142 Va. 769 | Va. | 1925
Lead Opinion
after making the foregoing statement, delivered the following opinion of the court.
The trial court having entered judgment upon the verdict, the defendants, the plaintiff in error here, obtained a writ of error from the Supreme Court of Appeals. In their petition for the writ, they make three assignments of error, which will be considered in the order in which they are made.
The first assignment is as follows: “The court erred in refusing to permit the witness, W. J. Baker, to testify as to what was said by him to the defendants at or about the time of the execution of the contract concerning the deposit of $1.00 per barrel for the potatoes in question as mentioned in the contract.” W. J. Baker
The argument is made by learned counsel for the defendants that the admission of such testimony would not tend to contradict or vary any of the terms of the contract; that the parol evidence rule does not preclude the admission of extrinsic testimony for the purpose of aiding in the interpretation or construction of a written instrument where the language of the instrument is such that it does not clearly express the intention of the parties or the subject of the agreement. And it is insisted that the contract here is ambiguous on its face in that no time is stated in express language for the deposit to be made, and, therefore, testimony establishing a contemporaneous parol agreement that the deposit was to be made immediately upon and in connection with the execution or signing of the contract would merely be adding a term to it which would not change the legal purport or the meaning of the contract.
In order to pass upon this question it is essential in the first place to determine exactly what the contract is as expressed in the writing. The written agreement which the parties signed bears the impress of a formal document signed by the parties and upon its face purports to
A close analysis of this contract shows that the defendants as sellers agreed to sell to LeCato, the plaintiff, 400 barrels of potatoes to be delivered during a period from July 1st to July 20th, and they agreed to pack and brand the potatoes in a definite manner mentioned in the contract and load them on cars on the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad, 200 barrels to the car; that the potatoes should be of the high standard described in the contract. In the, writing it is then stated that in consideration of the agreement to sell the potatoes and the other stipulations made by the sellers, LeCato “does hereby agree to pay the above named grower the sum of ($5.00) five dollars per barrel when' delivered as specified above, which is the full price agreed upon.” This is certainly a full acceptance, on the part of LeCato, of the agreement to sell and deliver on the part of the sellers, for a definite fixed price to be paid at a definite time, i. e., when the potatoes are delivered, and the price is declared to be the full price agreed upon. So far the writing contains an ordinary executory contract for the sale and future delivery of personal property resting clearly upon full considera
We see no special difficulty of construction in connection with this contract. It is an ordinary executory contract between parties clearly resting upon a valid consideration, i. e., a promise for a promise, and therefore of binding effect from the time of its being signed. The sellers of the property, before delivery, were to prepare the potatoes, which ordinarily could be sold in bags or in plain boxes or barrels, in a particular manner, and they simply required that the purchaser, before they commenced the delivery, should put up the $1.00 per barrel as a guarantee that if they went to this unusual trouble and expense there should be a guarantee on the part of the purchaser that he would accept the potatoes. If the guaranteeing deposit was put up before the 1st of July it was notification to the seller that he should proceed and pack the potatoes in the manner agreed upon and load them on the cars.
From the express language of the contract and its terms and stipulations we can find nothing which would authorize the court in allowing the parol evidence of an extrinsic agreement to the effect that the $400.00 should be put up at the time the executory contract was made.
It is argued on behalf of the plaintiff in error that the object of having any deposit made was to protect the seller from changes in the market that might occur between March 17th and the time when the period of delivery was to commence. This suggestion seems to us to be necessarily without force. It is very usual for buyers on one side and growers or handlers on the other side to make contracts for future delivery at a definite price, of fruits and vegetables, and provide against changes in the market. But there is nothing on the face of the contract here from which it can be inferred that these
If the deposit had been made on March 17th at the time the contract was signed and the purchaser, after the period for delivery commenced, had refused to accept delivery the seller would have had a right to bring an action for damages by reason of the buyers breach of the contract. The same thing exactly would have followed if the deposit were to be put up on the 28th of June and the buyer refused to accept the potatoes. The situation in which the seller would find himself would suffer no change by reason of the time when the deposit was to be made. So far as the market price is concerned the manifest intention of the parties was to make a binding contract for a definite price at a certain time entirely independent of the market price. This was, in a sense, looking at it from an outside standpoint, speculative because the market price at the time fixed for delivery might be greater or less than the price agreed on
On the whole it seems very plain that the contract was not in any way ambiguous and that it could only be made ambiguous by admitting it to be- altered in the manner proposed in the additional stipulation offered to be proved by parol. It has been argued also that there was no contract between the parties, in fact, because if the buyer were allowed to defer putting up the deposit until just before July 1st it gave him the advantage of speculating upon the market, so that if the price of potatoes increased he could refuse to put up the deposit and so be relieved, while if during the month of June the price of potatoes increased far above the contract price, he had the option to put up the deposit and so compel performance by the seller. We do not' think this is a reasonable view of the effect of the contract. The parties should be taken as having intended to bind themselves by this bi-lateral contract. The stipulation in the contract as to the deposit to guarantee the acceptance of the potatoes was only a subsidiary term, and while it was in a sense a condition precedent before the seller acquired the right to demand delivery, a failure on his part to comply with this term of the contract would have been a breach of it for which an action would lie in favor of the sellers. In case of such an action the pm> ehaser could not seek to excuse himself by setting up his own violation of one of the essential terms of the contract.
The writing before us here appears to be a complete contract embracing all the particulars necessary to make a perfect agreement and designed to express -the whole arrangement between the parties. It is therefore conclusively presumed to embrace the entire contract and all the terms and provisions of the agreement
In Virginia the parol evidence rule has been clearly adopted and has been followed scrupulously save in the cases in which the law has recognized exceptions to that rule. Slaughter v. Smither, 97 Va. 202, 33 S. E. 544, is the case regarded in Virginia somewhat as the foundation stone upon which the doctrine rests. It was there held: “The general principle that evidence of a contemporaneous parol agreement is not admissible to vary or contradict the terms of a valid written instrument, except in cases of fraud or mistake, is so familia^ and well established that citation of authority in its support would seem to be superfluous. It is a principle founded in wisdom, and cannot be too carefully guarded. Upon its enforcement the certainty and sanctity of written contracts depend.” The Virginia cases both since and preceding the case just mentioned are very numerous. Reference, however, may be made to Good v. Dyer, 137 Va. 114, 119 S. E. 277; Foltz v. Conrad Realty Co., 131 Va. 496, 109 S. E. 463; and two quite recent cases, Continental Trust Company v. Witt, 139 Va. 458, 124 S. E. 265; and Williamsburg Power Company v. Williamsburg, 139 Va. 787, 124 S. E. 215.
Various exceptions to the parol evidence rule have been recognized, such as the right to prove that a written document was delivered upon condition, as was the case in Whitaker v. Lane, 128 Va. 317, 104 S. E. 252, 11 A. L. R. 1157. Also the eases in which it is evident that the contract on its face is incomplete so that it rests partly in writing and partly in parol; likewise cases in which it is essential to explain the use of unusual terms. The exceptions to the rule are quite numerous, but the
Our opinion therefore is that in its plain legal import the written instrument under examination provides that the buyer might and should make the deposit before delivery, and as the contract fixed the time for delivery on July 1st, the requirement as to the deposit was satisfied by the money being deposited before that date. That such was the construction put upon the contract by the parties themselves before any controversy arose is shown by the evidence, for the defendants do not appear to have made any definite enquiry to ascertain whether the deposit had been made until a day or two before July 1st, when they did make enquiry of the bank and learned that the money had been sent to the bank on June 28th. Both parties appear to have assumed that the requirement as to the deposit had relation altogether to the date agreed upon for delivery.
Nor can the evidence rejected be brought within the purview of the recognized rule that parol evidence is admissible to establish a conditional delivery of the written instrument, or to show that the contract was to take effect only upon the happening of some contingency in the nature of a condition precedent to the validity or existence of any contract between the parties. The general rule in Virginia is stated in Whitaker v. Lane, 128 Va. 317, 104 S. E. 252, 11 A. L. R. 1157, as follows:
“In a controversy between the immediate parties to a written instrument, the parol evidence rule does not forbid the use of parol evidence to establish any fact that does not vary, alter or contradict the terms of the instrument or the legal effect of the terms used. These are concluded by the writing, and the parties are estopped to deny them. Thus it is not permissible for a party*782 who has signed and delivered a valid written instrument to show that there was an agreement that he was not to be bound at all, or that suit was never to be brought on it, or that it was to be paid only out of a particular fund, or that a blank endorsement was without recourse, or that it was to be paid at a different time from that stated, or that an endorser should be liable only as an assignor, or that a promise to pay money was to be discharged in some other manner-, or any other similar defense. For such defenses vary the legal effect of the language used in the instrument. (Cases cited.) But the rule does not forbid the use of parol evidence to show the circumstances of delivery of unsealed instruments, as that an instrument executed and delivered for one purpose was being diverted and used for a different purpose, or that it was delivered to the payee, promisee, or beneficiary on a condition that it was not to take effect except in a given event, or under given conditions.”
Confusion may easily arise from a failure to distinguish properly between stipulations having obligatory force in a bilateral contract signed and put into effect by the parties, and conditions precedent to any binding obligation upon either of the parties. ' This is clearly pointed out by Mr. Elliott in his supplementary volume to his work on Contracts, entitled: 1 “1913-1923 Cumulative Supplement,” on page 429, where he says:
“To show that a writing in the form of a contract was never a real contract, as that it- was delivered to take effect only on the happening of a certain condition and that such condition has not happened, does not in any true sense contradict or vary the terms of a written contract, and parol evidence to such effect is admissible as showing that the writing never became operative as a contract. But care must be taken to distinguish be*783 tween evidence that the contract itself was to take effect conditionally, and evidence that the obligation of one party, which is unconditional by the terms of the contract, was to arise only upon the happening of a certain contingency. In the latter case the contract itself is in force, and the attempt to show a parol condition violates the rule against varying the terms of a written instrument by parol.”
In a note Mr. Elliott refers to a large number of recent cases. The distinction to which attention is thus drawn is illustrated in Virginia by two recent cases—Whitaker v. Lane, supra, and Continental Trust Co. v. Witt, 139 Va. 458, 124 S. E. 265. In the former ease it was held that it might be shown by parol that the writing was delivered upon a condition upon which its validity was made to depend, as no contract came into existence until and unless the condition was fulfilled. In the latter case evidence affecting the obligatory force of a note was excluded for the reason that the note had been unconditionally delivered and the obligation of the maker to pay had gone into effect and could not be limited or varied by parol.
In our opinion the court did not err in excluding the evidence in question and therefore the first assignment of error is not well taken.
The second assignment of error is as follows: “The court erred in instructing the jury as to the measure of damages.”
The instruction cQmplained of is in the following language:
“The court instructs the jury that the measure of damages, in the event the jury find for the plaintiff, is. the difference between the contract price of $5.00 per barrel and the average f. o. b. market price of potatoes of the same grade between July 1st and July 20, 1920,
The plaintiff, LeCato, testified that in buying these potatoes and other potatoes in the counties of the eastern shore of Virginia, he had purchased them for shipment to the west and had made various sales to parties in the west and had been compelled to buy other potatoes in July to take the place of the potatoes which the defendants should have delivered him in order to carry out contracts he had made with other parties. He was unable to give in detail information as to contracts he had with parties in the western market. He did, however, testify that he bought potatoes during July, certainly one car load on July 14th, for which he paid $11.00. He further testified as to the market price f. o. b. the railroad in Accomac county for each day beginning with July 1st and ending July 20, 1920. The lowest price on any of those days being $8.25 and the highest $11.50. We think the evidence fully justified the court in giving the instruction as to the measure of damages of which complaint is made. This instruction follows the general rule governing the measure of damages upon breach of a contract of sale, at the suit of the purchaser against the seller. Richmond Leather Manufacturing Co. v. Fawcett, 130 Va. 484, 107 S. E. 800; Sun Company v. Burruss, 139 Va. 279, 123 S. E. 347. We perceive no error on the part of the trial court in giving this instruction at the instance of the plaintiff.
By the third assignment of error .the defendants, the plaintiffs in error here, contend that the court erred in overruling their motion to set aside the verdict and grant them a new trial upon the ground that the verdict was contrary to the law and the evidence. At the end of the evidence the court gave five instructions, the first instruction being the one as to the measure of dam
We are of opinion therefore that there was no error on the part of the lower court in overruling the motion for a new trial and entering judgment upon the verdict.
For the reasons stated we are of opinion that there is no error in the récord of this case, and the judgment of the trial court wili accordingly be affirmed.
Affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
I feel constrained to dissent from the majority opinion of the court.
The deposit of the four hundred dollars by LeCato is admittedly a condition precedent to the obligation of the contract and Hopkins was not bound until that deposit was made.
The statement made by Baker, agent of LeCato, to Hopkins at the time the contract was delivered, “that
The time of performance of the contract was defi-mitely fíxéd in the contract, and the deposit of the four hundred dollars, when the contract went in, was consistent with the writing, and was neither inconsistent with nor contradictory of the same, therefore it might have been shown by parol. Rector v. Hancock, 127 Va. 101, 102 S. E. 663.
The trial court instructed the jury that the deposit had to be made at the time of the execution of the contract or within a reasonable time thereafter. There was no evidence before the jury as to what was a reasonable ■time to enable LeCato to make the deposit and the jury was permitted to determine that one hundred and three days ■after the signing and delivery of the contract, and three ■days before the delivery of the potatoes was to begin, was ■a reasonable time to enable LeCato to make the deposit.
The jury evidently misconstrued the instruction, in that the deposit did not give vitality to the contract •obligation of Hopkins, but that it was a mere security which could be deposited at any time before delivery was to bégin. Freedom of contract in law permits par
It is true Hopkins could waive the condition precedent, but he did not do so, for when he found the deposit was not made until June 28, 1920, he refused to deliver the potatoes, and LeCato never brought his suit until two years thereafter.
Nor does the fact that Hopkins never inquired about the deposit until the day it was made estop him from standing upon his legal rights under his agreement, and denying all obligation under the contract.
I think the verdict should have been set aside and judgment entered for the defendants.