69 N.J.L. 327 | N.J. | 1903
The opinion of the court was delivered by
Upon this writ of error it must be assumed that the jury found that there was no lug upon the hook that parted from the engine when the draw-bar pin broke. If there was no legal testimony from which this fact could be found, or, what is the same thing, if the only testimony upon that point was illegally admitted, it was error to submit the question to the jury.
The testimony to which this degree of importance attaches came into the case in this way: Ten days after the accident Jacob PI. Yreeland, at the request of the mother of the decedent, undertook to investigate the circumstances that had led to the death-of her son. In pursuance of this object he called, in company with a brother of the decedent, at the office of the division superintendent of the defendant, and told him that he had come to see the parts that were on the tender that parted from the engine. The superintendent said, “They are not here,” and upon Mr. YreelancPs saying, “Yes, sir; I believe they are here,” a clerk was called and asked if the parts were there. The clerk said, “Yes, sir,” and produced a hook, .concerning which the witnesses, Yreeland and' Iiuebner, testified that it had no lug. All of this testimony was specifically objected to on the ground that it was not competent or binding upon the defendant, unless it was shown that “the railroad people who made the statements to the witnesses were authorized to make statements on behalf of
I think that, in the admission of this evidence, legal error was committed. The statement of the superintendent that the parts were not in his office was the only proof bearing .upon his authority to act for the defendant in the premises, and it does not in anywise tend to show that such authority had been conferred upon him. There is nothing in. the case to show that such authority had been reposed in the clerk who produced the hook, and nothing to suggest that what either of these agents did or said was within the scope of his general employment. The question presented, therefore, is whether a principal is bound by acts or statements of his agents with respect to matters not within the scope of their employment or committed to their agency. This question, which from time to time recurs, is an important one, and has received hitherto an uniform treatment in the reported decisions of our courts. In the early case of Runk v. Ten Eyck, 4 Zab. 756, the rule is thus laid down: “Declarations and doings of a third person, acting in the capacity of an agent, are exempt from the general rule respecting hearsay testimony. . They are admitted in evidence against the principal as the. representations or acts of the principal himself whom the agent represents, while engaged in the particular transaction to which the declarations or acts refer. They must constitute a part of the res gestee in the course of his employment about the matter in question; they must accompany the doing of the business or making of the contract, and must be within the scope of the delegated authority.”
This rule has since been consistently applied in our decisions, both in cases in which testimony was admitted and in those in which it was rejected. Among the more recent applications of this rule may be cited Little v. Kerr, 17 Stew. Eq. 267, in which it is said that such testimony “while proof of the statement of a fact, is not evidence of the truth of the fact.”
In another case—Potts v. Agricultural Insurance Co., 26 Vroom 163, the rule laid down is that “a statement made by
In Smith v. Delaware and Atlantic Telegraph and Telephone Co., 19 Dick. Ch. Rep. 770, the testimony of an agent was admitted when it was satisfactorily shown that it was “made in the conduct of business entrusted to him.”
And in Blackman v. West Jersey and Seashore Railroad Co., 39 Vroom 1, where the testimony was rejected, the present Chief Justice said: “It is only words which are spoken, or acts which are done by an agent in the execution .of his agency which are admissible in evidence against the principal.”
These citations suffice to show the correct rule, and to demonstrate that, if applied in the present case, it would have led to the exclusion of the testimony of Vreeland and Pluebner as to all that occurred at t]ie office of the superintendent. In legal effect, therefore, this testimony must be regarded as excised, from the case.' Thus regarded, it is evident that the parts of the charge to which exception was sealed in which the trial court left it to the jury to say whether the hook produced in court by the defendant was the hook which Vreeland and Huebner testified had been shown to them in the superintendent’s office; and of deducing from this comparison a verdict as to whether the hook that was on the engine had or had not a lug, involved a fallacy. The basis for the supposed comparison had no legal existence.
These judicial errors were not cured by the- testimony of the superintendent that the hook that he showed to Vreeland and Pluebner at his office had a. lug on it, for, with the testimony of Vreeland and Pluebner out of the case, this testimony of the superintendent was opposed by no testimony to the contrary, and hence could not form the basis of a verdict against the defendant on this point.
From these considerations it results that there miist be a reversal of .the judgment rendered in the court below, without reference to the other grounds relied upon by the defendant,
. The judgment is reversed. '
