120 P. 823 | Idaho | 1912
This is an appeal from an order setting aside a judgment and opening up a default. The action was commenced by the plaintiffs, who are appellants herein, for the purpose of quieting their title to the Exchequer No. 1 and Exchequer No. 2 lode mining claims. The complaint was filed on February 9, 1911. Summons thereupon issued and was served the following day. Default was entered on March 9th following. Proofs were thereafter made and judgment was entered on March 13, 1911. The defendant, respondent herein, is a foreign corporation and had designated a resident agent in conformity with the statute on whom service of process might be had. The service of summons was made on the designated agent. On the first day of June following the respondent, through its attorney, made a motion to vacate and set aside the judgment and open up the default, and supported the motion by affidavits and tendered an answer and cross-complaint. After a hearing on the motion and application, the court granted the same, vacated and set aside the judgment and allowed the defendant to answer. The plaintiff thereupon prosecuted this appeal.
Two questions are presented: First, the sufficiency of the showing to constitute either mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect as contemplated by the provisions of sec. 4229 of the Revised Codes; and, second, the sufficiency of the answer to constitute a defense.
Appellant submits the following self-evident proposition: “That foreign corporations must be held to the same diligence as are our own citizens, and must not be held to have any advantage over them in this respect”; that is, in the matter of service of process. And from this proposition counsel argues that the showing made by Bassett would not be a
Neither the facts of this case nor the rule of law upon which it is decided should be confused with that class of cases where the showing fails to present any fact which can appeal to the discretion of the court. (Hall v. Whittier, 20 Ida. 120, 116 Pac. 1031, and cases cited.) In other words, showings which raise only questions of law must appeal to the legal judgment of a court and not to the discretion of the court and must be decided purely upon the law. But where they present facts which appeal to the discretion of the court, the appellate court will hesitate to disturb the exercise of that discretion unless a clear abuse thereof is shown. (See cases, supra.),
The defendant by its answer alleges a prior location of the ground covered by the Exchequer No. 1 and No. 2 claims and sets up copies of the location notices, and alleges a discovery and the performance of all the acts and things necessary to be done under the law in order to hold a mining claim.
As a further defense, the defendant alleges that it has been in the open, exclusive and adverse possession of the claims prior to the initiation of the claim of plaintiff for a period exceeding that prescribed by the statute of limitations of this state for adverse possession, and that during such time it continuously occupied and worked the property and placed valuable improvements thereon, and did all the work necessary to hold a mining claim.
Appellant urges that, in the first place, the respondent’s location notices are insufficient, in that the description therein does not sufficiently identify the property, and that it does not sufficiently tie the property to any natural object or permanent monument as prescribed by the statute, and that the affidavit to the notice was taken by a person who is not authorized to administer an oath. The view we have reached on the question of adverse possession renders it unnecessary for us' to pass upon the sufficiency of the notices and affidavits; but, waiving that, we would not feel inclined to hold the úotices as they come to us insufficient, for the reason that the questions raised as to the sufficiency of the notices, are subject, in a measure, to be influenced by the admission of oral testimony. It has frequently been held that the sufficiency of the description of the property or the tie to a natural object or permanent monument is open to explanation by other evidence to show whether or not the property could be definitely identified from such description. (Morrison v. Regan, 8 Ida. 291, 67 Pac. 955, 22 Morr. Min. Rep. 69; Bismark M. G. M. Co. v. North Sunbeam etc. Co., 14 Ida. 516, 95 Pac. 14.) Evidence as to the nature of the object
• The affidavit was taken before H. W. Dorman, but the location notice in the record does not show the official position held by Dorman. Neither does it show the character of the purported seal with which he attested his jurat. In the place where the seal should have been affixed, the following words are typewritten in parentheses, “Seal of Dep. Min. Ree.” There is also attached a certificate signed by “H. W. Dorman, Deputy,” in which he certifies that he received the instrument on a certain day and hour and duly recorded the same in Book 3 of Quartz Claims, at page 112. This is immediately followed by a certificate signed by the county recorder of Boise county, certifying that he received the same from H. W. Dorman and filed it for record in his office, etc. The inference would be that H. W. Dorman was a deputy county recorder, in which event he would have the authority to administer an oath. If, as a matter of fact, he was not such an officer as could administer an oath, that fact may be shown. (Van Buren v. McKinley, 8 Ida. 93, 66 Pac. 936, 21 Morr. Min. Rep. 690.)
Passing now to the other question, we find it stated thus in appellant’s brief: “There can be no valid location of a mining claim in the state of Idaho as against the right of adverse claimants, except by compliance with the mining acts of Congress and of the state of Idaho.” Appellant thereupon cites a number of eases and enters into a very able argument in support of the contention that under the provisions of sec. 2332 of the Revised Statutes of the United .States, a mining claim cannot be held by adverse possession as against another locator, even though that possession has continued during the full period prescribed by the statute of limitations for the commencement of such actions, unless such claimant has posted and recorded a notice of location as required by laxo. Appellant places special reliance upon McCowan v. Maclay, 16 Mont. 234, 40 Pac. 602, and Cleary v. Skiffich, 28 Colo. 362, 89 Am. St. 207, 65 Pac. 59, 21 Morr. Min. Rep. 155. Appellant’s contention is supported by the
The supreme court of New Mexico, in Upton v. Santa Rita Min. Co., 14 N. M. 96, 89 Pac. 275, had occasion to consider this question, and there reached the. conclusion which is stated as follows by the court, speaking through Mr. Justice Pope:
“We believe that' the true rule on the subject is succinctly stated in Altoona Co. v. Integral Co., 114 Cal. 100, 45 Pac. 1047, 18 Morr. Min. Rep. 410, where it is said that ‘working for the statutory period before the adverse right exists is equivalent to a location under the act of Congress,’ and in Belk v. Meagher, 104 U. S. 279, 287, 26 L. ed. 735, 1 Morr. Min. Rep. 510, where it is declared to be the ‘equivalent of a valid location. ’ In other words, a party who has done such work occupies the status and possesses the rights of a locator, no more and no less. As in the case of a holder of a valid location, he has good title as against all but the government, so long as he does the annual labor.....When such party comes to apply for patent, his occupancy must be proven under certain regulations of the Department (2 Lindley, 1714), and, when so proved, if there be no adverse claimant, they are sufficient, as the statute says, ‘to establish a right to a patent.’ But in this he stands on the same basis as the holder of a location whose application is uncontested. The holder of such a possession, no less than the holder of a location, must possess the necessary qualifications as to citizenship. (Anthony v. Jillson, 83 Cal. 296, 23 Pac. 419, 16 Morr. Min. Rep. 26.) He must prove, as well as the locator, the possession of $500 worth of labor or improvements before he can secure patent. (Capital No. 5 Placer Min. Claim, 34 Land Dec. Dep. Int. 462, supra.) ”
It will be seen that the New Mexico court and the authorities there cited hold in substance that continuous, open, adverse possession of mining ground for the full period required by the local statute of limitations, accompanied by an annual performance of the work or improvement on the claim required by the statute, obviates the necessity of making proof
Mr. Snyder, in his work on Mines, vol. 1, 'see. 672, in discussing the application of sec. 2332 of the Revised Statutes of the United States to the statute of limitations and the method of acquiring title thereby, says:
“The effect of this statute is to relieve the applicant from the necessity of proving his location of the claim, the location by his predecessors or the furnishing of an abstract of title, as in other cases, but he is required to furnish a duly certified copy of the statute of limitations of the state or territory, together with his own sworn statement showing the facts as to the origin of his title and continuation of his possession of the ground applied for, the area thereof, the nature and extent of the work done, whether there has been any opposition to or litigation regarding his possession of the ground, and if so when the same ceased, whether such cessation was the result of compromise or judicial decree, and any other facts bearing upon the question.....
“This provision relates solely to the procedure relative to proving title. All other steps in the matter of application are the same as heretofore outlined. And where an adverse claim is filed in the land office, the applicant is obliged to defend his rights in a court of competent jurisdiction, the same as though his application were based upon a valid location; but upon the trial, as in the land office, proof of possession and work for a period equal to the statute of limitations would be equivalent to a location. It would seem that he ought also to furnish proof that the claim was actually marked upon the ground by him or his predecessors, and that such markings correspond substantially with the description of the claim as surveyed and applied for. His status, however, if an adverse claim is filed, is not so clear. If the owner’s boundaries are plainly marked and an actual adverse possession maintained, it would seem to be equally conclusive against the adverse claimant. But that is an independent fact, and the adverse claim must rest upon its own merits. The statute simply undertakes to dispense with*140 •many of the formalities in the way of proof in the absence of an adverse claim.”
Mr. Lindley, in vol. 2 of his work on Mines, at sec. 688, takes substantially .the same view, and in support thereof places special reliance on the opinion of Judge Sawyer in 420 Mining Co. v. Bullion Mining Co., 3 Saw. 634, Fed. Cas. No. 4989, 11 Morr. Min. Rep. 608, 9 Nev. 240. To the same effect, see Harris v. Mining Co., 8 Fed. 863, 3 McCrary, 14, 12 Morr. Min. Rep. 178, 37 L. D. 772, and Snyder on Mines, secs. 155 and 357.
It seems to us that the provisions of sec. 2332 of the Revised Statutes of the United States are intended to obviate the necessity for proof of posting and recording a notice of location in cases where the claimant to mineral ground has been in the actual, open and exclusive possession of the ground for a period equal to that required by the local statute of limitations governing adverse possession of real estate. The adverse possession referred to in the statute is intended to supply the place of an abstract of title and such proofs as are furnished by the county recorder. It still remains, however, for the person who asserts claim by adverse possession to have made a mineral discovery and to have performed the annual assessment work, and to have had the boundaries of his claim so marked and indicated as to afford actual notice of the extent and boundaries of his claim and possession, and to have maintained an actual possession and excluded all adverse claimants for the full period prescribed by the statute, and to have likewise maintained his possession and occupancy during the subsequent period of time in which the adverse locator attempted to initiate his right by locating the claim.
We conclude that the order vacating the judgment and setting aside the default should be affirmed, and it is so ordered. Costs awarded to respondent.