OPINION
Action for money only in the Municipal Court of the City of Cleveland, for a claimed deficiency of $1500.00, under-the minimum required by §1573-3 GC, in salary as Municipal Judge for the year 1924.
Defendant interposed a demurrer, specifically setting up as a bar to the action the six year stаtute of limitations, §12222 GC, or the ten year statute, §11227 GC. The Court overruled the demurrer, and the defendant'declining to plead further, entered judgment for plaintiff for the full amount.
*468 ’ilie appeal is here on questions of law.
The petition shows on its face plaintiff’s fiduciary capacity, the election, qualification, аnd service of plaintiff’s decedent as Municipal Judge for a six year term, beginning January 1, 1933 and ending December 31, 1939, and pleards that рart of §1579-3 GC, requiring the City to pay its Municipal Judges “not less than six thousand dollars per annum payable in monthly installments out of the. treasury of the City of Cleveland, as the council may' prescribe.” It further alleges that in the year 1934 only $4500.00 in salary from the city was paid, leaving the deficiency of $1500.00 sued for here.
This suit was filed July 2, 1945. Viewing the facts most favorably to plaintiff, the deficiency consists of "the salary installments duе for the last three months of the year 1934, so that the cause of action accrued at the latest on January 1, 1935.
It is contended for the demurrer that the suit being for a deficiency of salary required by the statute, it forms the basis of plaintiff’s claim and is obviously barred by §12222 GC, providing" as follows:
“An action upon a contract not in writing, express or implied, or upon a liability created by statute other than a forfeiture or penalty, shall be- brought within six years after the cause thereof accrued.”
It is further claimed that if §12222 GC be not applicable, then the claim is also obviously barred by §11227 GC, providing:
“An action for relief not hereinbefore provided for shall be brоught within ten years after the cause thereof accrued. This section does not apply to an action on a judgment rendered in another state or territory.”
Plaintiff makes the bare, unsupported contention that neither of the above statutes is applicable, but contends that if any statute of limitations may be applied it is §11221 GC as follows:
“An action upon a specialty or an agreement, contract or promise in writing shall be brought within fifteen years . after the cause thereof accrued.”.
*469 Plaintiff’s theоry is that the relationship between the public official and the municipality is contractual and plaintiff relies solely on the fоllowing statement contained in the body of the opinion in City of Cleveland v Luttner, 92 Oh St 493, at page 494, supporting that theory and as'being the lаw of Ohio:
“A public officer is a public servant, whether he be a policeman of a municipality or the president of the Unitеd States. His candidacy for appointment or election, his commission, his oath, in connection with the law under which he serves, and the emoluments of his office constitutes the contract between him and the public he serves.”
It is further argued that the statute of limitаtions as to contract hr writing applies, because the Judge was elected by written ballot and certified as elected and commissioned in writing.
Plaintiff’s contractual theory of public office, while long ago advanced, in fact never became еstablished but the contrary view has become universally recognized and long followed by the Ohio Courts. ' 22 R. C. L. 379; 32 O. Jur. 869, 872; Again, at pages 875 and 876 the follоwing is stated:
“A public office, on the other hand, is never conferred by contract, but finds its course and limitations in some act or expression of the governmental power.”
In State ex rel Attorney General v Hawkins, 44 Oh St 96,
“A public office and its creation is a matter of public and not of private law.”
In Stеubenville v Culp, 38 Oh St 18, at page 23 it is stated:
“Offices are held in this country, neither by grant nor contract nor has any person a vested interest or private right of property in them.”
This Court will reiterate here that a public office is a-public trust to which the compensation attaches but as an incident to the office tending to promote the better performance of duty in the interest of thе public, and that no vested right to the office or the emoluments thereof exists in the *470 officer. That legal title to the emoluments or the right thereto accrues only after service rendered.
In Fisk v. Jefferson Police Jury,
“We do not assert the proposition that' a person elеcted to an office for a definite term has any such contract with the government or with the appointing body as to prevеnt the legislature or other proper authority from abolishing the office or diminishing its duration or removing him from office * *
“But after the serviсes have been rendered, under a law, resolution or ordinance which fixes the rate of compensation, there arisеs an implied contract to pay for those services at that rate.”
In Mississippi ex rel Robertson v Miller,
“But after services have been rendered by a public officer under a law specifying his compensation, there arises an implied contract under which he is entitled to have the amount so fixed. * * * This case is ruled by Fisk v. Jefferson Police Jury,116 U. S. 131 .”
The Luttner case relied upon by plaintiff turned on the fact of wrongful discharge of the officer and.while in the body of the opinion the word “contract” is gratuitously used, by reading on, we find the Court attempting to vindicаte the principle, that for every wrong a remedy must exist, and using the terms “wrongful,” “wronging” and “wronged” and “wrong” which is the language of tort, as distinguished from that of contract. ’ It, therefore, appears that the use of the word “contract” in the statement, supra, was merely а resort to the language of contract to describe a relationship having many incidents similar tp a contractual relаtionship, but loosely used and without the necessity or intention of determining the technical status of a public officer. In Ecker v City of Cinсinnati, 52 Oh Ap 422, this court, through Judge Hamilton, discussed the- Luttner case, coming to a similar conclusion.
In Hansen v Cleveland, 132 Oh St 625, the supreme cоurt indicates its dissatisfaction with the language used in the Luttner case.
*471 It appearing on the face of the petition that the right tо compensation here claimed grows out of the statute and that an implied contract arose after services рerformed, the six year statute of limitations applies and the demurrer should have been sustained, the ten year statute not being applicable.
Wright v City of Lorain, 70 Oh Ap 337 is approved and followed.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded with instructions to enter final judgment for defendant.