169 Va. 511 | Va. | 1938
delivered the opinion of the court.
Vernon Hutcheson was killed when struck by an automobile being driven by W. H. Misenheimer along one of the highways in Norfolk county. His administrator instituted an action for damages against Misenheimer and the jury returned a verdict for $5,000 in his favor. The court, upon motion, set the verdict aside and entered final judgment for the defendant, Misenheimer. We are to decide the correctness of the court’s action.
The decedent was killed in the daytime while walking along the highway which was dry at the time. It is a double-drive highway and runs east and west. The east- and west-bound traffic is separated by a 24 foot parkway. The hard surface of each roadway is 19 feet. The northern portion is used exclusively for west-bound traffic. The highway is straight and level.
Plaintiff’s decedent, accompanied by two companions, was walking on the south edge of the west-bound roadway. They were walking abreast in a westerly direction. Hutcheson was walking with one foot on the hard surface and the other on the parkway. He was not on the proper side of the highway and was violating Code, section 2154(126), (f), in that he was not walking “as near as reasonably possible to the extreme left side or edge of same.”
Misenheimer, who will be referred to as the defendant, was driving his automobile in a westerly direction on the west-bound portion of the highway. There is a slight conflict in the testimony as to the speed of his car. He says that he was driving at approximately 25 miles per hour, but that he was not looking at his speedometer. Another witness says he was driving “fast” and that “he looked like he was going to a fire.” Still another witness who was following him testified that he (the witness) was driving 35 or 40 miles per hour and was gaining on the defendant. However, a fair conclusion from all the evidence is
The only evidence of the distance between the defendant and the three boys at the time the plaintiff’s decedent ran out into the roadway, is his own. He said “without any warning whatever, it looked as though he hesitated just a second and as I came up almost abreast of him he took three sudden leaps and at the same time he was doing that I swerved my car quickly into the ditch. I was almost in the ditch at the same time. I don’t think I had a chance to apply the brakes until after I struck the boy. My car was practically in the ditch or almost in the ditch by the time I struck him.” (The ditch is on the extreme right of the west-bound roadway.) Again in answer to another question as to how far ahead the boy was when he ran out, the defendant said the boy was “a very short distance; I should say the distance from here probably to the entrance of the doorway, probably not that far.” The distance to the doorway was then estimated by the defendant at approximately 40 feet.
Neither of his companions saw the automobile prior to the time it struck the plaintiff’s decedent, and, of course, did not know how far it was behind them at the time he ran in front of it.
The two companions testified that the defendant sounded the horn close behind them. Witness Moore testified that
The testimony of the eyewitnesses is to the effect that the plaintiff’s decedent was struck at a point somewhere between the center and the extreme right of the roadway and that the left front of the car struck him.
The notice of motion filed in this case charged no specific act of negligence. It simply charged negligence on the part of the defendant in general terms. The allegation is “that by reason of W. H. Misenheimer’s negligence in the operation of the said automobile,” etc., he caused it “to run into Vernon L. Hutcheson and as a direct result of which, Vernon L. Hutcheson received fatal injuries * * No bill of particulars was requested or required.
At the trial the plaintiff attempted to base a recovery upon two theories: First, that the defendant negligently sounded the horn too close behind his decedent and as a proximate result thereof he was terrified and caused to run in front of the car and to be fatally injured; and, second, that the defendant had a last clear chance to save his decedent.
The defendant asserted that he was guilty of no actionable negligence; that if he were, the plaintiff’s decedent was guilty of contributory negligence which barred any recovery; and that he did not have a last clear chance to avoid striking and injuring him.
These respective positions were submitted to the jury upon instructions and after consideration they found for the plaintiff. After the verdict was rendered, the court was of the opinion that no proper verdict against the defendant could be sustained, and, therefore, it was set aside and final judgment was pronounced in his favor.
Nothing remains except the question of whether or not the last clear chance applies to the facts presented here. As we have seen, there was no excessive speed or other recklessness on the part of the defendant. When the plaintiff’s decedent ran out into the highway in front of him, he was 40 feet (or less) away from him. He had approximately one second to avoid the injury. He turned his car suddenly to the right and before he could apply his brakes he had driven against the plaintiff’s decedent and inflicted the fatal injury.
The doctrine of the last clear chance is one involving nice distinctions, often of a technical nature, and courts
The doctrine presupposes time for effective action. It is not applicable where the emergency is so sudden that there is no time in which to avoid the accident. Unless there is an appreciable difference in time between the earlier negligence of the plaintiff and the later negligence of the defendant and a last clear chance to avoid the accident afforded the defendant which he fails to avail himself of, the doctrine does not apply.
The plaintiff is not entitled to recover under the doctrine upon mere peradventure. The burden is upon him to show affirmatively by a preponderance of the evidence that by the use of ordinary care after the peril was discovered the defendant in fact had a last clear chance to avoid the injury. A mere possibility is not sufficient. Washington & O. D. Ry. v. Thompson, 136 Va. 597, 118 S. E. 76.
When we apply the foregoing rules to the particular facts in this case, it is manifest that the evidence is insufficient to support a verdict predicated upon the doctrine of last clear chance. The defendant had one second or less to save the plaintiff’s decedent after his peril became known. The time was so short and the emergency so sudden that the defendant did not have time to place his foot upon the brake before the impact. He tried to avoid the accident by swerving sharply to his right but without avail. The plaintiff has failed, as a matter of law, to affirmatively prove that the defendant had a last clear chance to save the decedent.
To apply the last clear chance to the facts here would in effect amount to the introduction of the comparative negligence doctrine which, of course, has not been adopted in Virginia except in certain cases, and to wipe out as a defense contributory or concurring negligence.
Affirmed.