644 N.W.2d 387 | Mich. Ct. App. | 2002
Vincent HURT and Darrell Hicks, Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v.
MICHAEL'S FOOD CENTER, d/b/a Great American Foods, Defendant-Appellant.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
*388 Raymond E. Willis, P.C. (by Raymond E. Willis), Detroit, for the plaintiffs.
John P. Jacobs, P.C. (by John P. Jacobs), Southfield, for the defendant.
Before: OWENS, P.J., and HOLBROOK, JR., and GAGE, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant Michael's Food Center appeals by leave granted from an order of the circuit court denying its interlocutory application for leave to appeal and stay of proceedings. This Court has stayed any further proceedings below pending the outcome of this appeal. We reverse and remand to the circuit court.
This case has a long history that began when plaintiffs Vincent Hurt and Darrell Hicks were detained by a security guard at defendant's store in February 1983 for allegedly shoplifting a jar of peanut butter. No charges were brought against Hurt, and a misdemeanor charge of larceny under $100 brought against Hicks was later dismissed. Eventually, Hurt brought suit in the circuit court against defendant for false imprisonment and assault and battery. Hicks was later added as a party, alleging false imprisonment and malicious prosecution. Pursuant to § 641 of the Revised Judicature Act (RJA), M.C.L. § 600.641, the case was removed to the district court, and trial was held in December 1989. Following a verdict in plaintiffs' favor, the district court entered judgments of $115,000 in favor of Hurt and $175,000 in favor of Hicks. On appeal, the circuit court affirmed Hurt's judgment but reversed Hicks' judgment. This Court affirmed the reversal of Hicks' judgment, reversed the affirmance of Hurt's judgment, and remanded the case for further *389 proceedings in the district court. Hurt v. Michael's Food Ctr., Inc., 220 Mich.App. 169, 559 N.W.2d 660 (1996) (hereinafter Hurt I).
After our decision in Hurt I, § 641 of the RJA was repealed by the Legislature effective January 1, 1997. 1996 PA 374, § 5. Under § 641, a circuit court could remove an action to the appropriate district court without the consent of the parties if the circuit court concluded that the damages sustained were less than the statutorily established jurisdictional limitation of the district court. MCL 600.641(1). Further, a judgment to the extent demanded could lawfully be entered by the district court, even though the amount exceeded the court's jurisdictional limitation. MCL 600.641(5).[1] MCR 4.003,[2] the court rule implementing the statute, was repealed on May 8, 1997.
In January 2000, defendant filed a motion in the district court to cap plaintiffs' damages at the jurisdictional limit of $25,000.[3] Defendant argued in its brief in support of the motion that the repeal of § 641 meant that the district court no longer had the authority to enter a judgment in excess of its jurisdictional limitation. In the alternative, defendant requested that the case be transferred to the circuit court in which it was originally filed. Plaintiffs opposed the motion, arguing that no vehicle to send the case to the circuit court existed, and in any event, the repeal of § 641 should be given only prospective application because retrospective application would violate due process in that it would deprive them of a vested right to litigate for the total damages done. At a June 2000 hearing on the motion, the district court concluded that "after having the remand, one jury trial with a verdict in excess of twenty-five thousand dollars, legally and equitably speaking I don't think it would be appropriate" to cap the damages at $25,000. The issue of transfer was not raised by the parties or addressed by the court at the hearing, nor was it mentioned *390 in the district court's order denying the motion.
The issue before us is whether the repeal of § 641 of the RJA should apply retroactively to cases pending but not finalized at the time of its repeal. Resolving this question requires application of the rules of statutory construction.
In general, when the Legislature repeals a statute, the right to proceed under the repealed statute is terminated for all future cases. See Minty v. Bd of State Auditors, 336 Mich. 370, 58 N.W.2d 106 (1953); Cusick v. Feldpausch, 259 Mich. 349, 243 N.W. 226 (1932). However, the repeal of a statute does not take away a vested right, which remains enforceable despite the repealer. Cusick, supra at 351-352, 243 N.W. 226. Plaintiffs argue that they have a vested right to have a trial in the 36th District Court. We disagree.
Courts have often struggled with the task of determining whether a right is vested or inchoate. As our Supreme Court has observed, "A few courts have frankly recognized that policy considerations, rather than definitions, are controlling, and have defined a vested right as a right of which the individual could not be deprived without injustice." Wylie v. Grand Rapids City Comm., 293 Mich. 571, 587, 292 N.W. 668 (1940).
"In its application, as a shield of protection, the term `vested rights' is not used in any narrow or technical sense, or as importing a power of legal control merely, but rather as implying a vested interest which it is right and equitable that the government should recognize and protect, and of which the individual could not be deprived arbitrarily without injustice." [Id., quoting 2 Cooley's Constitutional Limitations (8th ed.), p. 745.]
Pending causes of action that accrued while a statute was in force are also considered vested rights and thus are not divested by a repeal of the statute. MCL 8.4a;[4]Minty, supra at 389-391, 58 N.W.2d 106; Cusick, supra at 351-353, 243 N.W. 226.[5]
Accordingly, plaintiffs do have a vested right to have their case heard. However, they do not have a vested right to the forum in which this will occur. "No vested right can exist to keep statutory procedural law unchanged and free from amendment," Hansen-Snyder Co. v. General Motors Corp., 371 Mich. 480, 485, 124 N.W.2d 286 (1963); "[s]o long as a substantial and efficient remedy remains or is *391 provided [,] due process of law is not denied by a legislative change," Crane v. Hahlo, 258 U.S. 142, 147, 42 S. Ct. 214, 66 L. Ed. 514 (1922).[6] Absent a saving clause stating otherwise, a repealer that changes a mode of procedure by altering or terminating a court's jurisdiction applies to all accrued, pending, and future actions as long as it does not affect vested rights. Baltimore & P R Co. v. Grant, 98 U.S. 398, 401, 25 L. Ed. 231 (1878) (observing "that if a law conferring jurisdiction is repealed without any reservation as to pending cases, all such cases fall with the law"); Etefia v. Credit Technologies, Inc., 245 Mich.App. 466, 474, 628 N.W.2d 577 (2001) (stating that an amendment of a jurisdictional statute is excepted from the rule that statutory amendments apply prospectively because a jurisdictional statute is procedural in nature). 1996 PA 374 does not contain a saving clause for those cases removed to the district court under § 641 and MCR 4.003. Plaintiffs' opportunity to have their case heard in the circuit court remains, thus their vested right to the cause of action is unaffected and due process is satisfied.
The repeal of § 641 means that the district court does not have jurisdiction over this case. Because the case was originally filed in the circuit court, we remand to the circuit court for further proceedings. We do not retain jurisdiction.
NOTES
[1] MCL 600.641 read in pertinent part:
(1) If it appears at the conclusion of a pretrial hearing on an action commenced in the circuit court that the amount of damages sustained may be less than the jurisdiction limitation as to the amount in controversy applicable to the district court, the circuit judge may remove, without the consent of the parties, the action to a district court within the county which would have had jurisdiction but for the amount of damages demanded and in which venue would have been proper....
* * *
(5) If the action is removed, then the verdict or judgment shall be lawful to the extent of the amount demanded, notwithstanding the jurisdiction limitation as to the amount in controversy otherwise applicable to cases commenced in the district court.
[2] MCR 4.003 read in pertinent part:
(1) The circuit court may order an action removed to the district court pursuant to M.C.L. § 600.641; MSA 27A.641 on its own initiative or on motion of a party only if
(a) it appears that the damages sustained, without regard to questions of liability, may be less that the jurisdictional limitation as to the amount in controversy applicable to the district court, and
(b) removal will expedite the trial and disposition of the action.
The court's findings under this subrule must be stated on the record or included in the order removing the action.
(2) An action may be removed only to a district in which venue would have been proper. If venue would have been proper in more than one district within the circuit, the removal order shall designate the district to which the action is removed.
* * *
(E) ... An action removed to the district court under this rule may not be transferred to the circuit court on the ground that the damages may exceed the jurisdictional limitation of the district court.
[3] MCL 600.8301(1).
[4] The repeal of any statute or part thereof shall not have the effect to release or relinquish any penalty, forfeiture, or liability incurred under such statute or any part thereof, unless the repealing act shall so expressly provide, and such statute and part thereof shall be treated as still remaining in force for the purpose of instituting or sustaining any proper action or prosecution for the enforcement of such penalty, forfeiture or liability. [MCL 8.4a.]
[5] In Bejger v. Zawadzki, 252 Mich. 14, 18-20, 232 N.W. 746 (1930), our Supreme Court quoted Sutherland Statutory Construction (2d ed.), §§ 282 and 283 for the following propositions:
"The general rule is that when an act of the legislature is repealed without a saving clause, it is considered, except as to transactions past and closed, as though it never existed." [quoting Lewis' Sutherland Statutory Construction (2d ed.), § 282.]
* * *
"Rights dependent on a statute and still inchoate, not perfected by final judgment or reduced to possession, are lost by repeal or expiration of the statute." [quoting statutory Construction, supra, § 283.3.]
Bejger was decided before the enactment of M.C.L. § 8.4a.1931 PA 25. Further, to the extent that Bejger conflicts with Minty andCusick, we conclude that these later cases overruled by implication the Bejger Court's analysis.
[6] However, when a case has been prosecuted to its conclusion, rights in the final judgment are vested, and a subsequent repeal of the statute conferring jurisdiction on the court in which the case was heard does not undermine the legitimacy of the judgment.