81 S.W. 279 | Tex. | 1904
This case is thus stated by the Court of Civil Appeals:
"This is a suit by W.A. East against the Houston and Texas Central Railroad Company for damages growing out of the alleged destruction by defendant of plaintiff's well. The case was tried before the court without a jury and resulted in a judgment for defendant and plaintiff appealed. The trial court filed conclusions of fact which, in the absence *148 of a statement of facts, are to be taken as the facts of the case. Said conclusions are as follows:
"`1. The defendant, the Houston Texas Central Railroad Company, was the owner in fee simple of six (6) lots in the city of Denison, Grayson County, Texas, at the time mentioned in plaintiff's petition, and dug thereon a well twenty (20) feet in diameter and sixty-six (66) feet deep. It put therein a steam pump of sufficient strength to supply a three-inch pipe, and with the exception of three or four days since August, 1901, has daily taken from said well by means of said pump about twenty-five thousand (25,000) gallons of water. This water was taken from said well and used by it in its locomotives and machine shops operated by it in the city of Denison, in which said land is situated. Said well is supplied entirely by water percolating through its soil and that of adjacent lands and not by any underground or other stream of any kind. Before digging said well defendant made an examination of its surroundings, including the well of the plaintiff, and made test holes with a view of obtaining the desired supply of fifty thousand (50,000) gallons of water per day. Plaintiff was present when such examinations were being made and consented for his well to be examined by defendant, and had no further conversation or communication with the defendant upon the subject. From the examination made by it defendant became satisfied that it could procure the desired supply of water upon the land as aforesaid, and dug said well for purposes of obtaining the same for the uses hereinbefore set out. The wells were dug without any intention on the part of defendant of injuring the property of either of the plaintiffs, and it did not know that such would be the effect. The water percolated into defendant's well at different depths, some of it coming into the bottom thereof. The well of plaintiff is about five feet in diameter and about thirty-three feet in depth; is on land owned by plaintiff in fee simple and used as a homestead by plaintiff; was dug prior to defendant's well; and had always been used by plaintiff, up to the time defendant's well was dug, for household purposes, and prior to that time had always supplied an adequate supply of water for such uses; that this well has been dried up by the digging and use to which defendant has put its well. That the damage that plaintiff and his land has sustained by the drying up of his well is the sum of two hundred and six dollars and twenty-five cents ($206.25), including both past and prospective injury to himself and the lots described in his petition.
"`2. I further find that the use to which defendant puts its well was not a reasonable use of their property as land, but was an artificial use of their property, and if the doctrine of reasonable use, as applicable to defined streams to such cases, this was unreasonable.'"
The Court of Civil Appeals reversed the judgment of the District Court in favor of the defendant and rendered judgment for plaintiff for the damages claimed. We are of the opinion that this judgment is wrong and that of the District Court right. *149
Since the decision in the case of Acton v. Blundell, 12 Mees. W., 324, the law as therein laid down, so far as it controls this case, has been recognized and followed in the courts of England, and probably by all the courts of last resort in this country before which the question has come, except the Supreme Court of New Hampshire. Bassett v. Salisbury Mfg. Co., 43 N.H., 569; Swett v. Cutts,
The many other authorities on the subject are cited in the cases referred to, and so thorough has been the discussion that we feel that it would be useless to attempt any addition. The practical reasons upon which the courts base their conclusions fully meet the more theoretical view of the New Hampshire court and satisfy us of the necessity of the doctrine. Those reasons are thus summarized by the Supreme Court of Ohio in Frazier v. Brown: "In the absence of express contract and a positive authorized legislation, as between proprietors of adjoining land, the law recognizes no correlative rights in respect to underground waters percolating, oozing, or filtrating through the earth; and this mainly from considerations of public policy: (1) Because the existence, origin, movement and course of such waters, and the causes which govern and direct their movements, are so secret, occult and concealed that an attempt to administer any set of legal rules in respect to them would be involved in hopeless uncertainty, and would therefore be practically impossible. (2) Because any such recognition of correlative rights would interfere, to the material detriment of the commonwealth, with drainage of agriculture, mining, the construction of highways and railroads, with sanitary regulations, building, and the general progress of improvement in works of embellishment and utility."
The mere quantity of water taken by the owner from his land has nowhere been held to affect the question. Exhaustion resulting from excavating and pumping for mining purposes has been considered in several cases to give rise to no liability. So the authorities generally state that the use of the water for manufacturing, brewing and like purposes *150 is within the right of the owner of the soil, whatever may be its effect upon his neighbor's wells and springs.
In Chasemore v. Richards, supra, the defendant, in supplying the wants of a town, used to such an extent the water which had percolated through his land into a water course as to reduce the water in the stream and to leave the plaintiff's mill thereon without adequate power, and yet it was held that there was no liability. There is possibly a conflict which we need not undertake to resolve between this decision and those in the two New York cases stated below. But in Chasemore v. Richards, Lord Wensleydale, who alone, among several delivering opinions, expressed doubt as to the correctness of the conclusion reached, admitted the soundness of the principle laid down in Acton v. Blundell, and that the owner of the soil is at liberty to dig therein and take away the percolating water for any legitimate purpose of his own, "even though they carried on trades requiring more water (breweries for example) than would be used for domestic purposes only; it would still be for their purposes only." His doubt arose out of the fact that the defendant was not using the water for his own purposes but was selling it to others. If persons using lands in mining, manufacturing and brewing may take therefrom all the water required in the prosecution of such businesses, what reason can exist why a railroad company may not do the same thing for such purposes as those to which it applies this well? We think none can be given. In the case of Hougan v. Railway Co.,
Besides the New Hampshire decisions, which deny the whole doctrine of the other authorities, plaintiff relies on the cases of Forbell v. New York, 51 Law. Rep. Ann., 696; Smith v. Brooklyn, 45 Law. Rep. Ann., 664, 46 N.Y. Sup., 141, and Stillwater Co. v. Farmer,
It is readily seen that none of them, in their facts or the principles enforced, sustain this action. The defendant here is making a reasonable and legitimate use of the water which it takes from its own land, which use is not in quality different from or in its consequence to plaintiff more injurious than many upheld in the decisions. There is no claim of malice or wanton conduct of any character, and the effect to be given to such a fact when it exists is beside the present inquiry. No reason exists why the general doctrine should not govern the case.
The judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals is therefore reversed and that of the District Court affirmed.
Reversed and judgment of District Court affirmed.