Horn v. Bray

51 Ind. 555 | Ind. | 1875

Buskirk, J.

The appellants instituted separate actions ■'in the court below, against the appellees, for contribution. These actions continued to be separate until they were at issue, when the court ordered their consolidation.

Bray made no defence in the court below, and the questions in this cause pertain to the liability of Lefever. The appellants’ several complaints were in three paragraphs. The complaints are identical, except as to names and some minor matters, and a substantial statement of one complaint will be sufficient. The motions made and the rulings of the ■court were the same in each case, and a statement of one cause will cover the questions in all.

The complaint of George Horn avers, substantially, the following facts:

That on or about the 30th of December, 1868, said Samuel Bray became indebted to Mahlon Hays, in the sum of eight hundred dollars, and it became necessary for said Bray to. make and execute to said Hays a promissory note for said money, with good' security, and said Bray being insolvent and unable to obtain said security, and said Hays being unwilling to accept a note with said Bray and Lefever alone as security, the said Samuel L. Lefever, who is the father-in-law of said Bray, undertook to procure security on said note, and on or about the 20th of January,. 1869, the said Lefever produced to this plaintiff a promissory note of said date of 30th December, 1868, payable to said Hays, for the said sum of money, in twelve months, 'with ten per cent.. interest, -without relief from valuation laws, a copy of which is filed herewith; that the said Bray and LefevePs names were signed to said note, “ and then and there the said Leffcver agreed to and with the plaintiff that if he (plaintiff) would become surety on said note and sign his name thereto, as surety, he, the said Lefever, would indemnify the plaintiff from all loss,»and hold him harmless on account thereof; that he would stand between plaintiff and all loss and harm ; and in consideration thereof, and in view of and under said agreement, the plaintiff then and there signed said note as surety, and otherwise would not have signed the same.” He avers that thereafter, to wit, on the-day of March, 1870, the says Hays, having instituted a suit on said note, recovered a judgment thereon, in the Bartholomew Common Pleas Court, against said Bray, Lefever and this plaintiff and other parties to said note, to wit, J. G. Schwartzkopf, Michael Schuler and Christopher Seeger, for the sum of nine hundred and fifty dollars and ten cents, 'and fifteen dollars costs,, a copy of which is filed herewith; that said Hays caused! execution to issue on said judgment by the clerk'of said! court, and the same was duly placed in the hands of the sheriff of said county; and said Bray being insolvent, the plaintiff was required to pay and did pay on said execution, issued on said judgment as aforesaid, the sum of two hundred and fifty-four dollars and fifty cents, which was one-fourth part of said judgment, interest and costs, and said Schwartzkopf, •Seeger and Schuler paid the residue thereof, which was one-fourth part by each; that said Lefever and Bray paid no part thereof, and said Bray is wholly insolvent; that defendants have failed and refused to pay said indebtedness or any part thereof, although duly requested, and said indebtedness is due and unpaid; and plaintiff demands judgment.

The second paragraph of complaint proceeds for contribution on the theory that all were co-sureties for Bray.

The third paragraph of complaint is, substantially, as follows:

That on or about the 30th of December, 1868, said Samuel Bray became indebted to Mahlon Hays in the sum of eight hundred dollars, and it became necessary for said Bray to execute to said Hays a promissory note for said money, with good security; and said Bray being insolvent and unable to obtain security thereon, and the said Hays being unwilling to accept a note with said Bray and Lefever thereon alone :as security, the said Lefever, who is the father-in-law of said Bray, undertook to procure Said security on said note, and ■on or about the 20th of January, 1869, the said Lefever produced to this plaintiff a promissory note of said date of 30th December, 1868, a copy of which is herewith filed, payable to said Hays for said sum of money, in twelve months, with ten per cent, interest; that the names of said Bray and Lefever were then signed to said note. u And then and there the said Lefever requested this plaintiff to become surety for him and said Bray on said note, and then and there agreed with this plaintiff that if he (plaintiff) would become surety on said note and sign his name thereto as such surety, he, the said Lefever, would indemnify plaintiff against all loss, and hold him harmless on account thereof; that he would stand between plaintiff and all loss or harm; in consideration ■thereof, and in view of and under said request and agree-merit, the plaintiff then and there signed said note as surety,, as aforesaid, and otherwise he would not have signed said note.” He charges and avers that thereafter, to wit, on the -day of March, 1870, the said Hays having instituted a suit on said note, he recovered a judgment thereon in the Common Pleas Court of Bartholomew county, against said Bray, Lefever and plaintiff and the other sureties on said note, to wit, Christopher Seeger, Michael Schuler and George Schwartzkopf, for the sum of nine hundred and fifty' dollars and ten cents, and fifteen dollars costs, a copy of' which is filed herewith; and plaintiff was compelled to pay on said judgment the sum of two hundred and fifty-four dollars and fifty cents, which was one-fourth part thereof, and said Seeger, Schuler and Schwartzkopf paid the residue thereof, each one-fourth part; that said Lefever and Bray paid no part of said debt; that said Bray is insolvent; that defendants have failed and refused to pay said indebtedness or any part thereof, although requested, and said indebtedness is due and unpaid; and plaintiff demands judgment, etc.

The appellee Samuel L. Lefever moved the court to strike out of the first and third paragraphs of the complaint all of that part quoted above, for the reasons, first, that the words were immaterial, irrelevant and surplusage ■ second, that they constitute no part of a cause of action. The court sustained the motion, to which appellants excepted. The portions struck out are the same in the complaints of all the appellants.

The action of the court in sustaining the motion to strike out the portions indicated in the first and third paragraphs of the complaint is assigned for error.

It is insisted by counsel for appellee that the question is-not properly in the record. He says:

“A bill of exceptions shows that a portion of the first cause of action, as originally filed, similar to that portion of said cause of action as it now appears in the record, and embraced in quotation marks above, was struck out by the court below, as well as a like portion of tbe third cause of action.

“ The bill of exceptions does not show how the second and third causes of action read when the motions were made, or how they read when they were sustained. When the motions were sustained, the portions of the complaint aimed at by the motions at once ceased to be a part of the complaint, and ceased to be a part of the record until properly restored by proper bill of exceptions. The clerk, in making up the record, had no right to insert in the complaint portions that had been struck out, and anything inserted by him in the complaint which was not in it as it stood, without amendment, after the motions were sustained, is no part of the complaint or record. It must be presumed that the clerk did not exceed his authority, and that he copied the complaint as it stood after the motions were sustained, and the portions indicated in the bill of exceptions had been struck out. The only legitimate way to bring the alleged errors before this court for review was to show by bill of exceptions, first, how the two paragraphs of the complaint read when the motions were made, and then this court could see, through the only proper medium, just what was done, and how what was done affected the balance of the complaint.

“ The action of the court below in sustaining the motions was not a ground or reason for a new trial, and for the purposes of a review it comes before this court in the first instance, and it is insisted that it must come in a proper and legitimate manner.”

We think the objection is not well taken. The motion of the appellee to strike out set out the words which he moved to have struck out. This motion is embodied in the bill of exceptions, which shows, that the court sustained the motion and struck out the words inserted in said motion, and that the appellant then excepted to such ruling. This is shown in all of the cases. When the court sustained the motion and struck out the words indicated, they ceased to constitute a part of tlie record, and had to be put into the record by a bill of exceptions, and this, we think, was properly done.

The clerk, in making up the transcript, has copied the •complaints as they were before anyo portion was struck out. This was wrong. The complaints should have been copied .as they were after the motion to strike out was sustained, and when the portion struck out is restored by a bill of ■exceptions, it is fully shown how the complaints stood originally, and how they stood after portions thereof had been struck out.

The mistake of the clerk in copying into the transcripts the parts which had been struck out will not vitiate the record. It does no harm. It is simply surplusage, for which the clerk should receive no fees.

It is very earnestly insisted by counsel for appellees, that the agreement set up in the portions of the complaints struck out was an undertaking on the part of Lefever to answer for the debt.of Bray, and, it not being in writing, is Avithin the .statute of frauds, and hence cannot be enforced.

It is contended by counsel for appellants, that when one party, at the request of another, enters into a contract as his surety, the law implies *a promise of indemnity, and that, as betAveen the makers and the payees, the relation of* the parties is fixed by the note itself; that, as to the payees, the makers are all principals and equally liable; that the rights and liabilities of the makers, amongst themselves, depend upon the contract between them, upon the relation each may sustain to the other and to the transaction; and that such contract may be created and proveed by parol.

There is much conflict in the adjudged cases as to whether a contract for indemnity between sureties is AAÚthin the statute of frauds. The earliest English case bearing upon the question is that of Winckworth v. Mills, 2 Esp. 484, decided at nisi prius, Avhere it Avas held that where a person signed a note at the request of another upon a promise of indemnity, the •promise was Avithin the statute, as it was an agreement to :ansAver for the debt and default of another. The next case is that of Thomas v. Cook, 8 B. & C. 728, where it was he.ld. that a promise of indemnity was an original contract between the parties, and hence was not Avithin the statute. But in the subsequent case of Green v. Cresswell, 10 A. & E. 453, in the same court, Thomas v. Cook was overruled, and the opposite rule Avas announced. We make the folloAving extract from a note to the case of Bessig v. Britton, published in 2 Cent. Law Journal, 296, in reference to the two English cases last cited:

“ Passing noAV to the law as it stands on the other side of the water, it is to be remarked that some of the English judges have, for some time, been casting doubts upon the case of Green v. Cresswell, 10 A. & E. 453; for in speaking of the same in Batson v. King, 4 H. & N. 739, Pollock, C. B., says: ‘I do not think that the case itself Avas rightly decided.’ Besides, a neAV distinction has been pointed out in ■the someAvhat recent case of Cripps v. Hartnoll, 4 Best & S. 414, decided in the Exchequer Chamber, and reversing the judgment rendered in the same case in the Queen’s Bench. ‘ But,’ says the same learned baron, in referring to Green v. Cressioell, ‘there is a great distinction between that case and the present. Here the bail was given in a criminal proceeding; and, Avhere bail is given in such a proceeding, there is no contract on the part of the person bailed to indemnify the person who became bail for him. There is no debt, and with respect to the person. Avho bails, there is hardly a duty; and it may very well be that the promise to indemnify the bail in a criminal matter should be considered purely as an indemnity, which it has been decided to be.’ * * * * ‘This view of the subject creates, I think, a broad distinction between the present case and Green v. Cresswell, which Ave are not called upon either to overrule, or to say that Ave entirely support.’ "Williams, J., in the same case, begins his opinion by saying: ‘ I ought to remark that I do not •deem it at all necessary for us to say Avhether the case of Green v. Cressioell is good laAV or not, but I think there is a distinction between the recognizance of bail in a civil suit and the recognizance given for the appearance of a defendant in a criminal proceeding.5 The court rendered judgment for the plaintiff, holding in effect that the promise of the defendant, to indemify the plaintiff against whatever damage the latter might incur by becoming bail for a third person, was an original undertaking and not collateral, there being no implied promise upon the part of the person bailed; to indemnify his bail in a criminal proceeding.”

In Alabama and in North and South Carolina and Ohio, the rule ‘laid down in Green v. Cresswell, supra, has been followed. Brown v. Adams, 1 Stew. 51; Draughan v. Bunting, 9 Ired. 10; Simpson v. Nance, 1 Speers, 4; Martin v. Black’s Ex’rs, 20 Ala. 309; Easter v. White, 12 Ohio St. 219.

In the recent case of Bessig v. Britton, supra, the Supreme Court of Missouri followed the English rule as laid down in Green v. Cresswell, supra.

In Chapin v. Merrill, 4 Wend. 657, the case of Thomas v. Cook, supra, was followed. In Kingsley v. Balcome, 4 Barb. 131, Green v. Cresswell was followed. But in Barry v. Ransom, 12 N. Y. 462, Mallory v. Gillett, 21 N. Y. 412, and Konitzky v. Meyer, 49 N. Y. 571, it was held that where one party, at the request of .another, enters into a contract as his surety, the law implies a promise of indemnity; and that an express promise to indemnify is an original undertaking, and need not be in writing. In Mallory v. Gillett, supra, the ruling in Kingsley v. Balcome, supra, is expressly disapproved of.

In Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Iowa, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maryland, Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri and New Jersey, it has been uniformly held that a promise-of indemnity is an original undertaking, and not within the statute of frauds. Taylor v. Savage, 12 Mass. 98; Aldrich v. Ames, 9 Gray, 76; Harris v. Brooks, 21 Pick. 195; Chapin v. Lapham, 20 Pick. 467; Blake v. Cole, 22 Pick. 97; Hendrick v. Whittemore, 105 Mass. 23; Smith v. Sayward, 5 Greenl. 504; Holmes v. Knights, 10 N. H. 175; Cutter v. Finery, 37 N. H. 567; Whitehouse v. Hanson, 42 N. H. 9; Hodges v. Hall, 29 Vt. 209; Keith v. Goodwin, 31 Vt. 268; Adams v. Flanagan, 36 Vt. 400; Byers v. McClanahan, 6 Gill & J. 250; Jones v. Shorter, 1 Kelly, 294; Dunn v. West, 5 B. Mon. 376; Lucas v. Chamberlain, 8 B. Mon. 276; Jones v. Letcher, 13 B. Mon. 363; Melms v. Werdehoff, 14 Wis. 18; Apgar’s Adm’rs v. Hiler, 4 Zab. 812; March v. Consolidation Bank, 48 Penn. St. 510; Kelly v. Gillespie, 12 Iowa, 55.

We next iñquire what has been and is now the rule of decision in this State. In Brush v. Carpenter, 6 Ind. 78, it was held that an oral promise by one, at whose request another had become replevin bail for a third party, to indemnify such person from loss, was a promise to answer for the debt or default of another, and was within the statute of frauds. The ruling was based upon Nelson v. Boynton, 3 Met. (Mass.) 396, Kingsley v. Balcome, 4 Barb. 131, and Green v. Cresswell, 10 A. & E. 453. The case of Nelson v. Boynton, supra, though closely connected with the doctrine underlying the present case, belongs to another class of cases which has arisen under the statute of frauds. There-' it was held that á promise to pay the note of a third person which is in suit, ánd is secured by an attachment of his property, in consideration of the holder’s discontinuing the suit thereon, is within the statute of frauds, and is not valid, unless it be in writing. The case of Kingsley v. Balcome, supra, has heretofore been explained and shown to have been virtually overruled by the Court of Appeals in that state. It has also been shown that very serious doubts have recently been expressed, in the highest courts in England, as to the correctness of the ruling in •Green v. Cresswell, supra. The ruling in Brush v. Carpenter is against the current of American adjudications, and has jbeen, in effect, though not expressly, overruled by the subsequent decisions in this State. It is settled by repeated decisions of this court, that sureties may make any contract they please as between themselves. One surety may thus be exempt from all liability to contribute. Such a contract may be implied from the nature of the transaction, and such extrinsic facts and circumstances as tend to show such to have been the intention of the parties; as, if one surety enters into the original contract at the request of the others, there might as to him be an implied waiver of the right to contribution, and, if compelled to pay the debt, he could recover the whole amount from the other sureties. Such an agreement, whether express or implied, may be shown by parol evidence.

Lacy v. Lofton, 26 Ind. 324; Bowser v. Rendell, 31 Ind. 128; Bagott v. Mullen, 32 Ind. 332; Houston v. Bruner, 39 Ind. 376; Core v. Wilson, 40 Ind. 204; Alley v. Gavin, 40 Ind. 446; Schooley v. Fletcher, 45 Ind. 86; Schulz v. Klenk, 49 Ind. 212; Nesbit v. Knowlton, ante, p. 352.

The distinction between original and collateral undertakings has been drawn with great clearness and force in several well-considered decisions rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States, which has manifested a strong inclination not to extend the operation of the statute of frauds, so as to embrace original and distinct promises made by different persons, at the same time, upon the same general consideration. D’Wolf v. Rabaud, 1 Peters, 476; Townsley v. Sumrall, 2 Peters, 170; Emerson v. Slater, 22 How. 28.

~We are very clearly of opinion that the promise of indemnity set up in the portions of the complaint struck out was an original undertaking, and not within the statute of frauds. The appellants signed the note at the request of the appellee Lefever, upon his promise to indemnify them, and Ave think the promise need not lie "in writing, but may be proved by parol. It results that the court erred in sustaining the motion to strike out.

The judgment is reversed, with «osts; and the cause is remanded, Avith directions to the court below to overrule the motion to strike out, and for further proceedings in accordance Avith this opinion.