By the Court,
Cowen, J.
I confess I supposed, upon the argument, that I should find the question raised, perfectly disposed of by cases in this court. But one case was cited, and so far as that goes, it is against the plea. It was sought to be distinguished, and indeed brought down to the force of a mere dictum; and it was insisted that the plea is maintainable on a correct understanding of the authorities. Having satisfied himself of this, the counsel went back to Rockwood v. Feasar, Cro. Eliz. 262, and The Archbishop of Canterbury v. Kemp, id. 539. I shall notice what these cases are, in the course of my remarks. For the present I admit that the first case, if to be followed, will sustain not only this plea, but any imaginable special plea amounting to the general issue. The plea was an argumentative denial both of the plaintiff’s property and of an illegal conversion by the defendant, the whole matter, and nothing but the matter involved in the general issue. In the second the plea was to the same effect, but the point was not raised, for the plaintiff replied. It was the more surprising to hear so late an authority as Wingfield v. Srafford, 1 Wils. 315, cited to the same point, but the report there is probably, as we shall see hereafter, imperfect, and in any view far from being an authority for the defendant. As the case stands in Wilson, nothing is said of the point before us ; but there is more in it than I could have supposed.
*465It must be admitted that the books are studded with special pleas in the action of trover, even such as show that the plaintiff never had any cause of action. They set up either property out of the plaintiff, or admit that it belonged to him, and insist that the defendant lawfully took and converted it: as that he distrained or took it in execution, or that he never did convert the property, and the like. Many such pleas have passed without being met by a special demurrer. Of course the courts felt bound to consider them. Such was the case of Kenicot v. Bogan, Yelv. 198, a plea that the defendant seized the plaintiff’s wine as king’s butler; The Archbishop of Canterbury v. Kemp, Cro. Eliz. 539, a plea of title in the defendant; Robinson v. Walter, 3 Bulst. 269, and Stert v. Drungold, 3 id. 289, pleas of detention by an innkeeper of the goods of his guest; Wingfield v. Stratford, 1 Wils. 315, seizing a gun as gamekeeper. (But Bull. N. P. 314, says, as we shall see, that the court held this bad as being equivalent to the general issue.) Taylor v. Chambers, Cro. Jac. 68, was a plea of purchase in market overt; Comyns v. Boyer, Cro. Eliz. 485, a like plea; and see Golds. 54; Priestly v. White, Yelv. 173, a plea of property in the defendant; Anon. id. 174, cited, S. P.; Anon. 2 Leon. 13, a plea that the goods were bailed to the defendant, to deliver, which he .had done, and traversing the conversion ; Strangden Burnell’s case, Godb. 137, a plea that the plaintiff gave goods to the defendant and traversing the conversion in the place where it,was laid by the declaration, 4 Leon. 4, and 106, S. C.; Court v. Blackman, Noy’s R. 109, a like case; Markham & Pitt’s case, 3 Leon. 205, that the plaintiff was outlawed. The plea in Gaillard & Archer’s case, 1 Leon. 189, was possession of the plaintiff’s goods by A. and sale to the defendant without notice, and held bad in substance. So in Davies’ case, Cro. Eliz, 611, of a plea that the defendant took ’ the goods as a waif; in Gomenale v. Wayts, Cro. Jac. 255, of a plea of distress under a plaint in the manor court; Yelv. 194, S. C., titled Gomersall v, Medgate; in Holman v. Karwithy, 2 Bulstr. 134, of a plea of finding without traversing property in the plaintiff, and White v. Price, cited there at p. 135, S. P; Sparrow v. Sher *466, wood; Poph. 208, a justification by command, pleaded imperfectly; Bush v. Luxburrough, 1 Roll. R. 396, a traverse of the venue improperly interposed; and see per Popham, J. Goldsb. 155.
Some cases assume that a special plea may be properly interposed, if it confess part of the plaintiff’s case ; as in Dee v. Bacon, Cro. Eliz. 435, which was a plea of taking damage feasant, and held bad because it did not confess the conversion. Agar & Lisle, Hob. 187, was a plea of distress for market-toll, held bad for the same reason; Salter v. Butler, Noy’s R. 46, was a plea of distress for rent, held bad for the same reason; and Kinnersley v. Barnard, Cro. Eliz. 554, was a plea traversing a conversion, but of the wrong thing. Hartford v. Jones, 2 Salk. 654, was a plea of seizure as wreck, and detaining till paid for the pains, and held .bad because it did not confess a conversion. 1 Ld. Raym. 393, S. C. 3 Salk. 366, S. C.
Several special pleas of a like character have been countenanced and directly sustained by the courts on demurrer, assigning for cause that they amounted to the general issue. Such is Kinnersley v. Barnard, Cro. Eliz. 554, the case of a plea admitting property in the plaintiff and specially traversing the conversion with an absque hoc; Hill v. Hawkes, 1 Roll. R. 1, 44, justifying the taking by force of a custom ; 2 Bulst. 201, S. C. and S. P.; Moore, 835, S. C. but not S. P. Such is Rockwood v. Feasar, Cro. Eliz. 262, a plea of property out of the plaintiff, and in one J. S. by whose command the defendant took it, giving color and showing that the plaintiff had title against all except J. S. I repeat the admission before made, that if the last case be law, it exactly sustains the plea in the case at bar. Both of them deny the plaintiff’s property and an illegal conversion. In Strausham's case, Cro. Eliz. 98, Coke, J. mentions special pleas in trover as admissible, and among others a taking" damage feasant. In Bisse Tyler’s case Godb. 267, 13 Jac. it was put with a quere whether a plea of a sale by the plaintiff to the defendant were bad as amounting to the general issue, and according to a report of the same case in 1 Roll. R. 173, the plea was thought good.
*467Most of the cases, however, ancient and modern, have overruled such pleas, on the point of their sufficiency being raised by special demurrer, assigning for cause that they amounted to the general issue. Such was Bellamy v. Balthrop, Latch. 184, the case of a plea giving color to the plaintiff, but showing property out of him ; and Styles v. Snelgrave, there cited, S. P.; Ward v. Blunt, Cro. Eliz. 146, a plea showing title in the defendant, but giving color to the plaintiff; Ascue v. Saunderson, Cro. Eliz. 433, plea of a levy on the plaintiff’s goods as sheriff under a Ji.fa. against them ; Wingfield v. Stratton, as reported in Bull. N. P. 48, a plea that the defendant seized the gun as game-keeper, the point of form not being noticed by the report in 1 Wils. 314, S. C., as mentioned before; Webb v. Fox, 7 T. R. 387, a plea of the plaintiff’s bankruptcy, which showed title out of him and in his assignees, per Ld. Kenyon, Ch. J. id. 392 ; Lynner v. Wood, Cro. Car. 157, a plea that the defendant took the goods as tithes severed; Bullock v. Smith, Cro. Eliz. 174, a plea of seizure as waif; Austin v. Austin, Cro. Jac. 319, a plea of title in the defendant, giving color; Lord Mounteagle v. The Countess of Worcester, 2 Dyer, 121, a., a declaration alleging a conversion by a sale, and plea traversing the sale, per Rockby, J.; Kennedy v. Strong, 10 Johns. R. 289, pleas of sale by order of the plaintiff’s partner; but the pleas were also held bad on other grounds beside that of their being equivalent to the' general issue.
The most ancient cases seems to be against this plea. Brooke, in his Abr. Action, Surle case, pi. 113, cites the year book, 4 E. 6, and at pi. 109, he cites 33 H. 8 to that effect. The cases of Whittaker v. Collet, 1 Roll. R. 22, Row v. Thompson, id. 197, and Phillips v. Wickes, 3 Bulstr. 209, may also be added to the cases before cited as directly against the Like pleas ; and see also Vandrink and Archer’s case, 1 Leon. 22T
At a time when the judgments at Westminster Hall stood in singular conflict, and their reasoning and dicta on the subject of these special pleas in trover exhibited contradictions and subtleties no less extraordinary, as may be seen on a still closer examination of the cases, the courts adopted and *468liave since steadily pursued, if they have not extended the , . , , r , . , , . doctrine of that line of authority which taken together, was found to repudiate all special pleas in trover going to the original cause of action. As early as Bellamy v. Balthrop, before cited, 2 Car. Jones, J., said, that in trover every special plea with color amounts only to the general issue ; and in 14 Car. Devoe Coridon, 1 Keb. 305, Twisden, J. said, “ There is no plea in trover but a release or not guilty.” In Anon. Lofft’s R. 323, 13 Geo. 3, on a motion to plead several matters in trover, the court said, “ by a book near two centuries ago, it appears release is a sufficient plea to trover, and you have no need to plead any thing more. In Hartford v. Jones, Holt, Ch. J, said he never knew but one special plea good in trover, viz Yelv. 198. In the same case 1 Ld. Raym. 393, he is made to say he never knew but one special plea good in trover besides that in Yelv. and that was a release. In Yorke v. Grenaugh, 2 Ld. Raym. 868, he said nothing can be pleaded specially in trover but a release. See Allen v. Harris, 2 Lulw. 650, where the right to plead a release was conceded. And Bullér’s report of Wingfield v. Stratford, says it was holden by the whole court in that case, that there could be no special plea in trover but a release. 1 Danv. Abr. 25, S. P. Such a limit is probably too narrow; but special pleas in trover have met with much discouragement by the latter cases. In Webb v. Fox, before cited, Lord Kenyon, Ch. J., said he could not commend the mode in which the question was brought before the court, as the plea would be attended with unnecessary expense to the parties, 7 T. R. 392; and in Kennedy v. Strong, also before cited, this court said special pleas in trover are deservedly discountenanced. 10 Johns. R. 291. It is said in 1 Chit. Plead. 490, that the statute of limitations and a former recovery may be pleaded; and such pleas were interposed without question, the former in Cowper v. Towers, 1 Lutw. 97, 99, and the latter in Lethmere v. Toplady, 1 Show. 146; 2 Venir. 169, S. C. cases cited by Chitty, though in neither was the plea tested by a special demurrer. See also Lacon v. Bernard, Cro. Car. 35, and Peet v. Rawsterne, T. Raym. 472, and 2 Ld. Raym, 1217. Bullet’s N. P. 49, *469agrees that a former recovéry may be pleaded : and a highly respectable American court held that the statute of limitations must be pleaded, and cannot be given in evidence under the general issue. Nott, J. said this is perfectly well settled, Jones v. Dugan, 1 M’Cord, 428 ; and so it seems to be in respect to various actions on the case beside trover. Ballantine on Lim. by Tillingh. ch. 16, p. 207, et seq. and the cases there cited.
It is also said in 1 Chilly’s Pl. 490, the defendant may, in trover, plead any thing specially which admits property in the plaintiff and a conversion by the defendant. I think he might have added that a special plea showing either property out of the plaintiff or that there was no r conversion, or both, would be bad on special demurrer, as amounting to the general issue. It may be taken as the clear result of the more numerous cases including the modern authorities, of the course of which this court strongly intimated its approbation in Kennedy v. Strong, that a special plea showing there never was an unlawful conversion of the plaintiff’s property, or in other words, that he never had any cause of action, is bad in form. But where the plea admits that there once was a cause of action, and sets up subsequent matter in discharge or avoidance, it may be pleaded specially. The general issue is, not guilty of the premises, &c. In good sense, this denies all which the plaintiff, in legal effect, alleges in his declaration, viz., property in himself and an illegal conversion by the defendant. The evidence on such an issue, so long as it is confined to the original cause of actioq, comes literally within the scope of the pleadings, as remarked by King, Ch. J., in regard to other actions on the case : “ Every thing which shows that the defendant did what he might do, may be given in evidence upon not guilty pleaded ; for that proves he had done no injury.” Anon. Com. Rep. 274, ■ It is not necessary to say that the defendant must plead even matter in discharge or avoidance. We know that generally he need not, though he may do so in actions of assumpsit, and especially in other actions on the case. 1 Chilly’s Pl. 486, and the cases there cited. T have noticed the statute *470of limitations as a defence, which it is said must be pleaded. So of justification in slander. But I do not now remember any other exception to the rule that, in an action on tb® case, every matter of defence may be received under the plea of not guilty. In Bird v. Randall, 3 Burr. 1353, 1 Blackf. 388" court="Ind." date_filed="1825-11-16" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/colman-v-graeter-8237532?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="8237532">1 Black. Rep. 388, S. C., Lord Mansfield made no exception. Of course I speak of pleas in bar, not in abatement.
So many old cases occurring which certainly do go to sustain the plea in the principal case, I have taken some pains to discover how they have been met and overturned, if such were the fact, I encountered more labor from not being' able to find that the matter had been systematically taken up by any author. 1 may have failed to find some material cases, but as far as I have examined, I feel well satisfied with the results already expressed; and, at least, that authority, reason and convenience all concur against the plea in question. The best collection of the old authorities is to be found in Yin. Abr. Actions of Trover, &c. L. 5, Trover, Plea. vol. 1, p. 254, et seq. The remark in Petersdorf’s Abr., Trover, pi. 5, (B.,) Plea, note, that the defendant may plead any matter which admits the conversion, and that the property is in the plaintiff, but justifies the former, I am satisfied is wrong. See accordingly, Bac. Abr. Trover, (F.) pi. 2, of the plea.
I presume the general issue has been pleaded, though very properly omitted in the demurrer book. If so, no amendment is necessary. If otherwise, the defendant may now add the general issue,
Judgment for the plaintiff.