suicide. The defense was that the insured had committed suicide, and a witness was permitted to testify to declarations by the insured within twenty-four hours prior to his death to the effect that he intended to kill himself. In sustaining this the appellate court said: “The evidence of the declarations of the deceased within twenty-four hours preceding his death, tending to show an intention to commit suicide, was properly admitted. The question was as to the intention of Rens, the insured, in firing the shot which resulted in his death, and, when such is the question, declarations of the party which are so close in point of time to the act as to justify a reasonable probability that he carried his declared intention into execution are admissible as original evidence, providing they are made under circumstances precluding the idea of misrepresentation or bad faith.” Also see Hale v. Life Indemnity & Ins. Co., 65 Minn. 548; Sharland v. Washington Life Ins. Co., 101 Fed. Repr. 206; Powell v. Olds, 9 Ala. 861; *595Viles v. Waltham, 157 Mass. 542; Hodge v. State, 26 Fla. 11; State v. Hayward, 62 Minn. 474; Worth v. Chicago, &c., Ry. Co., 51 Fed. Repr. 171; Conn. Mut. Life Insurance Co. v. Hillmon, 145 U. S. 285; State v. Davis, 69 N. H. 350; Folks v. Burnett, 47 Mo. App. 564; State v. Power, 24 Wash. 34; and Seifert v. State, 160 Ind’ 464. While we cite no Pennsylvania case, we find none adverse to the doctrine here stated, and we have Gilchrist v. Bale, 8 Watts 355, where, under circumstances somewhat like those of the case at bar, testimony of similar import was admitted, although, on the facts peculiar to that case, upon a different theory.

That the greater part of the testimony called to our attention in the present assignments was admissible upon the theory which we have elaborated, is amply sustained by the above line of cases and other like authorities, such as 3 Wigmore on Evidence, Section 1725, and its admissibility was not at all dependent upon the authorities on contemporaneous spontaneous declarations connected with or induced by the happening of an event. But part of the testimony offered, as presented, was irrelevant and inadmissible, viz, the tender' of proof that the witness had said to George Ickes, “I know all about it, I overheard the conversation.” While it may be that the admission of this testimony would not have been cause for a reversal, yet we cannot say that its refusal was error; and when an offer containing relevant and irrelevant matters is made as a whole the trial judge is not bound to separate the good from the bad but may reject it all: Sennett v. Johnson, 9 Pa. 335; Wharton v. Douglass, 76 Pa. 273; Smith v. Arsenal Bank, 104 Pa. 518; Citizens & Miners Savings Bank & Trust v. Gillespie, 115 Pa. 564; Evans v. Evans, 155 Pa. 572; Mundis v. Emig, 171 Pa. 417; Mease v. United Traction Co., 208 Pa. 434. Under the circumstances, taking the offer as a whole, it cannot be held that error was committed in the rulings complained of, and the assignments will *596have to he dismissed. We have, however, treated the subject fully because, on other assignments which we are about to discuss, the case must go back for a re-trial.

The 5th and 6th specifications assign for error the admission of certain testimony by the plaintiff concerning efforts made and expenses incurred to support her child after the alleged desertion, and the 11th, 12th and 13th complain of parts of the cross examination of the defendant, permitted under objection and exception, in which he was interrogated concerning an authority given to him by his son to collect the latter's wages as a member of the navy and as to the amounts he had received therefrom. None of the matters covered by the testimony calíed to our attention in these assignments was relevant to the issues being tried, and its effect must have been to prejudice the jury against the defendant and swell the damages in favor of the plaintiff. In a case of this kind, where human sentiment is apt to play a leading part, the trial judge should be most cautious not to admit evidence which might have a tendency to bias the jury against either side, unless clearly relevant and competent; and this is particularly so where the action is against a father, for there a clear case of. want of justification must be shown before he can be held responsible : Gernerd v. Gernerd, 185 Pa. 233, 237. These assignments are sustained.

The 25th assignment complains of the refusal to admit in evidence testimony by Carr to the effect that George Ickes had > said that the woman with whom the witness had heard him talking was his wife. As to this it is sufficient to say that the testimony was entirely unnecessary, since Carr had previously sworn that he knew the plaintiff by sight and had identified her in the court room as the woman he had seen Ickes talking to. This assignment is overruled. We have examined all the remaining assignments; they have no merit and may be dismissed without further comment.

*597The judgment is reversed with a venire facias de novo.

Fell, C. J., and Beown and Stewart, JJ., concur in the reversal of this judgment, but dissent from so much of the opinion of the majority of the court as sustains the twenty-third and twenty-fourth assignments of error.