203 P. 886 | Or. | 1921
The witness Tihl, testified:
“Well, the whistle was blowing right along. We were coming in, and I was sitting up by the window, with the window open, and just as I felt the brakes go on I turned and looked out, and there was a Ford machine standing by the curve, with a lady standing in the back end of the machine, and I heard her say, ‘Stop.’ ”
The witness further testified that he spoke to the woman and saw the machine after the accident, that “the window was open, and just then I looked out and saw this Ford machine on the curve and standing still. The Ford had made the turn already. They were right on the curve” and the lady was standing in the back part of it. He also testified:
“Q. Did yon see the Schneider automobile?
“A. I seen them — the first I seen of that machine was when it went on the outside of the Ford machine, and was just a little bit past.
“Q. You saw that Schneider automobile, then, in which these people were riding, just the other side of the Ford?
“A. It was past the Ford.
“Q. After it had passed the Ford?
“A. The Ford was right on the curve — just made the turn of the curve.
“Q. And before the smash-up, of course?
“A. Yes; before the smash-up.”
The evidence of the witness that he heard the lady in the Ford machine say “Stop” was admitted by the trial court as a part of the res gestae. The plaintiff claims that this was error. The brakeman, W. H. Gould, testified that “there was a machine at the crossing where we struck the car.” As we read the
“There was automobiles out in the road, and I noticed an automobile running along close to where the train was to be met, and the crossing. There was another automobile standing at the turn of the crossing, apparently waiting for the train to go by, .and this automobile when it got behind that one — lined up between me — we were, of course, approaching this crossing rapidly — why I presumed that it stopped there.”
“Now, I don’t remember in particular that car stopping, or how it got there, but there was a small car there, and this Schneider car had to go around that, and we were quite aware then that these people., hadn’t seen the train, because they paid no attention, to it, especially when they went around this other car that apparently had stopped to let the train go by.”
Mrs. Stephens testified that:
“When they came to the turn they made the turn, and there was a Ford standing in the road there, and they went around that Ford and went right up to the track.
“Q. Did you see anyone in the Ford?
“A. Oh, yes; I talked to the lady in the Ford. * *
“Q. Did you hear her do anything?
“A. I heard some calling and screaming. I heard them holler — I presume it was her.
“Q. That was before the collision?
“A. Oh, yes; that was all before the collision.”
A. A. Nielsen, in speaking about the Schneider car testified:
“A. Why, it just passed around the Ford that was standing at the curve.
“Q. Had it passed the Ford?
“A. It had passed the Ford; yes.
“Q. And then the emergency brake went on?
“A. Well, I say yes. I looked out through the window, and at the same time I felt the emergency brake on.
“Q. The automobile then had made that turn?
“A. Around the Ford; yes, sir. * *
“Q. And it had passed the Ford- — the Schneider car had passed the Ford, or the car that you say was standing there in the road?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. How-far was the train at that time from the crossing, if you know?
*288 “A. Well, anywheres from 75 to 100 feet from the crossing, I would judge.”
The evidence is conclusive that with the Ford car in the lead, it and the Schneider car were running in the county road parallel with the railroad track and in the same direction with the train; that the Ford car stopped when it reached the curve and that after it had stopped on the curve, the Schneider car came from behind, passed it, and drove to and upon the crossing. In this situation the witness Tihl who was a passenger on the train, testified that he heard the woman in the Ford car who was standing up say, “Stop,” and the collision instantaneously followed.
“In a few courts, the declarations of a mere bystander have been excluded. But, in the greater number, no such discrimination is made, — assuming, of course * * that the bystander’s declarations relate only to that which has come under his observation.”
On principle, the case of Britton v. Washington Water Power Co., 59 Wash. 440 (110 Pac. 20, 140 Am. St. Rep. 858, 33 L. R. A. (N. S.) 109), is square in point and it is there held:
“In an action for injuries to a boy alleged to have been kicked off the steps of a street-car by the conductor after opening the door, the exclamation of a bystander ‘The boy is off!’ made as the conductor started to open the door, is admissible as part of the res gestae. * *
“If the declaration of the boy is admissible as forming a part of the occurrence, as we have held, it would*289 seem to follow that the exclamation of a bystander, contemporaneous with the occurrence, is also admissible. The exclamations of third parties present are as much a part of the res gestae as those of the parties themselves. * *
“The exclamation, ‘The boy is off!’ shows that it was made under the pressure of excitement, and that it was the spontaneous, impulsive statement of one who believed that it expressed the truth.”
In the case of Atlanta Consolidated Street Ry. Co. v. Bagwell, 107 Ga. 157, the trial court had permitted the person injured “to testify that, just prior to the collision, ‘People on the street were screaming for the motorman to stop.’ ” This was assigned as error. The opinion says:
“We think these sayings or statements of the bystanders made immediately before the accident were part of the res gestae and were admissible. * * ”
Thomas, in his work on Negligence, Rules, Decisions and Opinions (2 ed.), Volume 2, page 1148, says:
“As applied to cases based on negligence the doctrine of res gestae usually arises respecting evidence of statements, declarations and expressions made by the injured person, or by a servant of one of the parties, or by third persons standing by.
“The rule broadly stated is, that the character, quality or cause of a tortious act may be explained by exclamations, declarations or statements coincident with the injury, provided they be calculated to unfold the nature and quality of the acts which they are intended to explain. They must be concomitant with the principal action and so connected with it as to be regarded as the result and consequence of coexisting motives, and must not have been made as merely narrative of a past occurrence.” ■
“It is true that Mr. and Mrs. Granger were onlookers and not actual participants in the running of either the train or the automobile, but in a sense they were actors by reason of their immediate proximity to the collision, only eight hundred feet away, and which must have occurred from within six to twelve seconds after the train was passing them. * *
‘‘ The exclamation of Mrs. Granger was entirely disinterested, and it was spontaneous (drawn out by the conditions existing), and there was no premeditation, and it was relevant, “citing Chamberlayne, the Modern Law of Evidence, Yolume 4, Section 3015, page 4186, where the author says, “ ‘Naturally the influence of a particular occurrence said to have created an automatic utterance is far more powerfully exerted upon the person immediately affected than upon those who have merely seen it.’ ”
Applying the law to the facts, the use of the word “stop” by the lady in the Ford car was the natural and spontaneous outcry for anyone in her position, and she was within at least 150 feet of the crossing and it was immediately followed by the collision. Under the facts shown, this testimony of Tihl, that he heard the lady in the Ford car say “Stop” was competent and admissible as a part of the res gestae, the value and effect of which was for the jury.
“Neither the pleading nor the evidence makes a case requiring an automatic bell at the crossing in question and that ground of negligence involved in the want of such a signal should have been withdrawn from the jury by appropriate directions.”
The court instructed the jury:
“Plaintiff must recover, if at all, upon her charge of negligence; First, that the train was operated at a high, reckless, unreasonable and dangerous rate of speed, or, second, that defendants carelessly and negligently failed to ring any bell or whistle whatever or to sound any proper warnings or signals in approaching the crossings.”
Plaintiff assigned the giving of this instruction as error because it did not take into consideration the allegations of negligence in failing to provide for electric bells or semaphore devices, but that question was properly withdrawn. The plaintiff requested the following instruction:
‘ ‘ The court instructs you that the negligence of any third person in this case would not be imputed to the minor plaintiff herein.”
This instruction was refused but the court gave the following instruction:
“Defendants by their answer seek to impute to plaintiff the alleged negligence of others. You are instructed that the negligence, if any, of the driver of*292 said automobile, or of other persons in control thereof, if you find there was any such negligence as alleged in defendant’s answer, cannot be imputed to this plaintiff.”
Plaintiff’s requested instruction was fully covered by this instruction.
The court refused plaintiff’s following instruction:
“The court instructs you that there is only one question of negligence for you to determine; that is, whether or not the defendants, or either of them, were in any respect negligent as alleged in plaintiff’s complaint, and if you find that there was such negligence in any of the particulars alleged in the complaint and that this negligence was the approximate cause of plaintiff’s injury, then your verdict should be for the plaintiff.”
This is assigned as error but the court gave this instruction:
“Plaintiff is not required to prove negligence in all the particulars alleged in her complaint, but it will be sufficient if she establishes to your satisfaction by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant was guilty of negligence in any of the particulars alleged in her complaint, and which the court has not excluded from your consideration; neither is she required to prove injury in all the particulars alleged in the complaint, but she is entitled to a verdict at your hands if she proves any of the injuries alleged to your satisfaction by a preponderance of the evidence, and that the same was the proximate result of the negligence of the defendant or defendants.”