delivered the opinion of the court:
Respondent, Robert Jon Bailey, the father of the minor, Devin K. Bailey, appeals a judgment changing the minor’s name to Devin K. Howard. Respondent argues that petitioner, Inara M. Howard, Devin’s mother, did not prove by clear and convincing evidence that the name change would be in the minor’s best interest as required by section 21 — 101 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/21 — 101 (West 2002)). We affirm.
Petitioner and respondent were mаrried in 1991 in California, where Devin was born in the same year. When petitioner and respondent were divorced in 1994, they were awarded joint legal custody of their son. Petitioner received physical custody of Devin. Respondent, who still lives in California, has visitation rights and is obligated to pay child support. On July 25, 2002, petitioner, now living in Carpentersville, filed her petition. Respondent filed an answer, and the cause went tо a hearing on September 12, 2002. We summarize the testimony as it is given in the certified bystander’s report.
Petitioner testified as follows. After the divorce, she moved with Devin to Tacoma, Washington, and later to Illinois. She remarried in December 1994 and has two other children with her current husband, John J. Howard, Jr. Respondent has not seen Devin in the past four years. Since petitioner and Devin moved to Illinois, two years before thе hearing, respondent has never tried to contact either of them by phone. The last time respondent called was when they lived in Tacoma. On this occasion alone, petitioner did not allow respondent to talk to Devin because Devin had been extremely upset by respondent’s strange behavior the last time they had spoken. Respondent then began yelling, using profanity, and threatening to kill Mr. Howard. Petitioner neither encourages nor discourages personal or telephone contact between Devin and respondent but lets her son decide for himself. When making decisions affecting Devin’s well-being, petitioner never consults with respondent because he has never shown any interest in participating in those decisions.
Petitioner testified that she filed the petition because Devin hаd repeatedly asked her to change his last name to Howard. Before petitioner filed the petition, Devin received a letter or card from respondent once or twice a year. Since filing the petition, petitioner has daily received letters to Devin from respondent. She makes sure Devin reads them. Many of the letters have disturbing contents; for instance, “Petitioner’s Exhibit A” (not in the recоrd) is the cover from a CD by respondent’s rock band, “Serious Suicide,” and shows respondent making an obscene gesture. Since moving to Illinois, petitioner has received a monthly child support check for $63, written by respondent’s father and drawn on the two Baileys’ joint account. Before that, respondent’s payments were sporadic. The envelopes containing the current checks are addressed by respondent but include no inquiries about Devin’s welfare. Asked to describe the father-son relationship, petitioner said there is none and has been none since Devin was born.
John J. Howard, Jr., testified that he has been married to petitioner for TLh years. He considers Devin to be his own child because he has acted as Devin’s father for most of the boy’s life. The family already refers to Devin by the surname “Howаrd,” not “Bailey.”
Respondent testified as follows. He regularly pays his court-ordered child support. For the first four years after the divorce, he tried to maintain a close relationship with Devin by visiting regularly. At the hearing, photographs showing the father-son relationship were introduced into evidence. Copies of these photographs are in the record on appeal. Financial and medical problems (not further specified) have kept respondent from traveling to visit Devin for the past four years. Respondent tries to call his son regularly but is not granted access to the child. Respondent writes his son regularly. He wants to have a close relationship with Devin and remain actively interested in the child’s life.
Devin Bailey was questioned in chambers by the trial judge with counsel present. Devin testified as follows. He has not seen his father in four years and does not have a relationship with him. His father has not called him since Devin moved to Illinois. Once, while Devin and his grandmother were talking by phone, the grandmother offered to put respondent on, but (we quote the bystander’s report) “he told her not to, because he did not wish to speak to him.” Before the petition for a name change was filed, Devin rarely receivеd mail from his father. Since the petition was filed, Devin has regularly received mail from respondent, but “much of it is strange and nonsensical and makes [Devin] uncomfortable.”
Devin told the court that it was his idea to have his name changed. At first, petitioner said no, but finally she agreed. Devin wants the change because he considers the Howards his real family; because it is difficult in school and other activities to have а last name different from that of the rest of his family; and because he does not want to share the last name of “a man who has never acted like his father or cared about him.”
The bystander’s report states that the trial judge found as follows:
“a) That the testimony of the mother and father canceled each other out[,] which left him with the child’s wishes.
b) The child stated he wanted to be called by his new name becаuse it made him feel like part of the family.
c) Child said he did not have a relationship with his father because he has not seen much of him.”
The trial judge decided to allow the name change because Devin wanted it and because Devin experienced difficulties in school and recreational activities as a result of having a last name different from the rest of his family. After the court granted the petitiоn, respondent timely appealed.
Respondent argues that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the name change petition because petitioner failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the change was in the minor’s best interest. Respondent asserts that the trial court unduly emphasized the wishes of a minor who is still developing emotionally; that the inconvenience Devin experiences in school and recreation is not a compelling reason for the name change; and that the trial court slighted the importance of maintaining a strong relationship between the child and the noncustodial parent.
Petitioner has not filed a brief. However, as the record is short and the issues are straightforward, we may decide the merits without the aid of an appellee’s brief. See First Capitol Mortgage Corp. v. Talandis Construction Corp.,
This case is governed by section 21 — 101 of the Code of Civil Procedure, which, as pertinent here, reads:
“An order shall be entered as to a minor only if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the change is necessary to serve the best interest of the child. In determining the best interest of a minor child under this Section, the court shall consider all relevant factors, including:
(1) The wishes of the child’s parents and any person acting as a parent who has physical custody of the child.
(2) The wishes of the child and the reasons for those wishes. The court may interview the child in chambers to ascertain the child’s wishes ***. ***
(3) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with his or her parents or persons acting as parents who have physical custody of the child, step-parents, siblings, step-siblings, or any other person who may significantly affect the child’s best interest.
(4) The child’s adjustment to his or her home, school, and community.” 735 ILCS 5/21 — 101 (West 2002).
The trial court ruled that under the facts as it found them, the name change would serve Devin’s best interest. Because the trial court had the prerоgative of weighing the evidence and finding the facts, we must defer to its decision unless the judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence. See Bazydlo v. Volant,
We cannot say thаt the trial court’s conclusion that the proposed name change would serve Devin’s best interest was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Given the court’s factual determinations, the factors in section 21 — 101’s nonexclusive list generally support the judgment for petitioner. The first factor, the wishes of the minor’s parents and any person acting as a parent who has physical custody of the child, dоes not strongly favor either party, as the parents are obviously at loggerheads. Nevertheless, Mr. Howard, who has lived with Devin for most of the minor’s life, did testify that he sees Devin as his own child and refers to Devin by the last name Howard. It is a fair inference from this testimony that he strongly favors the name change. Therefore, the first factor favors petitioner somewhat.
The second factor, the child’s wishes and the reаsons therefor, strongly supports petitioner. Again, we emphasize that the trial judge was far better able than are we not only to ascertain the child’s wishes but also to gauge the minor’s conviction, maturity, and clarity of mind. Devin’s testimony demonstrated that he did not reach his decision casually or through coercion. He has lived with the Howards for over seven years and considers them his “real family.” He has not seеn respondent in four years, has not heard from respondent by telephone since moving to Illinois, and seldom received mail from respondent until the middle of 2002. Even then, respondent’s letters made Devin “uncomfortable” and drew the two no closer. Devin testified not merely that he did not get along with respondent but that respondent has never acted like his father or cared for him.
Even from the limited record, it is clear that Devin deeply desires the name change and is not motivated by trivial or irrational considerations. Although part of his motivation is to have an easier time adjusting to school and play, convenience is not primary. (Moreover, as the fourth statutory factor implies, Devin’s adjustment to his school and community is a proper consideration.) The trial judge could conclude that the minor’s identity and, put simply, his happiness, would be served by changing his name to that of his “real family.” Thus, the second factor strongly supports petitioner.
The third factor, the minor’s interactions with his parents, stepparent, and others who may significantly affect his best interest, also favors petitioner. We have noted how Mr. Howard and Devin provided evidence of the strong bond between the minor and the Howards and the lack of any such bond between the minor and respondent. As one would expect, petitioner testified to similar effect. However, even respondent admitted that he has not visited his son during the past four years, although he stated vaguely that “financial and medical problems” prevented him from doing so.
The fourth factor, the child’s adjustment to his home, school, and community, also supports the name change. Devin testified that having a name different from the other members of his “real family,” including his stepsiblings, creates difficulties for him in school and elsewhere. While this testimony is also somewhat vague and would not by itself support the name change (see Stockton v. Oldenburg,
In all, the pertinent considerations militate in favor of the trial court’s judgment granting the petition. However, respondent asserts that because Devin was only 11 years old, the trial court should not have made his wishes controlling. We disagree. It is true that one opinion, cited approvingly by an Illinois court, states that a 12-year-old child is not capable of choosing intelligently “ ‘in the matter of his name.’ ” In re Marriage of Omelson,
Although the trial court in Craig noted at some length that the child there was unusually mature and intelligent, the appellate court did not specifically rely on that finding. More importantly, while the trial judge here did not specifically state that Devin is unusually mature or intelligent, the judge apparently did believe that Devin’s preference was well-considered. The record supports that conclusion. Devin articulated clear and plausible reasons for desiring to change his name, and he had lived with the Howards for years before petitioner filed the petition. Again, we stress that thе trial judge was able to observe the minor as he testified, and we shall not disturb the judge’s decision to give the minor’s personal preferences serious consideration.
Respondent also argues that the trial court did not give sufficient weight to the importance of preserving the relationship between the noncustodial parent and the child. Respondent is correct that “[t]he noncustodial parеnt necessarily is at a disadvantage in maintaining a strong relationship with the child and maintenance of that parent’s name goes far toward demonstrating his continuing interest in and identity with the child.” In re Marriage of Presson,
Respondent argues that this case is similar to Presson, Mattson, and Omelson. In Presson and Mattson, the reviewing court affirmed the denial of the petition for a name change, while here respondent asks us to reverse the trial court under a highly deferential standard of review. In any event, all of these cases are factually distinguishable from this one.
In Presson, the supreme court affirmed as modified an order barring the change of the minor’s surname to that of his stepfather. The child was five years old when his parents were divorced, six years old when his mother remarried and his stepfather told the child’s father of the desired name change, and seven years old when the trial court heard evidence on the issue. The supreme court remanded the cause for the entry of an order prohibiting the mother or stepfather from changing the child’s name in any legal proceeding or official record. Presson,
Although Presson was decided before section 21 — 101 took effect, the supreme court applied the same “best interest of the child” test that the statute uses. Presson,
Finally, in Presson there was evidence beyond the father’s testimony that a real bond did exist between the father and his son. The father had visited regularly with the son since the divorce and made his support payments regularly. Presson,
Mattson is also distinguishable from this case. There, we wrote, “The only evidence that petitioner presented of the minor’s best interest was that she had been teаsed by schoolmates on three occasions.” (Emphasis added.) Mattson,
Omelson is also distinguishable. There, the mother filed the petition to change her daughter’s name just one month after she remarried and five months after her marriage to the father had been dissolved. At this time, the child was barely five and had bеen residing in her new home for about seven weeks. Omelson,
Here, in contrast to Omelson, the minor strongly desired the name сhange and sought it only after he had established a long and close relationship with his stepfather and the stepfather’s children. Even more importantly, Devin’s testimony, which the trial court credited, was unequivocal that respondent had not visited Devin in four years, had rarely written him in that time, and had failed to create a bond of any sort between himself and Devin. Also, Devin testified that he actually had experiencеd inconvenience and discomfort from having a name different from the rest of his “real family.” Unlike the trial court in Omelson, the trial court here could legitimately consider the child’s own preferences, did not need to rely on speculation about the child’s best interest, and could disregard the significance of preserving the (nonexistent) parent-child bond.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Kane County is affirmed.
Affirmed.