122 Cal. 253 | Cal. | 1898
Action for damages. A demurrer to the amended complaint was sustained without leave to further amend, and judgment was given in favor of defendant, from which this appeal is prosecuted. The complaint alleged that at all the times mentioned in the complaint plaintiff and one W. G. Humphrey were husband and wife; on the-day of September, 1896, the husband willfully deserted plaintiff, and by reason of said desertion plaintiff “is living separate and apart from him”; defendant, “willfully and wrongfully intending to injure plaintiff and to deprive her of the affection, support, comfort, fellowship, society, aid, and assistance of ... . the said husband, wrongfully, .... at divers days and times before the commencement of this action, and while such marriage existed, alienated and destroyed the affection of the .... husband of this plaintiff .... and did illegally persuade, entice, and abduct said W. G. Humphrey from plaintiff, whereby plaintiff has wholly lost and been deprived of the assistance, comfort, fellowship, society, aid, and support of ... . her said husband, to all of which plaintiff during all said time was entitled .... and otherwise would have had, but for th.e illegal persuasion, conversation, and the enticement, abduction, and doings and
1. Respondent contends that plaintiff could not bring the action without making her husband a party plaintiff.
The amended complaint was filed June 7, 1897, and the alleged desertion occurred in September, 1896. The statutory period required to make the desertion cause of divorce had not elapsed. In Andrews v. Runyon, 65 Cal. 629, the wife sued in her own name alone for personal injuries. It was objected that she could not do so, but that the husband must be joined. It was held that section 370 of the Code of Civil Procedure authorized the suit, because when commenced she was living separate and apart from her husband by reason of his desertion of her. (Baldwin v. Second Street Cable R. R. Co., 77 Cal. 390.)
Section 370 of the Code of Civil Procedure requires the husband to be joined when a married woman is a party, which is the common-law rule; but the section introduces certain exceptions, and among them: “3. When she is living separate and apart from her husband by reason of his desertion of her, or by agreement in writing entered into between them, she may sue or be sued alone.” It was held under the provisions of the act of March 9, 1870 (Stats. 1869-70, p. 226), in Tobin v. Galvin, 49 Cal. 34, that the words “while living separate and apart from her husband” do not mean a temporary absence of the wife. There must have been an abandonment on the part of the husband or wife, or a separation which was intended to be final. The code adds to the language of the former act the words “by reason of his desertion of her.” The desertion through which comes the separation and forms the exception we do not think must necessarily have continued for the statutory period entitling the wife to a divorce. But the desertion must be such as is given as a cause for divorce by section 95 of the Civil Code, towit, a voluntary separation with intent to desert. The two sections should be read together to ascertain the meaning of the word “desertion” in section 370 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Section 107 of the Civil Code fixes the time the desertion must continue; but what is willful desertion
2. The more serious question is that raised by respondent for insufficiency of facts alleged. The argument is that personal rights are defined by section 43 of the Civil Code, and include the right to protection from injury to personal relations and that such injuries are carefully defined by section 49 of the Civil Code, and are entirely different from injuries to the person such as bodily restraint, bodily harm, defamation, which are enumerated in section 43 of the Civil Code.
Section 49 reads: “The rights of personal relation forbid: 1. The abduction of a husband from his wife, or of a parent from his child; 2. The abduction or enticement of a wife from her husband, of a child from a parent or from a guardian entitled to its custody, or of a servant from his master.” Respondent claims that abduction means something different from enticement, and that this is recognized by section 49 because the word “enticement” is omitted from clause 1, but is included in clause 2.
The word “abduct” is from the Latin ab-duco, to lead away. Abduction is the talcing away a wife, child, or ward, by fraud and persuasion, or open violence. (Carpenter v. People, 8 Barb. 606; State v. George, 93 N. C. 570.) In private or civil law it is the act of taking away a man’s wife by violence or persuasion. (3 Stephen’s Commentaries, 536.) In reason the wife should be as much entitled to sue for violation of her personal right, where her husband has been taken away from her by enticement, if such right exist at all, as should the husband when his wife has been enticed from him. Ordinarily, the injury is greater to the wife than to the husband. We are unwilling to give a construction to this section which would limit the wife to an action when her husband has been forcibly taken from her. Our criminal statute as to the crime of abduction for purposes of
It was decided as early as the nineteenth year of George II, in Winsmore v. Greenbank, Willes, 577, and has been the law ever since, that the husband has an action for enticing away his wife ■—for taking away from him the comfort and society of his wife (per quod consortium amisit), and the action was invented to compensate the lonely and forsaken husband. But at common law the wife had no right of property in any damages recovered on her account for any cause, and was given no right of action to recover them. She was not only inferior to her husband, but she had no personal identity separate from him. As the wife was then regarded, the courts, with perfect consistency, in denying her this action simply added this to her many other disabilities. Obviously and grossly wrong, such, nevertheless, was the generally accepted theory of the common law. And yet it was not accepted without protest, for in Lynch v. Knight, 9 H. L. Cas. 577, Lord Chancellor Campbell said: “Hor can I allow that the loss of consortium, or conjugal society, can give a cause ‘of action to the husband alone.” I have been able to find but two cases in this country not overruled, and respondent cites no others, where this barbarous discrimination has been approved. (Duffies v. Duffies, 76 Wis. 374; 20 Am. St. Rep. 79; Doe v. Roe, 82 Me. 503; 17 Am. St. Rep. 499.) The first of these decisions was placed upon the ground that neither the common law nor the statutes of the state gave the wife the right to maintain such an action. The second denies the right apparently because: 1.
3. The objection to the complaint for ambiguity, et cetera, respondent says is based upon the ground that it cannot be ascertained therefrom whether the abduction was committed before or after the husband deserted the plaintiff. While we think it but fair to defendant to be informed with some certainty during what period of time the blandishments of the husband’s seducer were brought to bear upon him, we cannot say that the action should he dismissed for failure to do so. The complaint does charge with definiteness that defendant, during the marriage and before the commencement of the action, did wrongfully destroy the husband’s affection for plaintiff and did illegally persuade, entice, and abduct him from her, whereby she was wholly deprived of his assistance, comfort, fellowship, and society. This alleged conduct of defendant may have begun while the husband was still living with his wife, and plaintiff would have the right to so show. The gist of the action alleged is the enticing or taking away of plaintiff’s husband and alienating his affections.
The judgment should be reversed, and the cause remanded with directions to overrule the demurrer.
Haynes, C., and Belcher, C., concurred.