HUZHOU MUYUN WOOD CO., LTD., Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES, Defendant.
Court No. 16-00245
UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Dated: December 11, 2017
Slip Op. 17-162
Before: Gary S. Katzmann, Judge
PUBLIC VERSION
OPINION
[Commerce‘s Final Results are remanded and plaintiff‘s motion for judgment on the agency record is granted in part.]
Tara K. Hogan, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, of Washington, DC, argued for defendant. With her on the brief were Chad A. Readler, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Claudia Burke, Assistant Director. Of counsel on the brief was Mercedes C. Morno, Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement & Compliance, U.S. Department of Commerce of Washington, DC.
Katzmann, Judge: The Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015 (“EAPA“),
Plaintiff Huzhou Muyun Wood Co., Ltd. (“Muyun Wood“), a Chinese exporter and producer of multilayered wood flooring, contests Commerce‘s rescission of its new shipper review related to the antidumping duty order on multilayered wood flooring from the People‘s Republic of China (“PRC“). Muyun Wood New Shipper Review Request (“NSR Request“) at Ex. 1, C.R. 3 (June 22, 2015). Specifically, Muyun Wood contends that Commerce abused its discretion by placing data on the record a week before comments were due without clarifying its intended use. Further, Muyun Wood argues Commerce‘s determination that Muyun Wood‘s sale was not bona fide -- and thus that the new shipper review should be rescinded -- was not supported by substantial record evidence. The United States (“The Government“) contends that Commerce did not abuse its discretion and that its conclusions were supported by substantial evidence.
The court concludes that Commerce abused its discretion by adding the data to the record in the manner it did. Further, Commerce‘s conclusion that Muyun Wood‘s sale was not bona fide and its rescission of Muyun Wood‘s new shipper review were not supported by substantial evidence. The court thus remands this case to Commerce.
BACKGROUND
I. Anti-Dumping Orders and New Shipper Reviews Generally
Dumping occurs when a foreign company sells a product in the United States for less than fair value -- that is, for a lower price than it sells that product in its home market. Sioux Honey Ass‘n v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 672 F.3d 1041, 1046 (Fed. Cir. 2012). Because such behavior can undercut American producers selling those goods at market price, Congress
Commerce determines the normal value, export price, and resultant dumping margin for each entry of subject merchandise to determine a company‘s individual rate.
II. Muyun Wood‘s New Shipper Review
Muyun Wood requested a new shipper review to calculate its dumping duty for its exports during the relevant POR, under the antidumping duty order on multilayered wood flooring from the PRC, on June 22, 2015. NSR Request. Muyun Wood filed its Section A response on August 26, 2015 and Section C & D response on September 4, 2015. Muyun Wood Section A Resp., C.R. 8–10; Muyun Wood Section C & D Resp., C.R. 11–15. Commerce sent Muyun Wood the first supplemental questionnaire on October 9, 2015. Muyun Wood First Suppl. Questionnaire, P.R. 42. Commerce placed data from the sales databases of two mandatory respondents5 -- Dalian Dajen Wood Co., Ltd. and Jiangsu Senmao Bamboo and Wood Industry Co., Ltd. (“Senmao“) -- from the second administrative review (“AR2“) of the multilayered wood flooring antidumping duty order. Dep‘t Letter: U.S. Sales Data from the AR2, P.R. 64, C.R. 52–54 (Apr. 12, 2016) (“AR2 data“). Commerce also indicated that any comments on the data had to be submitted by 5:00 PM on April 19, 2016 at the latest, and that the data constituted business propriety information and could not be shared with any party without Administrative Protective Order (“APO“) access. Id.
The next day, Muyun Wood and the other participant in the new shipper review -- Dongtai Zhangshi Wood Industry Co., Ltd. (“Zhangshi“) -- requested that Commerce clarify how it intended to use the AR2 data and issue a supplemental
Muyun Wood submitted its comments on the AR2 data on April 19, 2016. Muyun Wood Comments on AR2 Data at 1, P.R. 72 (“Muyun Wood Comments“). Muyun Wood stated that the data appeared irrelevant to its case because it included sales data from companies other than Muyun Wood for a POR earlier than the one during which Muyun Wood‘s sale took place. Id. Muyun Wood also noted that its Chinese counsel was unable to access the APO -- and thus the AR2 data -- until after the close of business on April 19, 2016. Id. at 2. Zhangshi made similar complaints in its comments on the AR2 data that same day. Zhangshi Comments on AR2 Data at 1–5, P.R. 73 (Apr. 19, 2016). Commerce sent Muyun Wood second and third supplemental questionnaires on April 22, 2016 and May 18, 2016, respectively. Muyun Wood Second Suppl. Questionnaire, P.R. 74; Muyun Wood Third Suppl. Questionnaire, C.R. 59.
Commerce issued its Preliminary Results on May 31, 2016. Multilayered Wood Flooring From the People‘s Republic of China, 81 Fed. Reg. 34,310 (Dep‘t of Commerce May 31, 2016), and accompanying Preliminary Decision Memorandum (May 20, 2016) (“PDM“), C.R. 61. Commerce found that Muyun Wood‘s sale was not bona fide for the purposes of the antidumping law. PDM at 1. Commerce indicated that it based this decision on: (1) the price of Muyun Wood‘s sale being higher6 than the highest priced sale of a Senmao CONNUM7 from the AR2 with six of seven matching product characteristics and what Commerce viewed as significantly higher8 than the average of the Senmao CONNUM; (2) the sale occurring late in the POR after a short negotiation; and (3) Muyun Wood‘s inability to show that its U.S. customer9 resold its product for a profit. PDM at 1–7.
Muyun Wood submitted its case brief on July 7, 2016. Muyun Wood Case Br., C.R. 63. Muyun Wood argued that its sale was bona fide because the difference in price between its product and the Senmao CONNUM could be explained by differences in the products’ characteristics and changes in the market since the AR2, and that the sale did in fact follow commercial norms. Id. at 10–12. Muyun Wood also provided additional information to support its contention
In its Issues and Decision Memorandum for the final results of the new shipper review (“IDM“) -- dated October 17, 2016 -- Commerce concluded that Muyun Wood‘s sale was not bona fide and that the new shipper sale should be rescinded. IDM at 24, P.R. 102, C.R. 67. Based on new information, Commerce revised its view that Muyun Wood could not demonstrate that its U.S. customer sold Muyun Wood‘s product at a profit. IDM at 21. Commerce also agreed with Muyun Wood that the short sales negotiation was not atypical, given prior communication between Muyun Wood and its U.S. customer at a trade show. Id. However, Commerce continued to find that the sale was not bona fide due to the price difference between Muyun Wood‘s product and the Senmao CONNUM. Id. at 17–18. In addition, Commerce found that Muyun Wood had received payment from its U.S. customer nine days late, which it viewed as undermining the bona fide nature of the sale. Confidential Issues and Decision Memorandum (“Confidential IDM“) at 34, C.R. 67 (Oct. 17, 2016). Commerce also stated that the fact that Muyun Wood made only one sale to the United States during the POR weighed against finding that the sale was bona fide. Id. at 10–11. Commerce published its rescission of the new shipper review in the Federal Register on October 26, 2016, and also stated that Muyun Wood would remain part of the PRC-entity for the purpose of assessing duties. Multilayered Wood Flooring from the People‘s Republic of China: Rescission of Antidumping Duty New Shipper Reviews, 81 Fed. Reg. 74,393, 74,393–94.
Muyun Wood filed this action against the Government on November 10, 2016. ECF No. 1. It moved for judgment on the agency record on April 24, 2017. ECF No. 17. The Government responded to Muyun Wood‘s motion on June 30, 2017, and Muyun Wood filed its reply on July 28, 2017. ECF No. 22; ECF Nos. 23–24. The Joint Appendix was filed on August 11, 2017, and Oral Argument was held on November 16, 2017. ECF Nos. 25–26; ECF No. 33.
JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
The Court has jurisdiction over this action pursuant to
DISCUSSION
Muyun Wood has raised essentially three issues in this action: (1) whether Commerce abused its discretion by adding the AR2 data to the record one week before the end of the comment period without clarifying its intended use; (2) whether there was substantial evidence supporting Commerce‘s determination that Muyun Wood‘s sale was not bona fide; and (3) whether Commerce‘s application of the PRC-entity rate was supported by substantial evidence or otherwise in accordance with law. Pl.‘s Br. at 1. For the reasons detailed below, the court concludes that: (1) Commerce‘s addition of the AR2
I. Commerce Abused Its Discretion by Adding the AR2 Data.
Muyun Wood argues that Commerce foreclosed any meaningful opportunity to respond to the data placed on the record and points to Commerce‘s letter of April 12, 2016, wherein the agency stated that it
is placing data on the record of this new shipper review. The data consist of the sales databases of the two mandatory respondents in the second administrative review of the order on multilayered wood flooring: Dalian Dajen Wood Co., Ltd. and Jiangsu Senmao Bamboo and Wood Industry Co., Ltd. Comments regarding the attached data must be submitted to the Department by no later than 5:00 PM on April 19, 2016.
See AR2 data; Pl.‘s Br. at 7. Muyun Wood asserts that Commerce did not explain in that letter what the new information related to, or how Commerce intended to use it. Muyun Wood notes that it filed a letter the subsequent day, April 13, 2015, stating that it was “unable to ascertain the relevance of the POR 2 sales data to this new shipper review,” and asked Commerce to issue Muyun Wood a supplemental questionnaire with any questions concerning their own data that arose out of the AR2 information. See Muyun Clarification Letter, P.R. 65.
Muyun Wood also argues that, contrary to Commerce‘s understanding, a case brief was inadequate to address the use of the AR2 data, and further does not allow an opportunity to place rebuttal information on the record. Pl.‘s Br. at 9. Muyun Wood notes that interested parties are permitted “one opportunity to submit factual information to rebut, clarify, or correct factual information placed on the record of the proceeding by the Department by a date specified by the Secretary.”
Muyun Wood adds that it could have submitted appropriate rebuttal factual information if Commerce had explained that it would use the AR2 data in comparison to Muyun Wood‘s own data in a bona fide analysis. Id. at 11. Muyun Wood asserts that even it if had suspected that the AR2 data would be used as part of the bona fide analysis, it does not entail that Muyun Wood should have known that Commerce would use that data to compare its prices to only one of Senmao‘s CONNUMs. Id. at 12.
The Government responds that it provided a seven day period during which Muyun Wood could comment on the AR2 sales data it placed on the record. Def.‘s Br. at 12. The Government asserts that Muyun Wood had the opportunity to present evidence during that period, challenge Commerce‘s preliminary determination, and otherwise participate fully in the new shipper review. The Government also notes that Commerce informed interested parties that the data consist of the “sales databases of the two mandatory respondents in the second administrative review of the order on multilayered wood flooring,” and that upon being asked for clarification, Commerce explained that the second review sales data could be used as part of Commerce‘s analysis in the new shipper review. AR2 data; Resp. to Clarification Request; Def.‘s Br. at 12–13. The
Analysis.
Commerce generally has discretion to create its own rules of procedure related to the development of the record in order to meet its statutory deadlines. PSC VSMPO–Avisma Corp. v. United States, 688 F.3d 751, 760–61 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (citing Vt. Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 435 U.S. 519, 543–44 (1978) (“Absent constitutional constraints or extremely compelling circumstances the administrative agencies should be free to fashion their own rules of procedure and to pursue methods of inquiry capable of permitting them to discharge their multitudinous duties.“)). Commerce‘s exercise of its discretion, however, must be reasonable in light of Commerce‘s statutory obligations. See Sterling Fed. Sys., Inc. v. Goldin, 16 F.3d 1177, 1182 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (noting the agency abuses its discretion when its decision is “clearly unreasonable, arbitrary, or fanciful“). In the context of antidumping duty proceedings, while Commerce has the discretion to regulate administrative filings, that discretion is bounded at the outer limits by the obligation to carry out its statutory duty of “determin[ing] dumping margins ‘as accurately as possible.‘” NTN Bearing Corp. v. United States, 74 F.3d 1204, 1208 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (quoting Rhone Poulenc, Inc. v. United States, 899 F.2d 1185, 1191 (Fed. Cir. 1990)).
The court finds that Commerce‘s placement of the AR2 data on the record seven days prior to the factual record‘s closure, as well as the sparsity of explanation regarding that information‘s intended usage in the new shipper review -- and its resultant inability to grant Muyun Wood‘s request for an extension of time to respond pursuant to
The Government‘s argument that Commerce is not statutorily required to proactively clarify that only one Senmao CONNUM would be used in its analysis is unavailing. Def.‘s Br. at 14. The absence of a specific statutory obligation does not relieve the agency of its general duty to execute its statutory mandates reasonably, or to provide interested parties a meaningful opportunity to comment. See Koyo Seiko Co. v. United States, 36 F.3d 1565, 1573 (Fed. Cir. 1994). The court is likewise unpersuaded by the Government‘s argument that Muyun Wood was adequately heard on its objections through its case brief arguments in response to the Preliminary Results. A case brief does not serve as a medium through which interested parties may submit new factual information, but is intended for argument made on the basis of the factual record before the agency. See Tri Union Frozen Prod., Inc. v. United States, 40 CIT ___, ___, 163 F. Supp. 3d 1255, 1291–92 (2016). Where a party has been denied the opportunity (to which it is entitled by law and regulation) to make that factual record in the preliminary results phase, including the opportunity to submit rebuttal information, then the case brief will necessarily be deficient. Compare Wuhu Fenglian Co. v. United States, 36 CIT ___, ___, 836 F. Supp. 2d 1398, 1404 (2012) (finding that Commerce‘s rejection of rebuttal factual information, when no deadline existed, was unlawful in light of agency interest in accuracy).
Commerce is also obligated to calculate antidumping duty margins as accurately as possible. NTN Bearing Corp., 74 F.3d at 1208. Providing interested parties a meaningful ability to comment on the information in the record, and to submit rebuttal information if necessary,
Muyun Wood also argues that Commerce‘s determination that the sale is not bona fide is not supported by substantial evidence because the slightly higher price and allegedly slightly late payment are not unusual or atypical, and the totality of the circumstances confirms that Muyun Wood‘s sale was bona fide and representative of its future selling practices. Pl.‘s Br. at 15. The Government contends that Commerce‘s determination is supported by substantial evidence because Commerce “carefully evaluated the totality of the circumstances” and found that the sale was not made at a commercially reasonable price and that the transaction deviated from commercial norms. Def.‘s Br. at 10. The court concludes that Commerce‘s decision was not supported by substantial evidence.
Analysis.
A. Bona Fide Sales Under New Shipper Reviews.
“In conducting a new shipper review, Commerce is essentially conducting a new antidumping review that is specific to a particular producer. To conduct such a review, Commerce must determine the ‘normal value and export price (or constructed export price) of each entry of the subject merchandise.‘” Tianjin Tiancheng Pharm. Co. Ltd. v. United States, 29 CIT 256, 259, 366 F. Supp. 2d 1246, 1249 (2005) (citing
If a sale is “unrepresentative or extremely distortive” -- in other words, not bona fide -- Commerce may exclude it from the export price. Id. (citing Am. Silicon Techs. v. United States, 24 CIT 612, 616, 110 F. Supp. 2d 992, 995 (2000)). Consequently, “where a new shipper review is based on a single sale, exclusion of that sale as non-bona fide necessarily must end the review, as no data will remain on the export price side of Commerce‘s antidumping duty calculation.” Id. Commerce‘s analysis focuses on whether the sale is “commercially unreasonable” or “atypical of normal business practices.” Id.
In determining whether a sale is commercially reasonable or bona fide, Commerce employs a totality of the circumstances test. Id. at 260. This test has been codified in § 433 of the EAPA. Congress noted the importance of conducting a bona fide sale assessment in order to prevent companies from circumventing dumping orders:
[An] area of abuse in new shipper reviews is for an exporter or producer to enter into a scheme to structure a few sales to show little or no dumping or subsidization when those sales are reviewed by the Department of Commerce during a new shipper review, resulting in a low or zero antidumping or countervailing duty rate for that producer or exporter. An importer could then bring in that producer or exporter‘s merchandise at highly dumped or subsidized prices but with little or no cash deposit. The problem is further exacerbated if the importer disappears or otherwise becomes unavailable to pay the duties owed and [Customs and Border Protection] has little or no cash deposit against which to recover the owed duties. This provision would prevent such arrangements by requiring that the U.S. sales in a new shipper review be bona fide sales and setting out criteria for identifying bona fide sales, reflecting the Department of Commerce‘s current regulations and practices in this area.
H.R. REP. 114-114(I). According to statute, the factors Commerce shall consider when determining if a sale is bona fide are:
- the prices of such sales;
-
whether such sales were made in commercial quantities; - the timing of such sales;
- the expenses arising from such sales;
- whether the subject merchandise involved in such sales was resold in the United States at a profit;
- whether such sales were made on an arms-length basis; and
- any other factor the administering authority determines to be relevant as to whether such sales are, or are not, likely to be typical of those the exporter or producer will make after completion of the review.
Commerce‘s determination under this test will be sustained unless it is “unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.”
In its Final Results, as explained by the IDM, Commerce determined that Muyun Wood satisfied four of the six general totality of the circumstances factors supportive of a bona fide commercial sale. Commerce agreed that the quantity of Muyun Wood‘s sale was normal; that the short sale negotiation period was not atypical because Muyun Wood and its customer had been in communication since meeting earlier at a trade show and a sale late in the POR was not atypical; that Muyun Wood and its customer resold the subject merchandise at a profit; and that the sale was at arms-length. IDM at 18, 23. However, as noted, Commerce determined that the higher price (characterized as slightly higher by Muyun Wood) and allegedly late payment to Muyun Wood were atypical, and that under the totality of the circumstances, the sale was not bona fide. The court now turns to these negative determinations.
B. Substantial Evidence Does Not Support Commerce‘s Determination that the Price Was Atypical.
Muyun Wood argues that Commerce‘s analysis of the price difference between its product and the Senmao CONNUM “fails to properly consider Senmao‘s dumping margin, the contemporaneity of the data, the range in Senmao‘s own prices, and the comparability of Senmao‘s products, especially given the relatively small difference in price between Muyun Wood‘s entered value and Senmao‘s entered value.” Pl.‘s Br. at 15–16. The Government contends that Commerce‘s decision to use the Senmao CONNUM was reasonable, that its determination that Muyun Wood‘s sale
The court concludes that Commerce‘s use of the Senmao data was appropriate, but that Commerce‘s failure to take into account the differences between the Senmao CONNUM and Muyun Wood‘s product and the decision not to adjust for Senmao‘s dumping margin were unreasonable. Further, the court is unpersuaded that Commerce‘s determination -- that the price differential was atypical and evidenced that the sale was not bona fide -- is supported by substantial evidence currently in the record.
The parties all agree that “differences in the product characteristics meaningfully impact the quality and prices of the product.” Case Br. at 11–12; Def.‘s Br. at 17–18; IDM at 21. Thus, choosing a comparison product as close to the product being reviewed and taking into account whatever differences exist between the two products is a reasonable approach to assessing whether the price of a sale under review is typical.
Here, Commerce selected the CONNUM in the AR2 data with the greatest number of similar characteristics -- six of seven -- as Muyun Wood‘s product for comparison purposes. Def.‘s Br. at 17–18; IDM at 10. Muyun Wood objected that Commerce‘s choice of this CONNUM would not produce an accurate comparison because the AR2 data was not the most contemporaneous and because the remaining single characteristic11 that differed between the Senmao CONNUM and Muyun Wood‘s product makes Muyun Wood‘s product more valuable than the Senmao CONNUM. Pl.‘s Br. at 16–17. Further, Muyun Wood contends that Commerce did not take into account differences between products that affect value that were not captured by the CONNUMs, which could explain the difference in price. Id. at 17. Finally, Muyun Woods contends that Senmao had been previously found to have been dumping, and thus its prices were artificially low and could make Muyun Wood‘s price appear atypical in comparison. Id. at 19–20. For these reasons, Muyun Wood suggested that Commerce should have used the purchase prices provided by Muyun Wood‘s U.S. customer from other suppliers for the same model during the POR, or used multiple CONNUMs for comparison in order to capture the increased value caused by the differing characteristic and adjusted Senmao‘s prices by their dumping margin in order to better represent a fair price. Id. at 16–20.
The court is not persuaded that Commerce‘s choice of the AR2 Senmao CONNUM was unsupported by substantial evidence. “Where, as here, Commerce‘s decision is supported by a reasonable reading of record evidence . . . the court will not upset Commerce‘s reasonable choice among alternative data sets, even if they may be available.” Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action Comm. v. United States, 36 CIT ___, ___, 828 F. Supp. 2d 1345, 1354 (2012). Commerce provided adequate reasons for its decision to use the Senmao CONNUM: Muyun Wood‘s customer did not provide requested supporting documentation regarding its purchase prices from other suppliers; the Senmao CONNUM had a larger number of individual sales,12 making its sales data more robust; it chose the CONNUM with the most similar characteristics because product characteristics
However, even though Commerce agrees that “differences in the product characteristics meaningfully impact the quality and prices of the product,” it failed to account for the differences that did exist between the Senmao CONNUM and Muyun Wood‘s product when determining whether Muyun Wood‘s sale price was atypical. Although Commerce‘s selected CONNUM had the most product characteristics in common with Muyun Wood‘s product -- six out of seven -- not all product characteristics matched, and Muyun Wood contends that this differing characteristic makes its product more valuable than Senmao‘s. Pl.‘s Br. at 16–17. Further, Muyun Wood pointed to several of Senmao‘s products that also had that same characteristic and shared many other characteristics with Muyun Wood‘s product, which lends credence to its claim that the differing characteristic could help explain the small difference in price between its product and the Senmao CONNUM. Id. at 17.
Commerce also refused to address Muyun Wood‘s repeatedly stated concern that changes in the market conditions between the AR2 POR and the POR of its sale contributed to the difference in prices, because, per Commerce, there was no evidence in the record to support the existence of “volatility” in the market and thus it need not consider this issue. IDM at 9–10. However, changes in price over time are inevitable in any industry, as Commerce implicitly acknowledges by “generally prefer[ring] data that are more contemporaneous with the review period” because it more accurately reflects the market conditions at the time. Def.‘s Br. at 18; Oral Argument. Therefore, Commerce should have considered the potential effects of the time difference between the AR2 POR and the Muyun Wood sale POR when determining whether Muyun Wood‘s price was atypical. Indeed, Commerce had at its disposal data that could have shed light on changes in the price wood flooring and even the specific comparison CONNUM itself: the AR3 and AR4 data. Pl.‘s Br. at 22. Although Commerce reasonably prefers data from finalized proceedings, there is no evidence in the record that the AR3 or AR4 data would be inaccurate for evaluating whether the price of flooring changed over time. Nor is there any indication that there was no other way for Commerce to evaluate whether Muyun Wood‘s sales price was atypical in light of the potential effects of the time difference between the AR2 and Muyun Wood sale POR on the price of wood flooring.
The court is also not persuaded that Commerce did not need to account for Senmao‘s calculated dumping margin when evaluating whether Muyun Wood‘s sale price was atypical. The Government argues that, because the purpose of a new shipper review is to evaluate whether a price is commercially reasonable rather than whether a product was sold for fair value, it was reasonable not to make adjustments for Senmao‘s dumping. Def.‘s Br. at 19. The distinction between fair value and commercially reasonable is not compelling in this context: Commerce had previously found Senmao to have been dumping -- in other words, Commerce found that Senmao had prices that did not reflect the fair value of its products. See Multilayered Wood Flooring from the People‘s Republic of China: Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review and Final Results of New Shipper Review; 2012-2013, 81 Fed. Reg. 41,478 (Dep‘t Commerce July 15, 2015). Commerce then
The Government cites an opinion of this court, Hebei New Donghua v. United States, 29 CIT 603, 374 F. Supp. 2d 1333 (2005), for the proposition that Commerce need not -- and, in fact, should not -- take into account Senmao‘s dumping margin for the purposes of determining whether Muyun Wood‘s price was atypical. Under the Government‘s interpretation of New Donghua, Commerce cannot compare figures that include a dumping margin with those that do not because that would result in “a distorted comparison of two different data types.” Def.‘s Br. at 20 (citing New Donghua, 374 F. Supp. 2d at 1343). New Donghua, however, addressed a set of facts different from those now before this court. There, the court expressed the concern that in some circumstances, such as were under review by that court, accounting for the dumping margin in determining whether a sale price was bona fide may give an unfair advantage to a new shipper. However, under the different facts in the case now before this court with respect to Muyun Wood and the multilayered wood flooring reviews -- namely, that here the AR2 respondents did not receive an Adverse Facts Available (AFA) margin, the whole multilayered wood flooring import market is not subject to a high AFA margin, and there are consistent annual reviews of multilayered wood flooring -- that concern does not arise.
In sum, for these reasons, the court concludes that Commerce‘s analysis of Muyun Wood‘s price failed to consider all relevant and probative evidence -- including “contradictory evidence or evidence from which conflicting inferences could be drawn” -- and that, in the context of the circumstances as a whole, substantial evidence does not support Commerce‘s determination that Muyun Wood‘s price was atypical. Suramerica, 44 F.3d at 985 (quoting Universal Camera Corp., 340 U.S. at 487).
C. Substantial Evidence Does Not Support Commerce‘s Determination that the Payment Timing of the Sale Was Atypical.
Muyun Wood argues that Commerce‘s determination that the payment timing of Muyun Wood‘s sale was atypical because Muyun Wood‘s customer allegedly paid Muyun Wood nine days late is unsupported by substantial evidence. Pl.‘s Br. at 15. Muyun Wood points to the fact that its invoice does not specify a due date: “payment: 100% T/T after receiving the copy of B/L” and that its questionnaire response “1=T/T after receiving the copy of B/L” reflects this fact. Pl.‘s Br. at 24; NSR Request at Exhibit 2.
The Government, however, contends that Muyun Wood‘s questionnaire response indicates that payment was due within thirty days. Def.‘s Br. at 21. Commerce provides several example codes that companies can use to indicate the terms of payment in the Section C questionnaire: 1 = 30 days after invoice, 2 = 60 days after invoice, or 3 = other terms. Muyun Wood Section C & D Resp. at 13. The Government argues that because Muyun Wood answered “1=T/T after receiving the copy of B/L,” Commerce correctly determined that the payment was due 30 days after the U.S. customer received the invoice. Def.‘s Br. at 21–22. Since the bill of lading
The court is unpersuaded by the Government‘s arguments that Commerce‘s determination that the payment was late is supported by substantial evidence. First, the court notes that the codes provided by Commerce in the questionnaire to indicate sales terms are “examples only. [Muyun Wood] need not use them.” Muyun Wood Section C & D Resp. at 13. In fact, Muyun Wood chose to use its own codes throughout the questionnaire. For example, Muyun Wood responded [[ ]] to “Terms of Delivery” -- the question immediately preceding “Terms of Payment” -- when the example codes provided by Commerce there were 1 = Delivered, 2 = FOB, and 3 – n = Specify other delivery terms as required. Id. at 12–13. There Commerce did not ignore Muyun Wood‘s stated answer in favor of what the code meant in the provided example; indeed, it even based its selection of the appropriate Senmao sales for comparison in part upon the fact that both sales were [[ ]], despite the fact that the number Muyun Wood used was associated with a different delivery term in Commerce‘s example codes. Def.‘s Br. at 18. Yet when considering Muyun Wood‘s payment terms, Commerce disregarded Muyun Wood‘s stated answer -- “T/T after receiving the copy of B/L” -- in favor of the payment term 30 days after invoice. Neither Commerce nor the Government provide an explanation for this inconsistency.
Further, even if the payment is considered nine days late, Commerce‘s determination that the timing of the payment was atypical and thus indicated that the sale was not bona fide is not supported by substantial evidence. Short delays in payment, as here, are hardly atypical in international business. See Association of Chartered Certified Accountants, Ending Late Payment, Part 3: Reflections on the Evidence 5 (2015), http://www.accaglobal.com/content/dam/acca/global/PDF-technical/small-business/pol-tp-elp3reflections.pdf (“At least 30% of all credit-based sales in developed and emerging markets are paid outside the agreed terms, although fewer (between 16% and 21% of all credit-based sales) are paid more than 60 days after the invoice date.“). Further, in other cases where late payment supported a finding that a sale was not bona fide, the delay was much more extensive and multiple additional factors also indicated that the sale was atypical. For example, in Tianjin -- which Commerce cites in support of its conclusion that the sale was not bona fide because it was nine days late -- the payment was made nine months late, there was no evidence of collection attempts despite such a long delay, and this delay deviated from the history of payments between the company and its customer. 366 F. Supp. 2d at 1258–60, 1263. Here, by contrast, the invoice does not specify a due date and the payment was allegedly only nine days late. NSR Request at Ex. 2, Bill of Lading, Invoice; Muyun Section A Resp. at Ex. A-11 Importer‘s Wire Transfer Sheet, C.R. 8–10.
Furthermore, Tianjin suggests that Commerce must look at the degree of lateness associated with payments and the extent to which other factors suggest the sale was atypical:
“[w]hile Company X had made late payments to Plaintiff before, none of its former payments were as late as this. . . Given the unusual sale price involved, it was not unreasonable for Commerce to look beyond the price to determine whether other characteristics of the sale were such as to demonstrate that the sale as a whole, was atypical. Late payment may be such an aspect, especially where the payment is so late . . . Company
X has never been quite this late . . . .”
Tianjin, 366 F. Supp. 2d at 1260–61 (emphasis added). Thus, Commerce‘s determination that the payment timing indicated that the sale was not bona fide is not supported by substantial evidence, and Commerce should reevaluate its decision on remand.
D. Substantial Evidence Does Not Support Commerce‘s Determination that, Considering the Totality of the Circumstances, Muyun Wood‘s Sale Was Not Bona Fide.
Considering the totality of the circumstances, substantial evidence does not support Commerce‘s determination that Muyun Wood‘s sale was not bona fide. For the reasons discussed above, substantial evidence does not support the conclusion that the sale price or timing of payment were atypical, and thus indicated that Muyun Wood‘s sale was not bona fide. Although Commerce also took into account the fact that Muyun Wood only had one sale during the POR, a single sale is not inherently commercially unreasonable. Tianjin, 366 F. Supp. 2d at 1263 (citing Windmill Int‘l Pte., Ltd. v. United States, 26 CIT 221, 231, 193 F. Supp. 2d 1303, 1313 (2002)). Further, as has been noted, Commerce itself found that none of the other factors under the statutory bona fide sale test indicated that the sale was not bona fide: Muyun Wood and its customer had sold the subject merchandise at a profit; the quantity of the sale was normal; the negotiation of the sale was not abnormal; expenses arising from the sale were not extraordinary or unusual; and the sale was at arm‘s length. Confidential IDM at 2–4; PDM at 3–6. Therefore, substantial evidence does not support Commerce‘s determination that, considering the totality of the circumstances, Muyun Wood‘s sale was not bona fide.
CONCLUSION AND ORDER
For the reasons stated above, the court concludes that: (1) Commerce abused its discretion by placing the AR2 data on the record so close to the comment due date without clarifying its intended use; and (2) Commerce‘s conclusion that Muyun Wood‘s sale was not bona fide -- and, thus the rescission of the new shipper review -- is not supported by substantial evidence on the deficient record before the court. The court remands this case for redetermination consistent with this opinion, expressing no opinion on the outcome. Commerce may, in its discretion, reopen the record. In light of the remand, the court does not need to address the arguments regarding the application of the PRC-entity rate to Muyun Wood.
In accordance with the foregoing, it is hereby
ORDERED that Commerce‘s Final Results is remanded to Commerce so that it may determine whether Plaintiff‘s sale during the POR was bona fide as discussed above; it is further
ORDERED that Commerce shall file its remand results on or before March 6, 2018; and it is further
ORDERED that subsequent proceedings shall be governed by USCIT Rule 56.2(h) and the court‘s Standard Chambers Procedures.
So Ordered.
/s/ Gary S. Katzmann
Gary S. Katzmann, Judge
Dated: December 11, 2017
New York, New York
Notes
If it is not practicable to make individual weighted average dumping margin determinations [in investigations or administrative reviews] because of the large number of exporters or producers involved in the investigation or review, the administering authority may determine the weighted average dumping margins for a reasonable number of exporters or producers by limiting its examination to—
- a sample of exporters, producers, or types of products that is statistically valid based on the information available to the administering authority at the time of selection, or
- exporters and producers accounting for the largest volume of the subject merchandise from the exporting country that can be reasonably examined.
(b) Extension of time limits. Unless expressly precluded by statute, the Secretary may, for good cause, extend any time limit established by this part.
(c) Requests for extension of specific time limit. Before the applicable time limit established under this part expires, a party may request an extension pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section.