Lead Opinion

Weaver, O. J.

i. New trial : §bUMto£con-n structions. The plaintiff alleges that, while a passenger on one of the defendant’s street cars, and in attempting to alight therefrom, she fell, or was thrown to the ground, and was injured, by reason of the negligence of defendant’s servant in failing to lower to its place the folding step provided for use of passengers in entering and leaving such vehicle. The defendant took *1069issue upon plaintiff’s petition, and tbe cause was submitted to tbe jury upon tbe testimony of witnesses and instructions given by tbe court, and, as already stated, there was a verdict for the defendant. Tbe motion for new trial assigned as grounds tberefor: (1) That the finding of tbe jury was not sustained by tbe evidence; (2) that tbe verdict was contrary to tbe instructions given by tbe court; (3) that tbe court erred in giving tbe jury each of tbe several instructions numbered 3%, 4, 5, 8, and 10. In tbe ruling on the motion, and ordering a new trial, tbe court explained that its ruling was based solely on tbe exceptions taken to tbe instructions upon tbe subject of contributory negligence.

Tbe abstract contains no part of tbe evidence offered in tbe case, but is confined to a statement of tbe issues; the requests for instructions to tbe jury made by the defendant and by plaintiff and refused by tbe court; tbe charge given by tbe court to the jury; the verdict; motion for new trial; resistance thereto; and tbe ruling from which the appeal is taken.

Referring first to tbe defendant’s request for instructions, it may be said, without quoting them at large, that, in so far as they related to tbe question of contributory negligence, they stated tbe rule to be that, if plaintiff, by her own want of care, contributed to tbe injury of which she complains, tbe verdict should be for tbe defendant.

Tbe plaintiff’s request for instructions contained a statement to tbe effect that, if she fell and was injured by reason of tbe negligence of tbe defendant in failing to lower tbe step, “and she was not guilty of any negligence on her part contributing to said injury, then your verdict should be for tbe plaintiff; otherwise, for tbe defendant.”

Each of the several requests by tbe parties was refused by tbe court, which proceeded to charge the jury of its own motion. That part of the charge having relation to the *1070question of negligence and contributory negligence, as affecting plaintiff’s right to recover damages, is as follows:

“Instruction No. 2.

“The burden of proof in this case is on the plaintiff, and, before she can recover from the defendant, she must establish by a preponderance of the evidence the following propositions:

“First. That the defendant herein, through its employees, was guilty of negligence substantially as charged in plaintiff’s petition.

“Second. That such negligence was the proximate cause of the injury to plaintiff.

“Third. That the plaintiff has sustained damages by reason of injury to her person, which was the proximate result of defendant’s negligence.

“Unless the plaintiff has sustained each and all of the foregoing propositions, 1 to 3 inclusive, by a preponderance of the evidence, you will proceed no further, but your verdict will be for the defendant; but if you find that plaintiff has established, by a preponderance of the evidence, each and all of the foregoing propositions numbered l.to 3 inclusive, you will then proceed to consider the amount of damage suffered by plaintiff.”

“Instruction No. 3y2.

“You have been instructed that the plaintiff in this case cannot recover if she was guilty of contributory negligence which contributed in any degree to the injury of which she complains, but, upon this question of contributory negligence, you are instructed that the burden of proof in this case to show contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff rests upon the defendant, and not upon the plaintiff.”

“Instruction No. 4.

“It was the duty of the plaintiff to exercise ordinary *1071care for her own safety in alighting from said car, and to do what a reasonably prudent person would have done for her own protection at said time; and if you find, from all of the evidence and the surrounding circumstances, that a reasonably prudent person would have taken hold of the handholds or upright rods of said car in alighting, and if you further find that plaintiff failed to do so, and that said failure so to do contributed to and mas the proximate cause of her injury, then you should return a verdict for defendant."

“Instruction No. 5.

"If you do not find, by a preponderance of the evidence, that plaintiff was free from any negligence lohich in any manner contributed to her injury, then you need inquire no further, and your verdict should be for defendant ”

“Instruction No. 8.

“If you find, by a preponderance of the evidence, that defendant opened the door of the car for the purpose of letting plaintiff go from the car or door, and the step at said door was not let down in its proper place until after plaintiff stepped out of the door, and, as a result thereof, plaintiff was injured, without any negligence on her part contributing thereto, your verdict should be for the plaintiff.”

“Instruction No. 10.

“If you find, by a preponderance of the evidence, that defendant was guilty of negligence, as herein defined, and that such negligence was the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injury, and you further find, by a preponderance of the evidence. that plaintiff toas not guilty of any negligence which in any manner contributed to or was the proximate cause of said injury, then your verdict should be for the plaintiff, and you should proceed to determine the amount of damages she is entitled to recover of defendant, which in no *1072event shall exceed the amount claimed by plaintiff, to wit, $1,000.”

That these instructions were erroneous is conceded in argument to this court, but a reversal therefor is resisted on the theory that plaintiff, by her requests to the court, invited the error so committed, and cannot be heard to complain of the prejudice, if any, resulting from such misdirection. That a party cannot successfully assign error upon the giving of an instruction which he has himself requested is a rule very frequently applied, and is, in itself, both fair and just. Does the case before us come fairly within the scope of that rule?

Before entering upon a consideration of the question so presented, it is well to note the present state of the law respecting the effect of a plaintiff’s contributory negligence in actions of this character. The general rule that a plaintiff, in an action to recover damages for personal injury sustained by reason of the alleged negligence of another, must assume the burden of negativing contributory negligence on his own part, and, failing so to do, is not entitled to recover, was so long the undisputed law of this state, and so firmly fixed in the mind of law students and practitioners, that the recent statutory innovation thereon has not had attention or recognition in proportion to its importance. This rule was first modified by Code Supplement, 1918, Section 2071, in favor of railway employees; but later, the exception thereto was so enlarged by an act of the thirty-sixth general assembly (Supplemental Supplement to the Code, 1915, Section 3593-a) as to place the burden of proving contributory negligence upon the defendant, in all actions for personal injury brought by an employee against his employer, or by a passenger against a common carrier; but, in such cases, the defendant may plead and prove contributory negligence, in mitigation of damages.

In explanation of the confusion which is apparent in *1073the quoted instructions, it is said by counsel for appellant, and not denied, that, on the trial below, plaintiff’s counsel and the court had apparently ignored the statute referred to, and proceeded on the theory that the ancient rule was still in force, until about the time of the submission of the issues to the jury, when counsel himself called attention to the mistake. The record as presented here would seem to indicate, upon its face, that, when this situation became apparent, the trial court had already prepared its charge on the wrong theory, and sought to remedy or avoid the effect of the error by amending and changing the language of certain paragraphs therein. That this attempt resulted in a very confused statement of inconsistent rules and irreconcilable propositions of law is doubtless due to the haste with which the change of front was made.

The case thus presented by the record does not bring it within the rule applicable to an alleged error which has been invited by a defeated party. Plaintiff did ask an instruction which recognized' the ancient rule of the law of contributory negligence, and, if the giving of this rule were the only error in the charge to the jury, it would not justify the award of a new trial. But this is not the only error. If the court saw fit to adopt the plaintiff’s erroneous theory of the law of contributory negligence, and if plaintiff’s mouth is closed to complain thereof, he was, at least, entitled to have the rest of the charge of the court consistent therewith. On the other hand, it is impossible to reconcile the charge as a whole upon this siibject with either theory of the law.

*10742. New irial : ou/motioiT11* * *1073The second instruction states a rule by which plaintiff may recover damages, on proof of defendant’s negligence, resulting in injury to her, without any reference whatever to the question of contributory negligence. Instruction No. 3% tells the jury that plaintiff can recover nothing, if she was guilty of contributory negligence in any degree; but *1074that the burden of proving such contributory negligence is on the defendant. Instruction No. 5 places upon plaintiff the burden of showing that she was “free from any negligence which in any manner contributed to her injury,” before'she can recover damages, and this thought is repeated in Instruction No. 10. Nowhere in the charge is there any instruction that contributory negligence is available to defendant only as a plea in mitigation of damages, and not as a defense. The jury was thus left afloat upon a sea of uncertainty, without chart or pilot, and with a compass veering erratically from one course to another. If the court, upon reflection, or re-examination of the record so made, became convinced that its error could be best mended by ordering a new trial, it was a reasonable conclusion, and wholly within the scope of its judicial discretion. Indeed, even in the absence of any motion therefor on behalf of either party to the suit, the court, if convinced that it had misdirected the jury, and that prejudice to either party resulted, or might have resulted therefrom, could properly order a new trial upon its own motion; and the case presented by this record is very clearly one which would justify the exercise of that discretion. Allen v. Wheeler, 54 Iowa 628, 630; Thomas v. Illinois Cent. R. Co., 169 Iowa 337, 341.

Speaking on this subject, the Nebraska court, where the statute on new trials is substantially like our own, has well said:

“The rule thus recognized has not only the sanction of authority, but rests upon the soundest and most satisfactory reasons. The power is inherent in all courts of general jurisdiction to correct errors committed by them which are clearly prejudicial to the parties, and their power in that respect is exercised, not alone on account of their solicitude for the rights of the litigants, but 'also in justice to *1075themselves, as instruments provided for the impartial administration of the law.” Weber v. Kirkendall, 44 Neb. 766 (63 N. W. 35).

See, also, Merchants & F. Bank v. McKellar, 44 La. 940; Bond v. Cutler, 7 Mass. 205; Schmidt v. Brown, 80 Hun (N. Y.) 183; Fort Wayne & B. I. R. Co. v. Wayne Cir. Judge, 110 Mich. 173.

It is also a very familiar rule, observed by this court, 'that, except upon clear showing of an abuse of discretion by the trial court in granting a new trial, its order will not be interfered with upon appeal; and, in view of our conclusion, already indicated, that, irrespective of the error invited or suggested by the plaintiff’s request for instruction, the record discloses ample justification for granting a new trial on the court’s own motion, the order appealed from will be permitted to stand. — Affirmed.

Ladd, Gaynor, Preston, and Stevens, JJ., concur.

Dissenting Opinion

Salinger, J.

(dissenting). I think that, despite all that was done, this remains a case wherein a new trial was granted for the giving of an erroneous instruction which the movent had asked the court to give. When that is so, it is error to grant him a new trial. My reasons for so saying, and for opposing the sustaining of motions for new trial on general principles, are fully stated in my dissent, filed in the recent case of Harper & Ward v. Kurtz, 188 Iowa 1047.