642 S.E.2d 356 | Ga. Ct. App. | 2007
HOPKINS
v.
The STATE.
Court of Appeals of Georgia.
*357 Sexton, Key & Hendrix, Joseph S. Key, Stockbridge, for appellant.
Gregory R. Barton, Solicitor-General, Evelyn Proctor, Assistant Solicitor-General, for appellee.
MIKELL, Judge.
On August 9, 2005, a jury found Marty Raymond Hopkins guilty of driving under the influence (DUI) to the extent that it was less safe for him to drive, OCGA § 40-6-391(a)(1), and of violating the open container law, OCGA § 40-6-253. On December 30, 2005, the trial court granted his motion for an out-of-time appeal. Thereafter, Hopkins filed a timely motion for new trial, asserting, inter alia, that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by tendering into evidence the police report, which contained the numeric result of his alco-sensor test. Following a hearing, the trial court denied Hopkins' motion for new trial without explanation. Hopkins challenges this decision on appeal and further argues that the trial court erred by overruling his continuing witness objection to including the police report in the exhibits sent out with the jury. Finding no error warranting reversal, we affirm his convictions.
*358 1. Although not enumerated as error, we address the sufficiency of the evidence, given its bearing upon the prejudice prong of his ineffective assistance claim. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence shows that on August 6, 2003, at nearly 2:00 a.m., Sergeant Brad Stafford of the Douglasville Police Department responded to a call from a citizen indicating that someone "appeared to be asleep or passed out at the wheel" at a traffic light. When Stafford arrived, he saw several other vehicles waiting behind the vehicle at the light. Stafford approached the driver, later identified as Hopkins, and tried to get him to respond. Hopkins, however, was asleep, and Stafford had to open the door and shake him to get him to wake up. Stafford testified that he first put the car in park and turned off the motor, because Hopkins was asleep and his foot was on the brake, which was the only thing preventing the car from proceeding into the intersection.
According to Stafford, Hopkins was disoriented when he first woke up, but he stepped outside the car as requested. Stafford looked inside the car and noticed an open, partially consumed can of beer in a cooler on the floorboard, and well as two additional empty beer cans, one on the passenger seat and another in the back. Stafford testified that Hopkins' speech was slurred and that his eyes were bloodshot and watery. Stafford did not recall any odor of alcohol on Hopkins' person. When questioned by Stafford, Hopkins stated that he had been drinking at a nearby bar.
Stafford further testified that he administered an alco-sensor test to Hopkins, and the result was positive for the presence of alcohol.[1] Finally, he asked Hopkins to perform two field sobriety tests. According to Stafford, Hopkins failed the test requiring him to touch his nose with his finger but passed the test requiring him to recite the alphabet. Stafford did not ask Hopkins to perform any tests requiring him to balance because he had leg problems.
Based on his observations of Hopkins, as well as his training and experience, Stafford concluded that Hopkins was under the influence of alcohol to the extent that it was less safe for him to drive. Construing the evidence most favorably to the state, we find it sufficient to support the verdict under the standard of Jackson v. Virginia.[2]
2. Hopkins contends that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by tendering into evidence Stafford's incident/arrest report, which contained, among other things, the numeric result of his alco-sensor test, which was 0.130 grams.
In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a criminal defendant must show that counsel's performance was deficient and that the deficient performance so prejudiced the defendant that there is a reasonable probability, i.e., a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome, that but for counsel's unprofessional errors the result of the proceeding would have been different. The criminal defendant must overcome the strong presumption that trial counsel's conduct falls within the broad range of reasonable professional conduct.[3]
A trial court's determination that a defendant was afforded effective assistance of counsel will be upheld unless it is clearly erroneous.[4]
In the case at bar, the record shows that counsel attempted to use the report to impeach Stafford during cross-examination. Although Stafford had testified on direct that Hopkins' speech was slurred, Stafford had checked the code for "normal" rather than *359 "slurred" speech on the front page of the report. When counsel first sought to question Stafford on this subject, the state objected, arguing that counsel could not use the report unless she admitted it into evidence. The court stated, "[I]t's not into evidence yet. I don't think he can refer to it. And you need to lay the foundation." Counsel then tendered the report. The court queried, "You're tendering it?" Counsel replied, "Yes, Your Honor." Thereafter, Stafford testified that he should have marked the code for slurred speech. On redirect, Stafford testified that he had written in the narrative portion of his report that Hopkins had had slurred speech, bloodshot and watery eyes, and difficulty focusing on Stafford's questions.
Following the charge conference, counsel asked that the court "reconsider the earlier ruling requiring [her] to enter the police officer's report into evidence prior to using it to impeach him." The court pointed out, "I did not require you to do that. . . . The objection, I think, may have led you to believe that you had to introduce it into evidence." The court noted that counsel could have laid the foundation for impeachment by use of a prior inconsistent statement by alternative methods. Counsel then argued that the report should not go out with the jury because to do so would violate the continuing witness rule.[5]
In Georgia the "continuing witness" objection is based on the notion that written testimony is heard by the jury when read from the witness stand just as oral testimony is heard when given from the witness stand. But, it is unfair and places undue emphasis on written testimony for the writing to go out with the jury to be read again during deliberations, while oral testimony is received but once.[6]
The court noted that counsel herself had tendered the report and had not introduced it for any limited purpose. The court ruled that since the report "came in the way it did, I am going to leave it in as an exhibit, and it will go out with the jury."
Thereafter, during closing argument, the prosecutor urged the jury to "[r]ead the narrative. Read every word, . . . every single line of this report, because . . . it gives you all the evidence of his impairment, including the results of the alco-sensor." Counsel moved for a mistrial, arguing that the alco-sensor results were inadmissible,[7] but the court denied the motion, commenting that the problem was that counsel herself had introduced the narrative containing those results.
(a) Deficient performance. At the hearing on Hopkins' motion for new trial, counsel testified that she intended to show the report to Stafford to refresh his recollection, but she was "flustered and caught off guard" when the court did not overrule the state's objection to her failure to introduce the report into evidence. Believing that the court had ruled that she would be required to introduce the report to use it for impeachment, counsel tendered the document. Counsel testified that she had no strategic reason for not asking the court to clarify its ruling, and that she made a mistake in tendering the document, "especially considering the fact that the blood alcohol level was contained in the narrative portion of the report." As counsel recognized, "there is no requirement in Georgia law that a witness's prior inconsistent statement be admitted into evidence prior to its use for impeachment."[8] And, "it is impermissible to testify to the results of an alcosensor test giving a numeric reading as to the amount of alcohol in the *360 person's blood."[9] We conclude that tendering the report into evidence, knowing that it contained the otherwise inadmissible numeric result of the alco-sensor test, fell below the standard of reasonable professional conduct.[10] Hopkins thus has satisfied his burden of proving that counsel's performance was deficient.
(b) Prejudice. We recognize that, to show that counsel's deficient performance so prejudiced him that the outcome of trial would have been different but for counsel's error, "[Hopkins'] burden is to show only 'a reasonable probability' of a different outcome, not that a different outcome would have been certain or even `more likely than not.'"[11] Nevertheless, we conclude that Hopkins has not carried this burden because the evidence of his guilt is overwhelming.[12] Stafford found Hopkins passed out behind the wheel of his vehicle in the left turn lane at an intersection controlled by a traffic light, where he was holding up traffic. The officer had to put the vehicle in park to keep it from rolling into the intersection. Hopkins had to be roused from sleep and was disoriented. He admitted that he had been drinking, and he failed a field sobriety test. Despite the emphasis placed on the report by the state during closing argument, we conclude that nothing contained therein reasonably could have affected the outcome of the trial.
3. Hopkins contends that the trial court erred in sending the police report to the jury over his continuing witness objection. Hopkins is correct that allowing the narrative portion of a police report to go out with the jury may violate the continuing witness rule.[13] In the case at bar, however, the error was self-induced as the report was admitted by the defense during cross-examination. As "[s]elf-induced error cannot be complained of on appeal," this enumeration of error provides no basis for reversal.[14]
Hopkins argues that the court had led counsel to believe that a continuing witness objection was not necessary because during the state's case in chief, the trial court had admitted a videotape of the incident and had ruled, sua sponte, that it would not go out with the jury. We are not persuaded that Hopkins was relieved by this ruling from the consequences of his own error in tendering the report himself. Finally, Hopkins argues that he did not waive the continuing witness objection because it may be raised either at the time the document is tendered or before exhibits are sent out with the jury. The cases he cites for this proposition, however, do not appear to involve documents tendered by the defense.[15] As such, they are distinguishable. Where, as here, the error is self-induced at the outset, we will not consider it on appeal.
4. Finally, Hopkins asserts that the trial court erred in overruling his hearsay objection to Stafford's testimony that a concerned citizen had called 911 to report that a person appeared to be asleep or passed out at the wheel. The trial court admitted the testimony to explain Stafford's conduct in responding to the scene. We recently held, in a case involving substantially similar circumstances, that it was error for the trial court to permit a police officer to testify to *361 the exact words of the 911 caller.[16] In so doing, we recounted the following admonition from our Supreme Court: "unless it is the rare instance in which the conduct of an investigating officer is a matter concerning which the truth must be found, it is error to permit an investigating officer to testify, under the guise of explaining the officer's conduct, to what other persons related to the officer during the investigation."[17] So, too, in the instant case the trial court erred in overruling Hopkins' objection. The error was harmless, however, because Stafford testified that when he arrived at Hopkins' vehicle, Hopkins was asleep behind the wheel. "The erroneous admission of hearsay is harmless where, as here, legally admissible evidence of the same fact is introduced. In such a case, the hearsay is cumulative and without material effect on the verdict."[18] Because the officer's testimony mirrored that of the 911 caller, the admission of the hearsay evidence was harmless error.
Judgment affirmed.
BLACKBURN, P.J., and ADAMS, J., concur.
NOTES
[1] Counsel requested a bench conference prior to this testimony to ensure that Stafford would not testify to the specific result of the alco-sensor test.
[2] 443 U.S. 307, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979). See also Poole v. State, 249 Ga.App. 409, 411(1), 548 S.E.2d 113 (2001) (defendant found slumped over the wheel, passed out, with motor running, on the wrong side of the road; his speech was slurred and he had trouble standing; evidence sufficient to sustain his conviction of driving under the influence of a toxic vapor).
[3] (Punctuation and footnote omitted.) Gibbs v. State, 270 Ga.App. 56, 58(2), 606 S.E.2d 83 (2004).
[4] McCarty v. State, 269 Ga.App. 299, 301(1), 603 S.E.2d 666 (2004).
[5] See Broadnax-Woodland v. State, 265 Ga.App. 669-670(1), 595 S.E.2d 350 (2004) (trial court erred in admitting police report into evidence, and allowing it to go out with the jury, over defendant's continuing witness objection). Accord Kent v. State, 245 Ga.App. 531, 533(3), 538 S.E.2d 185 (2000) (allowing victim's written statement to go out with the jury violated the continuing witness rule).
[6] (Citation omitted.) Tibbs v. Tibbs, 257 Ga. 370-371, 359 S.E.2d 674 (1987).
[7] See Heller v. State, 234 Ga.App. 630, 632(3), 507 S.E.2d 518 (1998) (numeric results of an alco-sensor test are inadmissible).
[8] (Citation omitted.) Holsey v. State, 281 Ga. 177, 179(2), 637 S.E.2d 32 (2006). See OCGA § 24-9-83.
[9] Heller, supra, citing Turrentine v. State, 176 Ga.App. 145, 146(1), 335 S.E.2d 630 (1985).
[10] See Kalb v. State, 276 Ga.App. 394, 396-398(2), 623 S.E.2d 230 (2005) (failure to assert proper objection to admission of defendant's history of traffic offenses constituted ineffective assistance); Gibbs, supra (counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to disclose exculpatory documentary evidence after opting in to reciprocal discovery, thus barring the use of the exculpatory evidence at trial).
[11] (Citation omitted.) Schofield v. Gulley, 279 Ga. 413, 416(I)(A), 614 S.E.2d 740 (2005). Accord Terry v. Jenkins, 280 Ga. 341, 347(2)(c), 627 S.E.2d 7 (2006).
[12] See Holsey, supra at 180(4), 637 S.E.2d 32; Razor v. State, 259 Ga.App. 196, 200-201(5)(d), 576 S.E.2d 604 (2003).
[13] See Broadnax-Woodland, supra; Cox v. State, 263 Ga.App. 266, 268(2)(b), 587 S.E.2d 205 (2003).
[14] (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Phyfer v. State, 259 Ga.App. 356, 361(5)(b), 577 S.E.2d 56 (2003).
[15] Carr v. State, 275 Ga. 185, 187(4), 563 S.E.2d 850 (2002); Mason v. State, 274 Ga. 79, 81(3), 548 S.E.2d 298 (2001); Flournoy v. State, 266 Ga. 618-619(2), 469 S.E.2d 195 (1996).
[16] Moore v. State, 281 Ga.App. 141, 143-144(2), 635 S.E.2d 408 (2006). See also Mason, supra at 81(4), 548 S.E.2d 298.
[17] (Citations omitted.) Weems v. State, 269 Ga. 577, 579(2), 501 S.E.2d 806 (1998).
[18] (Citations omitted.) Felder v. State, 270 Ga. 641, 646(8), 514 S.E.2d 416 (1999). Accord Zachery v. State, 276 Ga.App. 688, 691(2), 624 S.E.2d 265 (2005).