Susan HYDE, Appellee, v. Lloyd HYDE, Appellant.
618 A.2d 406
Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
Submitted May 4, 1992. Filed Nov. 6, 1992.
Reargument Denied Jan. 15, 1993.
Because the statute we are asked to examine, which must be strictly construed, refers solely to “duties imposed by law,” and because a contractual duty alone is not one “imposed by law,” I join the dissent of Judge McEwen.
McEWEN, J., joins.
1. Husband and Wife 278(1)
Parent and Child 3.1(8)
Right of children to be supported adequately cannot be bargained away by their parents in separation and property sеttlement agreement.
2. Divorce 306
Father could not contribute to child‘s college education without undue hardship to himself and two other children living with him, where, after payment of alimony, he had only $1,680 per month for support of himself and his two children.
3. Divorce 306
In determining mother‘s obligation to contribute to support of her two children living with their father and in determining whether father had continuing obligation to contribute to college education of third child, alimony paid by father to mother should have been trеated as gross income to mother in calculating monthly net income.
4. Husband and Wife 279(1)
There was no basis for disturbing hearing court‘s order requiring husband to pay interest at rate of seven and one-half percent per month on unpaid alimony, where terms of separation and property settlement agreement which established rate of interest on unpaid alimony were clear, record did not demonstrate that terms establishing rate of interest resulted from mutual mistake, and husband did not argue that rate of interest established by agreement was usurious.
Michael J. Seymour, Bethal Park, for appellant.
John R. DeAngelis, Pittsburgh, for appellee.
Before WIEAND, JOHNSON and MONTGOMERY, JJ.
The principal issue in this appeal is the consideration to be given to alimony payments in determining the amount of child support payments to be made by a divorced mother and father, both of whom have independent incomes.
Susan Hyde and Lloyd Hyde were married on August 13, 1970 and parented three children: Rebecca, age 19; Daniel, age 17; and Joshua, age 15.1 Prior to the entry of a decree in divorce on February 1, 1988, the parties entered a separation and property settlement agreement. Pursuant to the terms thereof, custody of the three children was awarded to Susan. Lloyd, meanwhile, obligated himself to pay child support in the amount of five hundred ($500.00) dollars per month and alimony in the amount of one thousand eight hundred twenty ($1,820.00) dollars per month for a period of seventy-two (72) months. Subsequent to the divorce, the two younger children moved in with their father. Rebecca cоntinues to live with her mother while not in residence at Westminster College, where she matriculates.
In November, 1989, Susan Hyde filed a petition seeking to hold her former husband in contempt of court for failing to comply with the terms of the property settlement agreement, which had been incorporated into the divorce decree. She also filed a petition in which she made an additional claim against her former husband for the educational costs being incurred by Rebеcca.2 On January 2, 1990, an order was entered directing Lloyd to pay four hundred ($400.00) dollars per month on account of Rebecca‘s college education. In September, 1990, Lloyd Hyde filed a petition for the support of the two children who were now living with him. He also asked the court to vacate the order for Rebecca‘s educational support. After a hearing in October, 1990, the court found Lloyd Hyde in contempt for failing to make alimony payments in full, determined the amount of alimony in arrears, vacated the order for the support of the two children who were now
Lloyd is the owner of a franchise known as “Servpro” which cleans and restores fire damaged buildings and contents. The court found his earnings to be $3500 per month. From this amount, he is required to pay alimony in the amount of $1,820.00 per month and educational support for Rebecca in the amount of four hundred ($400.00) dollars per month.
Susan is a working psychologist and is entered in the Ph.D. program at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. Shе has income, exclusive of alimony, in the amount of two thousand ($2,000.00) dollars per month. When this is added to the alimony received by Susan, it is clear that she has a cash flow of at least three thousand, eight hundred twenty ($3,820.00) dollars per month.3 From this amount she contributes the sum of four hundred ($400.00) dollars per month to Rebecca‘s college education.4
It is a simple matter of mathematics to determine that Lloyd, after paying alimony and educational support as ordered by the cоurt,5 has available monthly the sum of twelve hundred eighty ($1,280.00) dollars for the support of himself and the two children who are living with him. Susan, on the
In determining Susan‘s obligation to contribute to the support of her two children, the trial court excluded the monthly alimony which she received and found that her only income was two thousand ($2,000.00) dollars per month. In determining whether Lloyd had a continuing obligation to contribute to Rebecca‘s college education, however, the trial court considered his monthly income to be thirty-five hundred ($3,500.00) dollars. It is the failure either to reduce Lloyd‘s income by the amount of alimony which he pays or to increase Susan‘s income by the amount of alimony which she receives which has created the inequitable disparity between the parental obligatiоns of Lloyd and Susan. Some of this disparity has also been brought about by the terms of the parties’ agreement, and if Lloyd were the only victim of the disparate income, we would not be inclined to rescue him from the results of a bad bargain. In fact, however, the real victims are the two children who are presently living with him. Their right to be supported adequately cannot be bargained away by their parents. See: Brown v. Hall, 495 Pa. 635, 643 n. 11, 435 A.2d 859, 863 n. 11 (1981); Travitzky v. Travitzky, 369 Pa.Super. 65, 79 n. 6, 534 A.2d 1081, 1088 n. 6 (1987); Oman v. Oman, 333 Pa.Super. 356, 361, 482 A.2d 606, 609 (1984).
In Steinmetz v. Steinmetz, 381 Pa.Super. 440, 554 A.2d 83 (1989), a panel of the Superior Court considered a similar issue. It determined, under the circumstances of that case, that alimony payments should not be considered income to a wife-mother but that the father‘s available income should be reduced by such payments of alimony. The court was influenced by the fact that the wife-mother was dependent upon the alimony which she received to support herself. It concluded, therefore, that income derived by her from alimony payments should not be a source of supрort for her children. The Court‘s ruling, however appropriate to the facts of that case, as the Court realized, cannot be applied automatically to all
The trial court, in the instant case, failed to follow the teaching of Steinmetz, because it determined that alimony payments should be excluded as income to Susan but should nоt be excluded from that income to Lloyd which was available for child support. This was error. In fact, of Lloyd‘s income of $3,500.00 per month, the sum of $1,820.00 per month is immediately earmarked as alimony to Susan. Thus, Lloyd has available for the support of himself and his children only $1,680.00 per month. This is approximately four hundred ($400.00) dollars per week and does not bespeak an ability to contribute to Rebecca‘s college education without undue hardship to Lloyd and the two children living with him. See: Bedford v. Bedford, 386 Pa.Super. 349, 563 A.2d 102 (1989); Chesonis v. Chesonis, 372 Pa.Super. 113, 538 A.2d 1376 (1988).
In fact, however, the holding in Steinmetz v. Steinmetz, supra, has been superseded by the Rules of Civil Procedure adopting the Support Guidelines. The monthly net income of mother and father, for purposes of applying the guidelines, is to be determined as set forth in
(b) Monthly Net Income. The amount of support to be awarded is based in large part upon the parties’ monthly net income. Monthly net income is determined by subtracting only the following items from monthly gross income:
(1) federal, state, and local income taxes;
(2) F.I.C.A. payments and non-voluntary retirement payments;
(3) union dues;
(4) health insurance premiums for the benefit of the other party or the children.
Monthly gross income is ordinarily based upon at least a six-month average of all of a party‘s income. The term “income” is defined by the support law,
(1) wages, salaries, fees and commissions;
(2) income from business or dealings in property;
(3) interest, rents, royalties, and dividends;
(4) pensions and all forms of retirement;
(5) income from an interest in an estate or trust; and
(6) social security benefits, temporary and permanent disability benefits, workmen‘s compensation and unemployment compensation.
From this it is quite clear that alimony payments are not to be subtracted from gross income to determine net income available for child support. Alimony is not one of the items which are deductible from gross income to determine net income. On the other hand, gross income is defined generally as “income from any source” and is broad enough to include alimony payments. Thus, since alimony payments must be accounted for, they are counted as gross income to the receiving spouse.7
In the instant cаse, a fair and equitable result can best be achieved by including the alimony payments as monthly gross income to Susan. In this manner, her ability to contribute to the support of her children can most accurately be determined without depriving her of the benefit of the order requiring Lloyd to pay alimony. By requiring her to contribute to the support of the children who are now residing with Lloyd on
Appellant also contends that the trial court erred when it required him to pay interest at the rate of 7½ percent per month on unpaid alimony and improperly apportioned his payments between educational expenses for his daughter and alimony for his former wife. However, the terms of the agreement which establish the rate of interest on unpaid alimony are clear,8 and the rеcord does not demonstrate that they are the result of mutual mistake. Moreover, the record does not disclose that the apportionment of payments by the Collection Department was improper or in violation of specific instructions by appellant. As such, there is no basis for disturbing the hearing court‘s computation of interest chargeable to appellant on alimony payments not made when due.
Reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with the foregoing opinion. Jurisdiction is not retained.
JOHNSON, J., files a dissenting opinion.
JOHNSON, Judge, dissenting.
In this case, Father appeals from an order for child support. I completely agree with the Majority to the extent that it upholds the order of the trial court directing the parties’ to equally share the cost of their daughter‘s college education. However, I am compelled to dissent since I would affirm the order of the trial court in its entirety.
To include alimony received in Mother‘s monthly income, the Majority relies upon
(b) Monthly Net Income. The amount of support to be awarded is based in large part upon the parties monthly net income. Monthly net income is determined by subtracting only the following items from monthly gross income:
(1) federal, state, and local income taxes;
(2) F.I.C.A. payments and non-voluntary retirement payments;
(3) union dues;
(4) health insurance premiums for the benefit of the other party or the children.
Monthly gross income is ordinarily based upon at least a six-month average of all of a party‘s income. The term “income” is defined in support law,
(1) wages, salaries, fees and commissions;
(2) income from business or dealings in property;
(3) interest, rents, royalties, and dividends;
(4) pensions and all forms of retirement;
(5) income from an interest in an estate or trust; and
(6) social security benefits, temporary and permanent disability benefits, workmen‘s compensation and unemployment compensation.
From reference to
The Majority then defines gross “income” as a term “broad enough to include alimony payments” in Mother‘s income for the purpose of calculating child support payments. I must disagree. The term “income” is defined specifically for support law in
“Income.” Includes compensation for services, including, but not limited to, wages, salaries, compensation in kind, commissions and similar items; income derived from business; gains derived from dealings in property; interest; rents; royalties; dividends; annuities; income from life insurance and endowment contracts; all forms of retirement; pensions; income from discharge of indebtedness; distributive share of partnership gross income; income in respect of a decedent; military retirement benefits; railroad employment retirement benefits; social security benefits; temporary and permanent disability benefits; workmen‘s compensation and unemployment compensation.
Our legislature does not include alimony in the specific examples used to illustrate what constitutes gross income. This statute specifically provides that “compensation for services” is included in the definition of “income” for support purposes. Rather than serving as compensation to a spouse for services, as contemplated for “income” under
This Court has recently addressed this identical issue in Steinmetz v. Steinmetz, 381 Pa.Super. 440, 554 A.2d 83 (1989). There, we stated that monies allocated as alimony should be excluded from the resources available for child support for both supporting and dependent spouses. Id. at 449, 554 A.2d at 86-87. The Majority correctly notes that our holding in Steinmetz was superseded by
Because alimony is specifically designated to assist the dependent spouse in overcoming the economic effects of the dissolution of the marriage and not for the support of the children, the inclusion of the alimony award would create the appearance of an inflated income from which the child support obligation would bе drawn and would undermine the purpose for which alimony is awarded.
Steinmetz at 448, 554 A.2d at 86. This statement is the viable standard under which we must assess the actions of the trial court. Nothing contained in
In the present case, the trial court applied the appropriate standards to arrive at the income available for child support for both parties. The trial court included the money allocated for аlimony payments in Father‘s net income, as statutorily mandated under
The Majority, in footnote 8, p. 422, indicates that it expresses no оpinion on whether the interest rate of seven and one-half percent as established in the agreement is usurious. Since the clear implication of the footnote is that such a rate might be usurious, and since material contained in footnotes in one opinion sometimes surface as “law” in a later opinion, I feel compelled to distance myself from any such implication.
The parties, in this case, were represented by counsel and clearly рrovided for a specific rate of interest to be paid by Father in the event of a default in the payment of alimony. Property Settlement Agreement, January 21, 1988 at 14. Where contract provisions anticipate non-payment of money due, and provide for a specific rate of interest, they will be upheld. Daset Mining Corp. v. Industrial Fuels Corp., 326 Pa.Super. 14, 36, 473 A.2d 584, 595 (1984). Only where parties fail to provide for the rate of interest, in the event of breach of contract, will the “legal rate” of interest be applied by the courts. Daset Mining Corp. at 39, 473 A.2d at 597; Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 354, comment a.
In the present case, the parties, on the advice of counsel, agreed that if Father were to breach his duty to pay alimony, interest of seven and one-half percent per month would be paid to Mother on all unpaid amounts of alimony. Father does not contend that the rate of interest as provided in the property settlement agreement is usurious or illegal. This issue was not raised in the trial court. The Majority raises this issue sua sponte, albeit by way of footnote. But see
On this appeal, Father asserts that he misunderstood the interest provision which appears in the property settlement agreement and that the trial court should have considered Father‘s understanding of the interest term in the agreement. Father also contends that the delinquent payments for alimony and the educatiоnal support for his daughter should have been designated solely as payments due for educational support. In that way, no interest could be assessed under the property settlement agreement. I find no merit in these arguments. I am at a loss in understanding the purpose in the Majority alluding to the possibility of usury arising on these facts.
The trial court, in this case, correctly articulated and applied the law with respect to property settlement agreements. Propеrty settlement agreements will be interpreted in accordance with the same rules of law that apply to the interpretation of contracts in general. VanKirk v. VanKirk, 336 Pa.Super. 502, 485 A.2d 1194 (1984). When construing agreements with clear and unambiguous terms, this Court need only examine the writing itself to give effect to the parties understanding. McMahon v. McMahon, 417 Pa.Super. 592, 598, 612 A.2d 1360, 1363 (1992). Here, the clear and unambiguous language of this property settlement agreement provides for payment of the agreed upon interest rate in the event of default by Fаther. Father entered into this agreement on advice of counsel and does not claim that the agreement was the product of fraud, duress or coercion. Now that Father has defaulted on his duty to pay alimony and educational expenses, he cannot offer parole evidence to explain how he would interpret the unambiguous interest provision which appears on the face of the agreement. Frank v. Frank, 402 Pa.Super. 458, 587 A.2d 340 (1991). Moreover, Father offers no authority, nor do we discern any, for the proposition that
Accordingly, I must respectfully dissent.