Howard v. StateHoward v. State
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- Before:
- Harold
Jeffery Norris Howard was convicted of aggravated assault, kidnapping and armed robbery. He enumerates six errors on appeal.
This case arose after Omar Johnson told Howard he wanted to commit an armed robbery. Howard suggested a target, gave Johnson a gun, and agreed to drive. Several days later, Johnson arranged for Howard to drive him to the target, a country store. Johnson entered the store, asked for a pack of cigarettes, and then pulled out the gun and demanded money. After emptying the cash register into a paper bag, he dragged the clerk to a rear storage room, and, with the gun to her head, forced her to her hands and knees. Then he turned and walked away.
After Howard dropped Johnson off near the store, Howard told his passenger that “a hit [was] going to happen.” Shortly thereafter, a highway patrol officer stopped the car, searching for the robber of the store. He questioned Howard and his passenger, searched the car, and then let them go. After the passenger was subsequently arrested, he informed authorities about the robbery in the hope of getting bond. Johnson also confessed and implicated Howard. Held:
1. The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, was sufficient to permit the jury to find that Howard was a party to each of the crimes.
Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U. S. 307, 319-320 (99 SC 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979). Notwithstanding Howard’s contention to the contrary, his actions constituted far more than mere presence at the scene. The record shows that Howard supplied the suggested target, the weapon and the transportation to the target. See
2. The trial court’s jury charge on aggravated assault was clearly inadequate.
1
The court charged the jury as follows: “The defendant is also charged with the offense of aggravated assault. I charge you that under Georgia law aggravated assault is defined as a person makes an assault upon the person of another person when that person uses a deadly weapon and this can be accomplished by pointing said weapon at said person. That’s an assault. That’s aggravated assault as defined by Georgia law.” This charge failed to include the requisite elements of assault, an attempt to commit a violent injury to another’s person or the commission of an act which places another in reasonable apprehension of receiving an immediate violent injury.
Trial counsel’s failure to raise this issue after the court solicited objections to the jury charge ordinarily would have waived it.
Smith,
268 Ga. at 43 (2). However, where, as here, the charging error was a substantial misstatement of the essential elements of the offense, it is reviewable as a “substantial error . . . harmful as a matter of law.”
3. Howard maintains that the aggravated assault charge merged with the kidnapping and armed robbery charges and the kidnapping charge merged with the armed robbery charge. His failure, however, to raise these issues in the trial court waives the alleged errors.
*439
Edmonson v. State,
212 Ga. App. 449, 451-452 (3) (442 SE2d 300) (1994). Moreover, had the issues been properly preserved, we would affirm because the record demonstrates that each count relied on separate facts. The armed robbery occurred shortly after Johnson entered the store when he pulled the gun on the cashier and forced her to empty the contents of her cash register into the bag.
4. Howard contends that his trial counsel was ineffective on several grounds. We need not reach them, however, because appellate counsel raised these issues for the first time on appeal, without addressing them in his motion for new trial. 2 That ineffectiveness claims must be raised “at the earliest practicable moment” is well established. Caine v. State, 266 Ga. 421 (467 SE2d 570) (1996). The failure to do so procedurally bars Howard from raising them here. Glover v. State, 266 Ga. 183, 184 (2) (465 SE2d 659) (1996).
5. We reach the following issue because it could arise on retrial. Howard contends that the victim’s age was an essential element of the aggravated assault count because it was predicated on
In
Bundren v. State,
247 Ga. 180, 181 (2) (274 SE2d 455) (1981), the Supreme Court held that legislative intent determined whether an amendment created a separate crime or was simply a penalty enhancement.
3
The General Assembly enacted the age-related provisions of the aggravated assault statute “so as to change the penalty provisions relating to persons convicted of the crime[ ] of aggravated assault.” Ga. L. 1984, p. 900. Thus, proof that the victim was at least 65 years old was not necessary to establish a prima facie case of aggravated assault. Such evidence was required, however, to enhance the penalty under
Accordingly, Howard’s convictions on the armed robbery and kidnapping charges are affirmed. His conviction for aggravated assault is set aside and the sentence pertaining thereto is vacated.
Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part.
Pope, P. J., and Ruffin, J., concur.
Notes
The indictment charged Howard with assaulting the victim “with a firearm, a deadly weapon, by pointing said weapon at said person.”
In the amended motion for new trial the ineffectiveness issue was limited to trial counsel’s failure to assure the recordation of certain portions of the trial.
In Bundren, the Supreme Court found that aggravated assault of a police officer was a separate crime from aggravated assault, requiring proof of knowledge that the crime was committed against a police officer as an essential element.