11 Vt. 402 | Vt. | 1839
In this case the defendants, who are sued as trespassers, defend on the ground that they were trustees of the village of Woodstock, that, acting as such in pursuance of a vote of the village, they made out a rate bilí and warrant, for the collection of a tax, and that the act complained of by the plaintiff, was done by the collector in collecting the tax. The defendants were trustees, duly elected, chosen and qualified. The collector was also duly elected and qualified. No question has been made as to them. The points which are made in this case are, 1st. whether the evidence was proper, or sufficient to prove that the tax was voted 2 2d. Whether the tax itself was legal ? It appears that the meeting was legally warned, and no exceptions were taken to the proof of this fact. When assembled, it was competent for the inhabitants, thus legally assembled, to transact any business specified in the warning, unless the purposes for which they were warned, and the business to be transacted were illegal. Waiving for the present the consideration, as to the legality of the business to be transacted, and assuming that the tax was legal, we will proceed with the inquiry, whether the evidence of this was properly received. And here, as the suit is not against the corporation, nor against any officer who has omitted any duty required of him, we cannot but be struck with the obvious injustice, if not impropriety, of subjecting those to an action, who have acted under a vote of the corporation, legally enacted, because either the corporation or the officers have neglected their duty, in not recording their proceedings. We think, however, that the evidence was properly received, and was satisfactory, for either of the following reasons.
1. The doings of that meeting were placed upon the records, under the direction of the legal officer, to wit, N. Haskell, the village clerk, and that it has received the approbation of the village, inasmuch as no measures have been taken to correct the record in this particular, or to obliterate
2. We think it was competent for Chandler to keep the minutes of the proceedings, and record the same with the
It must, from necessity, be in the power of any corporation, whether public or private, to appoint a person as clerk, pro tem. for the purpose of making the entries of what was done by them. Such an appointment supposes the offices to be filled, but, as the duties required of such temporary officer are only ministerial, he is empowered, for the time being, to perform them, for and in behalf of the regular officer. Where there is a vacancy in the office, as in the case of a town clerk, the legislature have provided for the performance of the duties by other persons. “ The trustees may designate one of their number to perform the duties,” &c., and fill any temporary vacancy, — “ in case of the death, removal, absence, or incapacity of the clerk.” The object of this part of the act is to make provision for filling any vacancy, whether permanent or for a time, and cannot apply to a case where the clerk simply omits to attend a meeting. It cannot be considered a duty, arising under this clause of the act, for the trustees to meet and designate one of their number to perform the duties, if the regular clerk is detained from the meeting, or should ride out of the village. The appointment of Chandler, as clerk, pro tem. was made in pursuance of authority obviously belonging to the corporation, and conformable to the practice which has always prevailed in corporations of .this nature ; and it appears that he entered upon the duties of the office. Can it be objected to his proceedings or his records that he was not duly sworn ? We think not, because it is not made a prerequisite to his entering upon the duties of the office. The act of 25 Car. 2, Ch. 2, required all officers, civil or military, to take the oath of allegiance and supremacy, under a penalty. A previous act of 13 Car. 2, Ch. 1., had required the taking of the oaths, and, in default thereof, declared the election void. Yet, notwithstanding the words were so strong, making the election void, it has been holden “ that the acts of one in- “ stalled in office, and executing the same without any objection to his authority, may be valid as to strangers, for “ otherwise not only those who noways infringe the law, but “ those, for whose benefit it is intended, might be sufferers for
3. It appears to us, that in the absence of all record, it might be competent for the defendants to show by parol the proceedings of the meeting. Where there is a record, it cannot be added to or varied by parol, but the-record will be deemed to be evidence of all that was done and that nothing more was done. Thus, in the case of Taylor v. Henry, 2 Pick. R. 403, which was a dispute between a person claiming to be town clerk and his predecessor, there was a record showing a meeting, and also a subsequent meeting, but it did not appear that the first was adjourned. Parol proof was not admitted, that the first meeting was adjourned, for that would be adding to and altering the record. But when there is an omission to make records, the rights of other persons, acting under or upon the faith of a vote not recorded,, ought not to be prejudiced. And it would seem that the right in such case was reciprocal in the corporation and in those who claimed adversely to them'. The reasoning of the court in the case of Bank of the United States v. Dandridge, 12 Wheaton’s R. 64, is to the effect, that, inasmuch as from the fault of an individual whom they could not coerce, and over whom they had not the physical power to compel him to make his records, the higher proof could not be had, nothing but secondary evidence was left in their power, and they might avail themselves of such proof. The result is that upon either of the grounds mentioned, the evidence to prove the voting of the tax was proper and sufficient.
The next inquiry is, whether the tax was legal; and this
4. They have power to enact such by-laws and regulations as they shall deem expedient, particularly such as relate to their streets, side walks and commons, and the shade and
It is then objected, that enclosing the common with any fence is an encroachment on the highway, and a nuisance. If it is a nuisance, any one may remove it, and whoever erected, or continued it, is liable to indictment, and it would be a subject of regret that it was not noticed before the act of the legislature, incorporating the village, was passed. The common was then enclosed, and the legislature, instead of authorizing the corporation to make by-laws in relation to the common, shade and ornamental trees, would probably have inserted some provision for removing those encroachments. These public squares or commons are not strictly highways. They are public dedications for ornament and for use, and not for travelling with horses or teams. They are like highways in some particulars, that is, individuals cannotJoe permitted to appropriate them to their private use and erect buildings thereon, nor can any vote of a town or village authorize such building. But it by no means follows that they may not be enclosed with a fence, or that trees may not be set out thereon. The argument of the defendant would prove that ornamental or shade trees, inasmuch as they obstructed travelling on the common/ would be an en
We can discover nothing in the vote to rebuild the fence, nor in the act of building such a fence around the common, which violates any existing laws of the state, nor any thing beyond the powers of the village, as established by the act of incorporation, nor any thing in the act of incorporation, which the legislature could not legitimately enact.
The result is, that we adjudge the tax to be legal and the judgment of the county court is affirmed.