141 Ill. 290 | Ill. | 1892
delivered the opinion of the Court:
It is assigned as error, that the trial court received in evidence the books of account of Beak & Bucher, showing the items of the accounts sued upon. It is claimed, that a proper foundation was not laid for the introduction of the books, and that, therefore, they should not have been admitted.
We think, that the books were properly admitted in connection with the evidence set forth in the statement of facts, which precedes this opinion. The court did not determine the weight of the books-as testimony, but simply their admissibility. It was for the jury to decide what weight should be given to them. The defendants had the right to introduce proof for the purpose of contradicting them, or showing their incorrectness, but they failed to introduce any testimony whatever ; and the books, together with the other evidence which accompanied them, made a prima facie case.
The third section of the Act in regard to evidence and depositions in civil cases is as follows: “Where, in any civil action, suit or proceeding, the claim or defense is founded on a book account, any party or interested person may testify to his-account book, and the items therein contained; that the same is a book of original entries, and that the entries therein were made by himself, and are true and just; or that the same were made by a deceased person, or by a disinterested person, a non-resident of the State at the time of the trial, and were made by such deceased or non-resident person in the usual course of trade, and of his duty or employment to the party so testifying; and thereupon the said account book and entries shall be admitted as evidence in the cause.” (1 Starr & Cur. Ann. Stat. page 1076.)
This statute permits the party himself to testify to his own books. The party himself was not allowed so to testify at common law. The common law requires, that the entries in the book should be proved by the clerk or servant who made them, if such clerk or servant be alive and can be produced. (Burnham v. Adams, 5 Vt. 313.) It was necessary, in order to make the book admissible, that the entries therein should have been made in the ordinary course of business by a person whose duty it was - to make them, and that they should have been made contemporaneously with the delivery of the goods, so as to form a part of the res gestæ. (1 Greenl. on Ev. secs. 115 to 120; C. & N. W. R. W. Co. v. Ingersoll, 65 Ill. 399.) Section 3, which was first passed in 1867, (Laws of 1867, sec. 3, page 184,) adds to and enlarges, but does not repeal, the common law rule. A contrary statement made in Presbyterian Church v. Emerson, 66 Ill. 269, was mere dictum, and not necessary to the decision of the case. It was not the intention of the statute to prohibit the introduction in evidence of books of account kept by a clerk, when such clerk is living in the State and is able to testify to the correctness of the books.
In Taliaferro v. Ives, 51 Ill. 247, we said that this statute of 1867 did not materially change the rule announced in Boyer v. Sweet, 3 Scam. 120. It was held in the latter case, that the rule in England, which allows the books of a tradesman to be introduced in evidence when they are supported by the oath of the clerk who made the entries, was the rule also in this State. (See also Ruggles v. Gatton, 50 Ill. 412.)
In Kibbe v. Bancroft, 77 Ill. 18, we again held, that the statute of 1867 did not materially change the existing rule as to the admission of books of account in evidence, but merely permitted an interested witness to" testify to all the facts, the proof of which had theretofore been decided to be necessary,, in order to lay a foundation for the admission of the account books.
The existence of the common law rule, which permits the clerk, who has kept the books, to testify, was again recognized in Stettauer v. White, 98 Ill. 72.
In a number of cases, we have held, that there are certain limitations upon the rule permitting such books of account to be introduced in evidence. In Boyer v. Sweet, supra, where the party kept the books himself, the books of original entries .were held to be admissible to sustain an account composed of many items, upon proof being made that some of the articles were delivered at or about the time the entries purported to have been made; that the entries were in the handwriting of the party producing the books; that he kept no clerk at the time; and that persons having dealings with him had settled by the books, and found them to be fair and correct.
In Humphreys v. Spear, 15 Ill. 275, the same state of facts was shown to exist as in Boyer v. Sweet, except thatdhe books were kept, not by the tradesman himself, but by his clerk; the clerk was introduced as a witness and gave evidence tending to show the correctness of the account; and we there said: “It is very clear that the books were admissible in evidence in connection with the testimony of the clerk. It is well settled in this country, that entries made by a clerk, in the regular and usual course of business, are admissible in evidence after his death on proof of his handwriting; and during his life, if authenticated by him. Such entries form part of' the res gestæ, and are admissible as original evidence. * * * If it appears that some of the goods were delivered contemporaneously with the entries made by the clerk, and that the books were fairly and honestly kept, the jury may reasonably conclude that the entire account is correct.” (See also, Lawrence v. Stiles, 16 Brad. 489.) The doctrine of Humphreys v. Spear was not changed by the statute of 1867.
In Stettauer v. White, supra, it was held, that, where the clerk who makes the entries has no knowledge of their correctness, but makes them as the items are furnished by another, it is essential that the party furnishing the items should testify to their correctness, or that satisfactory proof thereof, (such as the transactions were reasonably susceptible of,) from other sources should be produced. It is to be observed that, in the Stettauer case, there was no evidence except the carrier’s shipping receipt, that any portion of the articles had been delivered. In Kent v. Garvin, 1 Gray, 148, one of the cases upon which the Stettauer case is based, the failure “to show that at the time the charges were made, any articles, similar in character to those charged, were delivered by the plaintiff to the defendant” is commented upon as significant.
In the case at bar, there is evidence that, of the goods described in the accounts, an amount exceeding in value ;$5000.00 was delivered to the defendants; and not only does Henry, who kept the hooks of original entries, swear to their correctness; but, in addition to this, Richard Beak, who furnished the items to Henry, testifies to the correctness of the items.
The proof establishes all the facts necessary to bring the present case within the requirements of the cases of Boyer v. Sweet, Humphreys v. Speer, Ruggles v. Gatton, and Stettauer v. White, supra, except as to one matter. We find no evidence by any customer of Beak & Bucher, that he settled with them by their books and found them correct. (Ingersoll v. Banister, 41 Ill. 388.) The failure of the proof, however, in this regard would not have justified the exclusion of the books in view of the facts, that the defendants paid $1000.00 upon the account late in December without questioning it, and accepted: a statement of the account, as assigned, with the remark that it was “all right,” and, although more than three years elapsed after the account was presented before suit was brought, during which time many applications were made to them or some one of them for payment, they at no time ever urged any objections to the correctness of the account. A careful examination of the authorities hereinbefore referred to will show, that, before the statute of 1867 was passed, testimony from third persons, as to settlements made by the books, was more especially required in cases where the tradesman had no clerk, but kept his own books. In such cases, the party testifying to the correctness of the books being interested, it was held that his testimony should be supported by that of customers who had settled by the books. (Boyer v. Sweet, supra; Ingersoll v. Banister, supra; Ruggles v. Gatton, supra; Waggeman v. Peters, 22 Ill. 42.)
It. is further assigned as error, that the court refused to instruct for the defendants as follows: “The jury are instructed that as to the claim of plaintiffs for goods claimed to have been consigned by plaintiffs to defendants, there is no sufficient evidence to-support a verdict,” etc. The point is made, that a portion of the goods was consigned to the defendants to be paid for when sold, and to be returned if not sold, and that an action of assumpsit on the common counts cannot be maintained to recover for the goods so consigned, because there is no evidence of their sale by the defendants, or of a demand for their return by the plaintiffs.
Under the proofs in this case, the goods in .question were not consigned to the defendants to be sold by the latter as agents of the plaintiffs, but the agreement between the parties was what is known as a contract “on sale or return.” “A contract ‘on sale and return’ is an agreement, by which goods. are delivered by a wholesale dealer to a retail dealer to be paid for at a certain rate, if sold again by the latter; and if not sold to be returned.” (Story on the Law of Sales, sec. 249.) If the vendee returns the goods, the contract of sale is at an end; if he does not, the sale becomes absolute, and the price of the goods may be recovered in an action for goods sold and delivered: If no time is specified within which the return is to be made, the law implies that they are to be returned within a reasonable time. What is a reasonable time will depend upon the circumstances of each case. (Idem.) - In such cases, the property in the goods passes to the purchaser subject to an option in him to return them within a fixed or reasonable time; the price is fixed at the time of the sale and delivery of the goods; the purchaser deals with the goods as his own, disposes of them as he pleases for cash or, on credit, is under no obligation to give any account of his disposition of them, and is only liable to pay for them at a price fixed beforehand, without any reference to the price at which he sells them. (Jameson v. Gregory, 4 Metc. (Ky.) 363; In re Linforth, 4 Sawyer, (U. S. C. C. Rep.) 370; Ex parte White in re Neville, Law Rep. 6 Chanc. App. 397.
In Moss v. Sweet, 3 Eng. Law and Eq. Rep. 311, where goods were delivered tó the defendant to sell again, upon his agreement to account for such as were sold at the invoice ' price, with an option to return the residue within a reasonable time, and where he sold a portion but failed to return the rest ; it was held that his failure to return rendered him liable as upon an absolute sale, and to an action for goods sold and delivered.
The bargain, called “sale or return,” means “a sale with a right on the part of the buyer to return the goods at his option within a reasonable time, and * * * the property passes; and an action for goods sold and delivered will lie, if the goods are not returned to the seller within a reasonable time.” (2 Benj. on Sales,—6 Am. Ed.—sec. 913, page 794.)
Such sales may be regarded as subject to a condition subsequent, that is, upon condition that, if the goods are not sold, they are to be returned. Therefore, the property vests presently in the vendee, defeasible on the performance of the condition. If the defendant disables himself from performing the condition, or fails to perform it within a reasonable time; his liability to pay the price fixed becomes unconditional, and the plaintiff may declare as upon an indebitatus assumpsit. (Ray v. Thompson, 12 Cush. 281.)
These definitions of a contract “on sale or return” fit the facts in the case at bar. The prices were fixed upon the .goods when they were ordered. The consigned goods were to he paid for when sold at the prices invoiced, and such as were not sold were to be returned. As no time for the return was fixed, a reasonable time was implied. The defendants kept the goods for more than three years without offering to return them, and accepted itemized accounts of them without objection. Demands were frequently made upon them to pay for the consigned goods, and, if such goods were unsold at the dates of such demands, offers should have then been made to return them. Under the” circumstances, we think the defendants failed to exercise their option within a reasonable time, and are-liable as upon an absolute sale. There was therefore aio error in refusing the instruction.
The cases of Creel v. Kirhham, 47 Ill. 344, and Johnston v. Salisbury, 61 id. 316, have no application here, as in those cases there was no sale of the personal property by a vendor to the vendee so as to vest the title thereto in the latter at the time of delivery. Nor do we think that the case of Jones v. Wright, 71 Ill. 61, conflicts with the doctrine here announced. It was there said, that the arrangement was, in legal effect, a sale with the privilege of returning the property when the buyer should choose to make such return, or on the demand of the seller. The buyer may make himself liable to pay the price fixed in the agreement by refusing to return the property upon demand made for it by the seller; but, if the seller does not want the property and makes no demand for it, it is none the less true that the buyer will become liable to pay the price fixed, upon failing to return the property within a reasonable time. In the present case, demands made for the price of the consigned goods, unanswered by either the payment of the money or an offer to return the goods, amounted substantially ■to such a refusal to surrender on demand, as was held to be sufficient in the Jones case.
The judgment of the Appellate Court is affiriped.
Judgment affirmed.