144 S.E. 157 | S.C. | 1928
July 24, 1928. The opinion of the Court was delivered by This is an application by petitioners to enjoin the enforcement of an ordinance passed by the City of Columbia. The return of the City of Columbia sets forth the reason of the passage of the ordinance in question, and contends:
That the ordinance in question "is a valid exercise of the police power vested in the City of Columbia, and is fully justified by the public convenience and necessity. The fundamental basis of the city's exercise of this power is that the use of the streets of the city for the purpose of carrying *437 on the business of operating motor vehicles for hire is a privilege, and not an inherent right of its citizens. This privilege, therefore, if exercised, must be subject to the rules and regulations prescribed by the city."
"The burden of the petition in this case is that the ordinance is unreasonable and confiscatory, because it requires the jitneys to operate on prescribed routes and schedules." So the question to be determined is: Has the city the right to route and schedule all forms of motor vehicle transportation over its streets? We find the following Acts of the legislature:
(a) Act 1871 — Section 10, from an Act to alter and amend the charter of the City of Columbia, approved March 2, 1871:
"Sec. 10. That the Mayor may, as often as occasion may require, or whenever requested so to do, in writing, by three aldermen, summon the aldermen to assemble in council; and that the said Mayor and aldermen shall have, and they are hereby vested with, full and ample power, from time to time, under their common seal, to make all such ordinances, rules and regulations, relative to the streets and markets of the said city, as they may think proper and necessary, and to establish such by-laws, not inconsistent with the laws of the land, as may tend to preserve the quiet, peace, safety and good order of the inhabitants thereof. * * *" 14 Stat., p. 572.
(b) Commission Form of Government Act — Section 4727, Code 1922:
"(4727) Sec. 9. Powers of council. — The council shall have, possess and exercise all executive, legislative and judicial powers and duties conferred upon such city, or theretofore belonging to it, with the power to establish such subordinate officers as they may see fit and assign to them appropriate duties, subject to the council. Each member of the council shall give to the duties of his office all the time that may be needed for the most efficient conduct of the affairs of the city." Page 1428. *438
(c) Acts of 1928, p. 1229:
"An Act providing for the control by cities of more than thirty thousand and less than fifty thousand inhabitants of transportation by motor vehicles.
"Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina:
"Section 1. That the City Council of any city which at the last preceding United States census had a population of more than thirty thousand and less than fifty thousand inhabitants shall be and are hereby granted exclusive jurisdiction and control over any and all motor-propelled vehicles (which term shall not include vehicles usually operated upon or over rails) used for the transportation of persons or property for hire on any of the streets of said city (except buses operating on regular schedules and routes between such city and other points not less than ten miles distant therefrom), with full power and authority to make and enforce such rules, regulations and classifications governing the operation of such vehicles as they may deem necessary or desirable; to confine such vehicles, or special classes thereof, to particular streets or routes, and to exclude such vehicles, or special classes thereof, entirely from the streets; to fix the rates, fares and charges of such motor vehicle carriers; and to prescribe the license to be paid to the city by such carriers, and the amount and character of bond which they may be required to give.
"Sec. 2. * * * That the City Council shall have power to enforce the provisions of this Act, the powers hereby granted, and such rules and regulations as may be adopted pursuant thereto, by appropriate penalties.
"Sec. 3. That all Acts or parts of Acts inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed.
"Sec. 4. That this Act shall become effective immediately upon its approval by the Governor."
We find on this question the following authorities: *439
Henderson v. City of Bluefield,
"A municipal ordinance making it unlawful for drivers or proprietors of taxicabs, motor busses, and jitneys to solicit passengers for hire on the streets of the municipality, to stand or park the same in the city closer than 100 feet of any railroad passenger station or the terminus of any interurban street railway car line, * * * should be upheld as having been enacted in the reasonable exercise of the police power of the municipality and its charter authority to pass ordinances for the regulation of automobiles and other vehicles within the municipality promotive of the interest or convenience of the inhabitants thereof.
"The validity of the ordinance, sole question for solution, depends upon the enactment of the ordinance as being a reasonable exercise of the police power and charter authority of the city. The proper exercise of the police power permits the municipality, independent of any statutory authority conferred upon it, to regulate the use and enjoyment of the streets in the interest of the public health, general welfare, and convenience of the people. Bluefield v. Public Serv.Commission,
"A charter provision empowering municipal corporations to grant, refuse, or revoke license to owners of vehicles kept for hire therein, and to subject them to such regulation as the interest and convenience of the inhabitants thereof, in the opinion of the municipal authorities may require, delegates to the corporation full legislative power over such vehicles.Ex parte Dickey (Dickey v. Dickey),
"An enactment prohibiting any hackman from permitting his horse or vehicle to stand in any public street of a village, or to walk or drive through the streets soliciting patronage, was held valid in the case of People ex rel. Van Norder v.Sewer, Water Street Commission,
"`It seems to me a complete answer to this contention is that the relator has no legal right to conduct his business in a public street, except he does so under a lawful license authorizing him so to do. The law in question does not prohibit the relator from engaging in the occupation of a hackman, but simply lays down salutary rules, prohibiting his soliciting patronage as such hackman in the public streets.'
"In modern times the power to regulate public conveyances for hire, such as hacks, taxicabs, motorbusses, and jitneys, inheres in the legislatures of the several States, but this power may be, and usually is, delegated by the States to the various municipalities within their borders. The municipalities in pursuance of the authority delegated to them by the States, may, as a valid exercise of the police power, pass ordinances regulating the business of such conveyances. Whether a particular ordinance is reasonable for the purpose for which it is enacted is in the first instance to be determined by the municipal authorities. When they have acted and the ordinance has been passed it is presumptively valid, and, before a Court will be justified in holding it invalid, its unreasonableness must be clearly made apparent. While it is true that municipal ordinances, to be valid, must be reasonable, the presumption is in favor of their validity, and it is incumbent upon any one seeking to have them set aside as unreasonable to point out or show affirmatively wherein the unreasonableness consists. Tested by this rule, we are of the opinion that the ordinance in question, as a salutary regulation of traffic in the municipality, is reasonable and valid. * * *"
May cases supporting the foregoing decision are likewise abstracted in the note in 42 A.L.R., 282, as follows:
"In holding that a statutory provision making it unlawful for any hackman to `permit any horse or vehicle to stand in any public street * * * for hire, or to walk or drive through the streets soliciting patronage,' did not deprive one of his property without due process of law, it was said in People ex rel. Van Norder v. Sewer, Water StreetCommission (1904),
"An ordinance which imposed an additional license fee upon jitneys and similar vehicles for hire, as a condition to their being permitted to solicit or receive passengers in certain designated streets in which trolley cars were operated, was declared by the Court to be practically prohibitive as to these streets in Desser v. Wichita (1915),
"An ordinance providing that `no owner or driver of an automobile truck or dray, jitney or other conveyance engaged in the business or occupation of conveying passengers or merchandise for hire,' should park, solicit business, or maintain a stand on the streets within a specified district of a city, was held in McGuire v. Wilkerson (1922) [22 Okla. Cr., 36];
We think that the city's right to route and schedule jitneys is fully sustained by the following authorities:
In a note on the case of Hadfield v. Lundin (Wash.), ___ L.R.A., 1918-B, 909, the note beginning at page 912, as follows:
"The legislature has the power to confer upon cities authority to license and regulate the operation of jitney busses.Dallas v. Gill (Tex.Civ.App. 1918); 199 S.W. [1144].
"A city has the undoubted right to prevent the use of its streets by jitney busses. Cummins v. Jones (1916),
"So, too, a city which has full control of its streets can grant the use of some streets and refuse the use of others for jitney purposes. Peters v. San Antonio
(Tex.Civ.App. 1917);
"A statute regulating jitney busses is not invalid, as class legislation, because it excludes from its operation street cars and taxicabs, where it operates on all jitney busses alike.Huston v. Des Moines (1916),
"So, also, an ordinance regulating jitney busses is not unconstitutional, as discriminatory class legislation, in that it imposes upon them taxes and restrictions which it does not impose upon the operators of auto stages, sightseeing automobiles, taxicabs, horse stages, street cars, and other carriers transporting passengers for hire within the city. *443 Allen v. Bellingham (1917),
"That only jitneys which follow certain routes are permitted to go through certain streets is not an unwarranted discrimination that renders an ordinance regulating jitney busses invalid. Peters v. San Antonio (Tex.Civ.App. 1917);
Note, ___ L.R.A., 1918-B, 913, 914.
"The commissioners of a city under its charter powers to regulate the use of its streets have authority to regulate the use of the streets by jitney busses despite the fact that there is a State Statute dealing with the subject-matter and regulating it from the viewpoint of State policy, where there is no express intent in such statute to repeal the charter authority or legislative intent to deal de novo with the entire subject. Irwin v. Atlantic City (1917),
"A provision of a municipal ordinance regulating jitney busses that an applicant for license shall state in his application certain classified information regarding his car, the termini between which such motor bus is to be operated, and a schedule showing the times of departure from the termini, according to which he intended to operate such motor bus, is valid as a regulatory measure. Huston v.Des Moines (1916),
"The operator of a jitney bus who regularly transports passengers for hire between two termini for a fixed compensation may not by varying his route from time to time between such termini change the classification of his vehicle.Smith v. State (1917),
"The following regulations have been held to be reasonable:
"Requirement that jitney busses operate on fixed schedules over designated routes. Allen v. Bellingham (1917),
"Requirement that routes and schedules be fixed. Hustonv. Des Moines (Iowa), supra.
"Requirements as to places for stopping. Allen v. Bellingham (Wash.), supra.
"Requirement that jitney bus carry signs and plates designating its route and its time schedule, with other matters."
Note, ___ L.R.A., 1918-B, 915, 916.
City of Memphis v. State of Tennessee ex rel. S.B.Ryals,
"However, classification for such purposes is not invalid because not depending on scientific or marked differences in things and persons, or in their relations. It suffices if it is practical, and it is not reviewable unless palpably arbitrary.Orient Ins. Co. v. Daggs,
The Court thereafter undertakes to define taxicabs and jitneys and quotes at length from Ex parte Cardinal,
"It is too clear for extended discussion that it was competent for the Legislature under the police power to regulate the use of the streets and public places by jitney operators, who, as common carriers, have no vested right to use the same without complying with a requirement as to obtaining a permit or license. The right to make such use is a franchise, to be withheld or granted as the Legislature may see fit. Dill., Mun. Corp., §§ 1210, 1229. Fifth Ave. CoachCo. v. New York,
See, also, to the same effect, the following cases already cited and referred to in the reference to L.R.A., 1918-B, 913: Dallas v. Gill (Tex. Civ. App, 1918);
The above case holds that there is no right to use a public highway in the operation of the business of a common carrier without consent of the State, and upholds the requirement of a proper indemnity bond. The language of this decision is in many cases strongly applicable to the case at bar:
"The streets and highways belong to the public. They are built and maintained at public expense, for the use of the general public in the ordinary and customary manner. *447
The State, and the city as an arm of the State, has absolute control of the streets in the interest of the public. No private individual or corporation has a right to the use of the streets, in the prosecution of the business of a common carrier for private gain without the consent of the State, nor except upon the terms and conditions prescribed by the State or municipality, as the case may be. The use of the streets as a place of business or as a main instrumentality of business is accorded as a mere privilege, and not as a matter of natural right. In State v. Seattle Taxicab Transfer Co.
[
"In Greene v. San Antonio (Tex.Civ.App.),
"These cases, though involving regulatory statutes or ordinances, all recognize and are based upon the fundamental ground that the sovereign State has plenary control of the streets and highways, and in the exercise of its police power may absolutely prohibit the use of the streets as a place for the prosecution of a private business for gain. They all recognize the fundamental distinction between the ordinary right of a citizen to use the streets in the usual way and the use of the streets as a place of business or main instrumentality of a business for private gain. The former is a common right, the latter an extraordinary use. As to the former the legislative power is confined to regulation; as to the latter it is plenary and extends even to absolute prohibition. Since the use of the streets by a common carrier in the prosecution of its business as such is not a right, but a mere license or privilege, it follows that the Legislature may prohibit such use entirely without impinging any provision either of the State or Federal Constitution. In Allenv. Bellingham,
Packard v. Benton,
"The contention most pressed is that the act unreasonably and arbitrarily discriminates against those engaged in operating motor vehicles for hire in favor of persons operating such vehicles for their private ends, and in favor of street cars and motor omnibuses. If the State determines that the use of streets for private purposes in the usual and ordinary manner shall be preferred over their use by common carriers for hire there is nothing in the Fourteenth Amendment to prevent. The streets belong to the public, and are primarily for the use of the public in the ordinary way. Their use for the purposes of gain is special and extraordinary, and generally, at least, may be prohibited or conditioned as the Legislature deems proper. Neither is there substance in the complaint that street cars and omnibuses are not included in the requirements of the statute. * * * Decisions sustaining the validity of legislation like that here involved are numerous, and substantially uniform. Among them, we cite the following: [Nolen] v. Riechman [D.C.], 225 F., 812, 818. Schoenfeld v. Seattle [D.C.], 265 F., 726, 730. Lane v. Whitaker [D.C.], 275 F., 476, 480.Huston v. Des Moines,
Also the Trescot case,
We think the ordinance in question should be sustained. It is essential and necessary for the welfare of the City of Columbia that it have regulated public transportation operated upon regular routes and schedules.
The city had the right to enact and enforce the ordinance in question. No one has the inherent right to carry on his private business along the public streets. Such rights can be exercised only under such terms and conditions imposed by the city authorities.
The ordinance in question is reasonable and valid. The injunction asked for is refused, and petition dismissed.
MESSRS. JUSTICES COTHRAN, BLEASE, STABLER and CARTER concur.