162 S.W.2d 363 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1942
Lead Opinion
Suewannee Hoover, plaintiff, sued National Casualty Company, a corporation, on an insurance policy issued by defendant on the life of plaintiff's daughter, Elizabeth F. Hoover, Plaintiff was beneficiary under said policy and judgment was for her in the amount of $1235. Defendant appeals.
The cause was tried to the court without a jury. An agreed statement of facts was filed, said statement of facts being to the effect that: Insured was accidentally killed by the wrecking of an automobile while riding as a passenger therein, said automobile being then owned by a private company by which she was employed, and was used by said employer for the transportation of its employees from one location to another in the course of employment; that said automobile *1095 was, at the time, being driven by an agent of said employer and the automobile had formerly been used by the Greyhound Bus Lines in its business of transporting passengers for hire on the highways and was a bus with seats in it sufficient for the transportation of from twenty to twenty-four passengers and, at the time of the accident, contained twenty-two passengers in addition to the driver; and that, at the time of the accident, the policy sued on was in full force and effect.
Plaintiff introduced the policy, which contained the following insuring clauses:
"Part III, $2,000 if the death of the insured is caused: `(a) By the wrecking of a public omnibus, taxicab, jitney, or automobile stage, which is being driven or operated at the time of such wrecking by a licensed driver plying for public hire, and in which such insured is traveling on a fare-paying passenger; . . .'
"Part IV, $1,000 if the death of the insured is caused: `(a) By the wrecking of a private pleasure type automobile or horse-drawn vehicle within which the insured is driving or riding as a passenger (excluding motorcycle and farm machinery), or while so driving or riding by being accidently thrown from within such wrecked automobile or vehicle.
"Part IX, Any Other Unspecified Accident — Death Benefit Provision: `If the insured shall during the term for which this policy is issued, or any renewal thereof, suffer loss of life which results within thirty days from the date of accident solely from such injuries caused by an accidental event in or out of business and which is not otherwise covered by this policy, and which shall have caused continuous total disability from date of accident to date of loss of life, the company will pay the sum of Fifty ($50.00) Dollars.'"
Plaintiff contends that she is entitled to recover under paragraph (a) of Part IV of the policy; and defendant contends that she can only recover $50 under Part IX of the policy, and has tendered said sum and paid it into court for benefit of plaintiff in accordance with its position herein.
Defendant introduced in evidence the original petition filed by plaintiff and later abandoned by her when she filed the amended petition upon which the case was tried, the proofs of death and other documents filed by plaintiff with defendant in attempting to establish her claim, and the testimony of witness Rippy, who qualified as an expert on types of motor vehicles and who testified that a motor vehicle of the Greyhound bus class is not a "pleasure type" automobile.
The court found the facts for plaintiff and rendered a general judgment in her favor in the sum of $1235. No complaint is made here as to the amount of the judgment, provided that plaintiff was *1096 entitled to recover under Part IV, paragraph (a) of the policy, above set out.
Plaintiff contends that the language of the policy contained in Part IV above, is ambiguous and calls for judicial construction; that when the language used in an insurance contract is ambiguous and susceptible of more than one construction the courts should construe it most favorably to the insured; and that, since defendant provided for indemnity against loss of life of insured while a passenger riding in a "pleasure type automobile," which said provision is ambiguous and required judicial construction for its clarification, and has itself recognized such fact and has attempted to construe it by the specific exclusion of certain named instrumentalities which it does not intend to include in the coverage, it is bound to have included all other automobiles not named in the exclusion clause. Defendant contends that the expression "pleasure type automobile" is not ambiguous and cannot be held to include a bus as is here involved and that its liability is limited under Part IX of the policy to the sum of $50, which amount it has paid into court. The case, therefore, turns on the construction we give Part IV, paragraph (a) of the policy.
The term "automobile" has been defined as follows: "A vehicle for the carriage of passengers or freight propelled by its own motor." Bouvier's Law Dictionary, Vol. 1, page 294, Rawles Third Edition; "A wheeled vehicle propelled by steam, electricity, or gasoline, and used on highways and streets for the transportation of persons or merchandise." 5 Am. Jur., page 517: "A self propelled vehicle or carriage for the transportation of persons or property whose operation is not confined to a fixed track." [Life Casualty Company of Tennessee v. Metealf (Ky.),
The construction of insurance policies is governed by certain general rules which are applied, in addition to the general rules usually applied to the construction of ordinary contracts.
"Some of these general rules may be stated thus: The policy should be construed in favor of the insured so as not to defeat a claim of indemnity, which he intended to secure, and which the insurer intended that he should have by virtue of the policy in case of injury or death, coming within the limits of its language. [Spring Garden Ins. Co. v. Imperial Tobacco Co.,
Under the rule expressio unius, the phrase "pleasure type automobile" used by defendant in its contract of insurance, necessarily excluded all other types of motor vehicles. [13 C.J. 537.] But defendant *1098 was not content with use of a term which it contends is unambiguous and which excludes automobiles of the type in which insured was riding when killed. It went further and specifically excluded motorcycles and a whole class of automobile farm machinery which, we think, could not have been considered as coming under the classification of "pleasure type automobile." When the above rule is applied to the exclusion clause, it would seem that all automotive vehicles not specifically named and excluded are meant to be included in the coverage. Thus defendant has created an ambiguous contract which, to the uninitiated in the law, might indicate that an insured would be protected against accidents while riding in almost any kind of a privately owned and operated automobile, of which the bus in question would be one. Having thus created an ambiguity, if none existed before adopting the exclusion clause, it might have fully clarified same by going further and excluding all automobiles it did not intend to cover. Its failure to do so left the contract ambiguous as to insured and plaintiff and we will construe it most strongly against the defendant.
Insured could have believed that the coverage included all automobiles not specifically excluded, on the theory that defendant had defined the meaning of the term "pleasure type automobile" by excluding therefrom all automobiles not included in the expression. Parties to a contract may define the meaning of the terms used therein and such meaning as so defined will ordinarily be enforced by the courts. [Standard Oil Co. v. Powell Paving Contracting Co.,
We are cited to no Missouri authority which rules on a situation similar to the case at bar. Defendant cites and relies on Lloyd v. Ins. Co.,
Defendant calls attention to the Missouri statutes defining commercial type automobiles and contends that since the automobile in question had a seating capacity of more than eight people it must be classified as a commercial type car. It is urged that the statute must be read into the contract. Whether or not such a statute, designed for revenue and police purposes, may be considered a part of a contract of insurance, we do not decide. Defendant rendered its contract ambiguous and uncertain by adding the exclusion clause. It thus became a snare and a delusion to the unwary, even assuming *1099 that it would have been clear and unambiguous but for the addition of said exclusion clause.
The judgment is affirmed. Boyer, C., concurs.
Addendum
The foregoing opinion of SPERRY, C., is adopted as the opinion of the court. The judgment is affirmed. All concur.
