Plaintiffs brought this action against defendant, alleging breach of an express warranty that the miticide that defendant sold to plaintiffs could safely be used on their May 2000 rose crop. The trial court granted summary judgment for defendant on the ground that the action had not been commenced within four years of delivery of the miticide, as required by ORS 72.7250. 1 Plaintiffs assign error to that ruling, arguing that the warranty “explicitly extend [ed] to future performance” and that the limitation period therefore did not begin to run until plaintiffs discovered the breach. ORS 72.7250(2). We conclude that there is a triable issue of fact as to whether the warranty explicitly extended to future performance; we therefore reverse and remand.
In reviewing a grant of summary judgment, we view the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party— in this case, plaintiffs. ORCP 47 C;
Jones v. General Motors Corp.,
*245 Plaintiffs purchased the Joust in August 1999. Hunter expected that, as part of the bargain, the sales representative would continue to advise plaintiffs on specific permissible uses for the Joust, as he had customarily done with other products that plaintiffs had purchased. In May 2000, the sales representative again visited the nursery and advised plaintiffs to use the Joust on their young roses. Plaintiffs did so and, according to their complaint, lost their entire rose crop because the Joust was not safe to use on the young roses. In December 2003, plaintiffs filed for bankruptcy. Plaintiffs brought this action for breach of warranty in May 2004.
Defendant moved for summary judgment on the ground that the action had been commenced more than four years after the Joust had been delivered and that the action was therefore untimely under ORS 72.7250, which requires that a cause of action for breach of any contract for sale must usually be brought within four years of tender of delivery. Plaintiffs responded that (1) the limitation period was tolled by the bankruptcy proceedings that commenced in December 2003 and (2) the limitation period had not begun to run until May 2000 because defendant had created an express warranty that explicitly extended to future performance of the goods. See ORS 72.7250(2) (“[W]here a warranty explicitly extends to future performance of the goods and discovery of the breach must await the time of such performance the cause of action accrues when the breach is or should have been discovered.”). Defendant agreed that the bankruptcy proceeding tolled the limitation period. Defendant asserted, however, that the action was nevertheless untimely because none of its representations amounted to an express warranty of future performance. Therefore, according to defendant, the limitation period had expired in August 2003, before the bankruptcy proceedings commenced. The trial court agreed and granted summary judgment for defendant. Plaintiffs appeal.
On appeal, the parties’ dispute centers on whether the alleged statement by defendant’s sales representative “that Joust would be effective in killing mites and would be safe on the young roses that [plaintiffs] would grow in the spring of2000” constitutes a “warranty explicitly extend[ing] *246 to future performance of the goods,” within the meaning of ORS 72.7250(2). 2 Plaintiffs assert that if does because it explicitly states that the goods will perform at a specified time in the future. Defendant argues that it does not because the statement was not sufficiently explicit regarding the future performance. In defendant’s view, the only warranties that qualify as a warranty of future performance under ORS 72.7250(2) are those in which the seller represents that a good will remain durable over a specified period of time — for example, a full five-year warranty. We disagree.
ORS 72.7250(1) provides that the statute of limitations for a breach of warranty begins to run at the time of the breach. Subsection (2) specifies that “[a] breach of warranty occurs when tender of delivery is made, except that where a warranty explicitly extends to future performance of the goods and discovery of the breach must await the time of such performance the cause of action accrues when the breach is or should have been discovered.” Because the statute requires explicitness, only an express warranty may qualify as a warranty of future performance.
Sponseller v. Meltebeke,
In addition to being an express warranty, a warranty of future performance must “explicitly extendi ] to future performance” and “discovery of the breach must await the time of such performance.” ORS 72.7250(2). Both requirements are essential; the mere fact that a breach of the warranty would be impossible to discover at the time of delivery is not itself sufficient to create a warranty of future performance.
Gladhart v. Oregon Vineyard Supply Co.,
Similarly, in
Permapost Products Co.,
we held that an express warranty made by the seller of a wood preservative to a buyer who used it to treat wood for homes that the product “was free from defect and could be used in plaintiffs wood products safel/’ was not a warranty of future performance.
In contrast, where an express warranty guarantees the future performance of a product, it is properly characterized as a warranty that explicitly extends to future performance. The most common example is a warranty that guarantees performance over a period of time — for example, an express guarantee that a burial vault will give “satisfactory service at all times.”
Mittasch v. Seal Lock Burial Vault,
Inc.,
In addition to warranties that guarantee the performance or durability of a product over a period of time, warranties of future performance also include promises that a product will perform on a particular date in the future. See Ronald A. Anderson, 4B Anderson on the Uniform Commercial Code § 2-725:121, 320 (3d ed 2001) (“When the parties agree that a performance shall not be due until a future date, the statute of limitations does not begin to run until that date.”); see also White and Summers, Uniform Commercial Code at 610 (explaining that a lifetime warranty is properly characterized as a warranty of future performance because it promises performance “not merely at the moment of purchase but at some future date as well” (emphasis added)).
For example, in
Glen Peck, Ltd. v. Fritsche,
“BREEDING GUARANTEE: BULLS — Should any bull Fourteen (14) months of age or over, fail to prove a breeder after being used on cows known to be breeders, the matter *249 shall be reported in writing to the seller within six (6) months following date of purchase or six (6) months after the bull has reached 14 months of age.”
Id. The court held that that warranty constituted one that explicitly extended to future performance, reasoning that it was explicit and that it “promised the performance of the bulls as breeders, not only at the moment of purchase but at some future date as well, namely, ‘after being used on cows known to be breeders.’ ” Id. Thus, the statute of limitations did not begin to run until the plaintiffs discovered the breach.
Similarly, in
Salt Lake City Corp. v. Kasler Corp.,
In sum, to create a warranty of future performance, a seller must make an express warranty — that is, any affirmation of fact, promise, or description of the goods that becomes part of the basis of the bargain — that explicitly extends to future performance. In addition, discovery of the breach must await the future performance.
In this case, plaintiffs assert that defendant’s sales representative stated “that Joust would be effective in killing mites and would be safe on the young roses that [plaintiffs] would grow in the spring of 2000.” The statement constitutes an affirmation of fact that the Joust would, in fact, be safe to use in May 2000 on plaintiffs’ young roses. The statement is also one that explicitly extends to future performance. Unlike the statements at issue in Gladhart and Permapost Products Co., the statement in this case guaranteed the product’s performance at a specific time in the future — that is, May 2000. *250 Defendant asserts that that alone is insufficient because an express warranty of future performance must guarantee performance over a period of time. Defendant, however, has cited no authority stating that a warranty of future performance is limited to one involving durability over a period of time, and there are at least two cases, Glen Peck, Ltd. and Salt Lake City Corp., to the contrary. We therefore conclude that the statement explicitly extended to future performance.
It is less clear, however, whether the future-oriented part of the statement became part of the basis of the bargain so as to create an express warranty pertaining to a future time. See ORS 72.3130 (affirmation of fact must become part of “the basis of the bargain” to create an express warranty). It may be, for example, that the parties were concerned only with whether the Joust was safe to use on young roses, and the mention of May 2000 was merely happenstance and did not become part of the basis of the bargain. However, it also may be that the future date was of at least some importance to the parties. Hunter stated in his affidavit that he expected, as part of the bargain, that defendant’s sales representative would continue to advise plaintiffs on Joust’s specific permissible uses. It may be that, by eliciting a promise that the Joust would perform in May 2000, plaintiffs were ensuring that the sales representative would return the following spring to consult on its application. The fact that the sales representative customarily advised plaintiffs on permissible uses of the products that they purchased, and the further fact that the representative continued to advise plaintiffs on permissible uses of the Joust through May 2000, constitutes evidence that the future-performance aspect of the warranty was part of the basis of the bargain. The issue is one of fact for the jury. See UCC § 2-313 comment 3 (“[N]o particular reliance on [affirmations of fact] need be shown in order to weave them into the fabric of the agreement. Rather, any fact which is to take such affirmations, once made, out of the agreement requires clear affirmative proof. The issue normally is one of fact.”). 3
*251 We turn to whether discovery of the breach required awaiting future performance. In this case, there is no dispute that plaintiffs could not grow a young rose crop to test the Joust on until the spring following their purchase of the Joust. Thus, discovery that the Joust was not safe to use on the young roses, as allegedly warranted, had to await the future time for performance.
In sum, there is a triable issue of fact as to whether defendant’s sales representative created an express warranty that explicitly extended to future performance and thereby extended the limitation period under ORS 72.7250(2). It follows that summary judgment was inappropriate.
Reversed and remanded.
Notes
ORS 72.7250 provides, in part:
“(1) An action for breach of any contract for sale must be commenced within four years after the cause of action has accrued. By the original agreement the parties may reduce the period of limitation to not less than one year but may not extend it.
“(2) A cause of action accrues when the breach occurs, regardless of the aggrieved party’s lack of knowledge of the breach. A breach of warranty occurs when tender of delivery is made, except that where a warranty explicitly extends to future performance of the goods and discovery of the breach must await the time of such performance the cause of action accrues when the breach is or should have been discovered.”
The parties also dispute whether the fact that defendant’s sales representative advised plaintiffs in May 2000 to use the Joust on their young roses created an express warranty of future performance separate and distinct from the warranty that was allegedly created in August 1999. We do not address the merits of that issue because, although plaintiffs initially raised that argument before the trial court, they later abandoned that argument and relied on the May 2000 statements only as evidence that an earlier warranty had been created, not as evidence of a separate warranty. Plaintiffs therefore did not preserve an argument that a separate warranty arose from the May 2000 statements.
See State v.
Chavez,
Although we do not consider plaintiffs’ argument that the May 2000 statements, by themselves, created an express warranty, we agree with plaintiffs, as we will explain below, that the continued advice of defendant’s sales representative is relevant evidence that bears on whether defendant, in August 1999, created an express warranty of future performance that became part of the basis of the bargain.
Although the official comments to the UCC lack the force of law, they are instructive because the legislature took note of them at the time of adoption, they are consistent with the structure of the UCC, and the purpose of the official
*251
comments is to promote uniform construction of the UCC.
U.S. National Bank v. Boge,