Husteel Co. v. United StatesHusteel Co. v. United States
ORDERED that Commerce explain the relevance, if any, of the Federal Circuit‘s “inducement/evasion considerations” to its determination to assign an AFA rate to Xiping, a party found to have fully cooperated in this review; it is further
ORDERED that the Department address the Federal Circuit‘s reasoning that a rate may not be determined for a cooperating party using AFA where the calculated rate has no impact on the entity that failed to cooperate; it is further
ORDERED that the Department fully explain its determination to assign an AFA rate to Xiping, a party it found to have fully cooperated in this review, based on Company A‘s noncompliance; it is further
ORDERED that Commerce fully explain why it is permitted by law and the facts of this case to treat Company A‘s sales price to U.S. wholesalers as the export price (U.S. price); it is further
ORDERED that Commerce fully explain its determination to use Company A‘s acquisition costs (or GBIE‘s sales price of Xiping‘s product) rather than base Xiping‘s normal value on the value of its factors of production as used in the Preliminary Results, and why it is permitted by law to ignore Xiping‘s reported factors of production information; it is further
ORDERED that, if the Department wishes, it may pursue a middleman dumping investigation as part of its determination; it is further
ORDERED that Commerce may reopen the record to solicit any information it determines to be necessary to make its determination; and it is further
ORDERED that the remand results shall be due on March 11, 2015; comments to the remand results shall be due thirty (30) days following filing of the remand results; and replies to such comments shall be due fifteen (15) days following filing of the comments.
Donald B. Cameron, Julie C. Mendoza, R. Will Planert, Brady W. Mills, Mary S. Hodgins, and Sarah S. Sprinkle, Morris, Manning & Martin, LLP, of Washington, DC, for plaintiff.
J. David Park, Nazakhtar Nikakhtar, Henry D. Almond, Yujin K. McNamara, and Yun H. Lee, Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, LLP, of Washington, DC, for consolidated plaintiffs.
Joel D. Kaufman, Richard O. Cunningham, Alice A. Kipel, and Henry N. Smith, Steptoe & Johnson LLP, of Washington, DC, for plaintiff-intervenor ILJIN Steel Corporation.
Neil R. Ellis, Dave M. Wharwood, Rajib Pal, and Shawn M. Higgins, Sidley Austin, LLP, of Washington, DC, for plaintiff-intervenor AJU Besteel Co., Ltd.
Jeffrey M. Winton, Law Office of Jeffrey M. Winton PLLC, of Washington, DC, for plaintiff-intervenor SeAH Steel Corp.
Melissa M. Devine and Emma E. Bond, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, of Washington, D.C., and Mykhaylo A. Gryzlov, Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement & Compliance, U.S. Department of Commerce, of Washington, DC, for defendant.
Jeffrey D. Gerrish, Robert E. Lighthizer, and Jamieson L. Greer, Skadden Arps Slate Meagher & Flom, LLP, of Washington, DC, for defendant-intervenor United States Steel Corporation.
Roger B. Schagrin, John W. Bohn, and Paul W. Jameson, Schagrin Associates, of Washington, DC, for defendant-interve-
Robert E. DeFrancesco, III, Alan H. Price, Adam M. Teslik, and Laura El-Sabaawi, Wiley Rein, LLP, of Washington, DC, for defendant-intervenor Maverick Tube Corporation.
OPINION
RESTANI, Judge:
Before the court are the motions for injunctions of liquidation and eventual liquidation in accordance with the results of litigation filed by plaintiff Husteel Co., Ltd., consolidated plaintiffs Nexteel Co., Ltd. and Hyundai HYSCO, and plaintiff-intervenors ILJIN Steel Corporation, AJU Besteel Co., Ltd., and SeAH Steel Corp. (collectively, “movants“). Movants seek to enjoin the defendant, together with the delegates, officers, agents, and employees of the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce“) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“Customs“), from liquidating at rates applicable at the time of entry, certain unliquidated entries covered by Commerce‘s final determination in Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods from the Republic of Korea: Final Determination of Sales at Less than Fair Value and Negative Final Determination of Critical Circumstances,
OVERVIEW
Movants are Korean producers and exporters of oil country tubular goods, that challenge various aspects of Commerce‘s Final Determination in the antidumping investigation covering oil country tubular goods from Korea. In their motions, they seek to enjoin liquidation of entries of their merchandise covered by the Final Determination during the pendency of this court action in order to ensure that they receive any potential benefits that might result from judicial review of the Final Determination. According to movants, the injunctions are necessary because liquidation of their entries will moot their challenges to the Final Determination, at least as it pertains to the entries that are liquidated. See Zenith Radio Corp. v. United States, 710 F.2d 806, 810 (Fed. Cir. 1983) (explaining that once liquidation occurs, a subsequent court decision on the merits can have no effect on the antidumping duties assessed on the liquidated entries, even if the duties ultimately are determined to be erroneous). U.S. Steel and Maverick argue that the injunctions are unwarranted.
DISCUSSION
The court “may enjoin the liquidation of some or all entries of merchandise covered by a determination of . . . [Commerce] . . . upon a request by an interested party for such relief and a proper showing that the requested relief should be granted under the circumstances.”
1. Irreparable Harm
The first factor that the court considers is the potential irreparable harm to the movants should the injunctions be denied. Although the court is to consider the four factors described above, this factor traditionally has been given the greatest importance. See Corus Grp., 26 CIT at 942, 217 F. Supp. 2d at 1354 (collecting cases). The original legislative history of
Because of the unique nature of antidumping and countervailing duty challenges, the court routinely enjoins liquidation to prevent irreparable harm to a party challenging the antidumping or countervailing duty rate. See Wind Tower Trade Coalition, 741 F.3d at 95 (“As observed by the CIT, in antidumping and countervailing duty cases preliminary1 injunctions against liquidation have become almost automatic due to the retrospective nature of U.S. trade remedies, the length of the judicial review process, and the cruciality of unliquidated entries for judicial review.” (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted)). As explained in Zenith, once entries are liquidated, there is no provision permitting reliquidation if the court later determines that the duty rates assessed on those entries were erroneous. 710 F.2d at 810. A party challenging the duty rate is thus deprived of its right to judicial review if the entries are liquidated. See id. Respondents might be subjected to duties that are unwarranted under the trade laws, and petitioners have “a strong, continuing, commercial-competitive stake in assuring that its competing importers will not escape the monetary sanctions deliberately imposed by Congress.” See id. These concerns led the court in Zenith to conclude “that the consequences of liquidation . . . constitute irreparable injury.” Id. Suspension of liquidation thus is necessary to ensure effective judicial review of agency action and to guarantee that the rates are consistent with the outcome of the litigation. See
U.S. Steel and Maverick do not disagree with the premise that liquidation can constitute irreparable harm. Rather, U.S. Steel and Maverick argue that there is no immediate threat of liquidation, and thus there is no irreparable harm that is imminent to justify an injunction. They note that movants are challenging Commerce‘s final determination in an antidumping investigation. Under the U.S. trade laws, the duty rates determined in an investigation set the cash deposit rates for the imported merchandise. See OKI Elec. Indus. Co. v. United States, 11 CIT 624, 627, 669 F. Supp. 480, 482 (1987). The final rates are not settled until Commerce completes any requested administrative review of the antidumping order covering those entries. Id. Parties may request a review twelve months after the order is issued, and the review itself lasts about a year.
Movants are required to show a “presently existing, actual threat” of injury. Zenith, 710 F.2d at 809. A confluence of considerations leads the court to conclude that the injunctions are proper at this time, even if the threat of injury is not “imminent” in the same sense it is following an administrative review. First, the court notes that under current law, the rate established in an investigation can be used as the final assessment rate if no party requests a review of the affected entries.
Requiring movants to wait until Commerce issues its final results in an administrative review, as U.S. Steel and Maverick propose, also unnecessarily places the movants at risk stemming from Commerce‘s 15-day policy for issuing liquidation instructions. Commerce‘s policy is to issue liquidation instructions within 15 days of the final results of an administrative review or, presumably, the expiration of the time to request a review. See Tianjin Mach. Imp. & Exp. Corp. v. United States, 28 CIT 1635, 1649-50, 353 F. Supp. 2d 1294, 1309 (2004). Commerce does not notify interested parties when the liquidation instructions actually are issued. Mittal Steel Galati S.A. v. United States, 31 CIT 730, 739 n. 7, 491 F. Supp. 2d 1273, 1282 n. 7 (2007). The propriety of the 15-day procedure is questionable, as the court has held it to be unlawful in certain cases. See SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 800 F. Supp. 2d 1316, 1327-28 (CIT 2011) (issuing a declaratory judgment that Commerce‘s use of the 15-day procedure was unlawful); Tianjin, 28 CIT at 1650-51, 353 F. Supp. 2d at 1309-10 (holding that Commerce‘s 15-day procedure is not in accordance with law). But see Mittal, 31 CIT at 737-38, 491 F. Supp. 2d at 1281 (expressing disapproval but holding that the 15-day procedure is a reasonable interpretation of the statute in facial challenge to the procedure). Under Commerce‘s unwise, and possibly unlawful, 15-day procedure, the movants will have very little time to file and obtain an injunction once the final results are effective. As the court stated in Mittal, the 15-day procedure creates “the possibility [that] Commerce and Customs may act so quickly, as to practically foreclose interested parties from obtaining judicial review of the subject entries pursuant to
For the foregoing reasons, the court determines that based on the first factor, movants are faced with a sufficiently imminent and serious harm to warrant issuance of the statutory injunctions sought. The court further emphasizes that delaying the injunctions likely will invite trouble, and neither U.S. Steel nor Maverick has suggested any reason demonstrating that it would be prejudicial or otherwise inequitable to grant the injunctions at this point in the proceedings. Assuming arguendo that harm is not imminent in the
2. Likelihood of Success on the Merits
When the irreparable harm factor tilts decidedly in favor of the movant, the burden of showing likelihood of success on the merits is lessened. Qingdao Taifa Grp. Co. v. United States, 581 F.3d 1375, 1378-79 (Fed. Cir. 2009); Ugine, 452 F.3d at 1292-93. In such circumstances, “it will ordinarily be sufficient that the movant has raised serious, substantial, difficult and doubtful questions that are the proper subject of litigation,” NMB Sing. v. United States, 24 CIT 1239, 1245, 120 F. Supp. 2d 1135, 1140 (2000) (internal quotation marks omitted), or that the movant “has at least a fair chance of success on the merits,” Wind Tower Trade Coalition, 741 F.3d at 96. See also Ugine, 452 F.3d at 1294-95 (refusing to deny injunction when ultimate outcome on the merits was not “clear-cut“). Movants have raised a number of important issues in their complaints that are of the kind commonly raised, and successfully litigated, before the court. The parties generally have devoted little effort in their respective briefs arguing the relative merits of the claims. The court notes, however, that neither U.S. Steel nor Maverick has cited any legal authority or record evidence suggesting that the claims raised are so dubious that the injunctions should be denied. Compare Wind Tower Trade Coalition, 741 F.3d at 94, 100 (upholding denial of injunction when movant‘s legal position on merits was directly contrary to caselaw on point). The court is satisfied, at this point in the proceedings, that the movants have raised “serious, substantial, difficult and doubtful questions that are the proper subject of litigation,” NMB Sing., 24 CIT at 1245, 120 F. Supp. 2d at 1140, and that the movants have “at least a fair chance of success on the merits,” Wind Tower Trade Coalition, 741 F.3d at 96.
3. Balance of the Equities
The third factor the court considers is the balance of the equities. As explained, movants are threatened with the possibility of having their entries liquidated with duties that they claim are unlawful, without judicial recourse. Any burden to the government is likely to be minimal, as cash deposits at the rates set in the Final Determination will continue, until changed by the ultimate results of litigation.2 Should the injunctions be granted, the only harm to the government appears to be the possible inconvenience occasioned by the delay in liquidation. See OKI Elec. Indus., 11 CIT at 632-33, 669 F. Supp. at 486. Notably, the defendant has consented to the movants’ motions. In their oppositions to the motions for injunctions, U.S. Steel and Maverick fail to even suggest that they would be harmed by the injunctions. The court additionally notes that one of the central concerns Congress expressed in the legislative history in allowing injunctions was the detrimental effects of enjoining liquidation on commercial certainty. S.Rep. No. 96-249, at 253, 1979 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 639. These concerns appear to be most naturally associated with respondents and their importers, whose entries are kept in limbo during litigation. These parties are left to wonder whether they will receive
4. Public Interest
Finally, the court considers whether granting the injunctions would be against public policy. Granting the injunctions would ensure that movants are able to obtain meaningful relief in challenging the Final Determination. Securing judicial review and ensuring that Commerce properly administers the antidumping laws are in the public interest. See NMB Sing., 24 CIT at 1245, 120 F. Supp. 2d at 1141 (“It is well settled that the public interest is served by ensuring that [Commerce] complies with the law, and interprets and applies the international trade statutes uniformly and fairly.” (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted)); Timken Co. v. United States, 6 CIT 76, 82, 569 F. Supp. 65, 71 (1983) (“Short-circuiting [a party‘s statutory right to a judicial hearing following an averse agency determination] by allowing the subject matter to escape the reach of a reviewing court cannot be in the public interest.“). Securing judicial review of the Final Determination at this time also promotes judicial efficiency, in that issues that could reoccur in later reviews can be judicially reviewed before any possible errors are repeated. It is also possible that future administrative reviews might be avoided altogether. See Ipsco, 12 CIT at 680-82, 692 F. Supp. at 1372-73; OKI Elec. Indus., 11 CIT at 632-33, 669 F. Supp. at 486 (“The public interest will be better served by issuing rather than denying the injunction since unnecessary time consuming and costly administrative reviews will be avoided by the government.“). The court therefore concludes that the injunctions accord with public policy.
CONCLUSION
On balance, the four factors support granting the injunctions. As in most cases before the court, the movants seeking injunctions against liquidation will be protected from their judicial challenges being mooted, while there will be little, if any, harm to the other parties by granting the injunctions. The court accordingly grants the movants’ motions. One typical injunction is attached hereto for clarity. Individual orders regarding the other movants’ motions will enter separately.
Additionally, the court wishes to commend the defendant for consenting to these motions. As explained, the government will not be harmed in any meaningful way by the granting of the motions, whereas movants have a legitimate interest in the injunctions being granted. The government seems to have concluded, quite wisely, that this is an issue that it has no need to fight over, thereby attempting to save everyone time, expense, and effort. Unfortunately, U.S. Steel and Maverick did not take the same stance, even though the same calculus would seem to apply, as they similarly do not face any harm by the granting of the injunctions. The court presumes that counsel for U.S. Steel and Maverick, as officers of the court, had reason to oppose the motions beyond annoying the movants and increasing litigation expenses, although what those reasons were was not made clear to the court in the opposition papers. Moreover, the
ORDER
Upon consideration of Plaintiff Husteel Co., Ltd.‘s (“Husteel“) Partial Consent Motion for Preliminary Injunction, and all other papers and proceedings herein, it is hereby:
ORDERED that Plaintiff‘s Motion is GRANTED; and it is further
ORDERED that Defendant, United States, together with its delegates, officers, agents, and servants, including employees of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the U.S. Department of Commerce, is enjoined during the pendency of this litigation, including any appeals, from issuing instructions to liquidate or making or permitting liquidation of any entries of oil country tubular goods from the Republic of Korea:
- that were produced and/or exported by Husteel Co., Ltd.;
- that were the subject of the United States Department of Commerce‘s final determination in Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods From the Republic of Korea: Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value and Negative Final Determination of Critical Circumstances,
79 Fed. Reg. 41,983 (Dep‘t of Commerce July 18, 2014); and - that were entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, on or after July 18, 2014 up to and including September 30, 2015; and it is further
ORDERED that the entries subject to this injunction shall be liquidated only in accordance with the final court decision in this action, including all appeals and remand proceedings, as provided in
SO ORDERED.