848 P.2d 1146 | Okla. | 1993
Lead Opinion
Two issues
FACTS
On December 2, 1939, Edna L. Rogers Flowers’ (Flowers/adoptive mother/deceased/testatrix) and her husband adopted the appellee, Lois L. Flowers Hooper (Hooper/adopted daughter/pretermitted heir) and Hooper’s brother, Don L. Flowers (brother/adopted son). Four years later, Flower’s husband petitioned the Okfuskee County Court to declare Hooper a delinquent child. At the hearing on the petition on June 30, 1943, Hooper was found delinquent. Hooper’s care and custody were committed to the State. The Flowers relinquished all rights as parents of Hooper; and the court’s order provides that they were released from all further liabilities and responsibilities as Hooper’s parents.
Flowers executed her will on June 27, 1989. She died on May 14, 1990. On May 21,1990, Debbie Parker, the named personal representative, filed Flowers’ will for probate. The appellants, Nola Clinking-beard, Lillian Fowler, Ratha Reynolds and Fay Davis Dattuso (collectively, beneficiaries/sisters), are Flowers’ sisters. They are all named as devisees and/or beneficiaries in Flowers’ will.
On June 1, 1990, Hooper filed a petition to receive Flowers’ estate as a pretermitted heir pursuant to 84 O.S.1991 § 132.
I.
THE PASSAGE OF THE UNIFORM ADOPTION ACT (ADOPTION ACT), 10 O.S.1991 § 60.1 ET SEQ. IN 1957 ABOLISHED ALL PRE-EXISTING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ADOPTED AND NATURAL CHILDREN. BECAUSE THE CLEAR LANGUAGE OF 10 O.S.1991 § 1132 PROVIDES THAT TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS DOES NOT AFFECT A CHILD’S RIGHT TO INHERIT FROM ITS PARENT, HOOPER QUALIFIES AS A PRETERMIT-TED HEIR UNDER 84 O.S.1991 § 132.
Both parties argue that a primary issue in the cause concerns Hooper’s status as an adopted child. Clinkingbeard asserts that the trial court had the authority to sever the parental relationship between an adopted child and his/her adoptive parents in 1943. Hooper insists that the trial court lacked authority to terminate the parent-child relationship absent a second adoption. However, this issue is not dispositive.
In 1957, Oklahoma adopted the Uniform Adoption Act (Adoption Act), 10 O.S.1991 § 60.1 et seq. In Conville v. Bakke, 400 P.2d 179, 192-93 (Okla.1964), this Court discussed the Legislature’s intent in enacting the Adoption Act. We specifically recognized in Conville that in repealing the prior law relating to the inheritance rights of adopted children the Legislature intended that all adopted children — those adopted before 1957 and those adopted after enactment of the Adoption Act — be treated similarly. An argument that the pre-1957 adoption law remained in effect for the purpose of determining heirs of persons dying after 1957 if the heir was adopted prior to the effective date of the Adoption Act was found unpersuasive.
In Conville, we recognized the Legislature’s authority to provide for the prospective operation of a statute. We also noted that the Legislature did not exercise that authority in the Adoption Act. Instead, it created a system in which all adopted children are treated similarly for the purposes of inheritance and moved Oklahoma into the modern trend of placing adopted children upon the same footing as natural offspring. We will not today step back, through judicial fiat, to a system which treats those children differently based upon their date of adoption. Were we to do so, it would unravel the law established by judicial decision, and result in the creation of an unconstitutional special law
The findings of Conville were reinforced in Hines v. First Nat’l Bank & Trust Co., 708 P.2d 1078, 1080 (Okla.1985). Hines involved the right of a an adopted child to inherit from the lineal kindred of the adoptive parent. In Hines, we stated:
“Although, the Uniform Adoption Act was not enacted until 1957, and the appellant was adopted in 1950, generally the right of an adopted child to inherit is decided by the law in force at the death of the testatrix/testator not the date of the adoption.”
The child in Hines, adopted in 1950 — seven years before the enactment of the Adoption Act — was found to be entitled to inherit from its lineal ancestors although inheri
Hein v. Hein, 431 P.2d 316, 318 (Okla.1967), was promulgated after Con-ville and before Hines. However, it provides good rationale for an across-the-board application of the Adoption Act. In Hein, we refused to apply the Adoption Act where the testator died before the Act’s adoption. In doing so, we reasoned that a will is ambulatory during the maker’s life and may be changed until the date of death. Certain presumptions are indulged in ascertaining a decedent’s intent. In Hein, we determined that a testator/testatrix is presumed to know the law in effect at the time of the execution of a will. Here, when the adoptive mother executed her will in 1989, the current Adoption Act had been in force and effect for thirty-two years; Conville and Hines had been part of our jurisprudence for twenty-five and four years, respectively.
The Adoption Act abolished all pre-existing differences between adopted and natural children.
Title 10 O.S.1991 § 1132
II.
THE EXISTENCE OF AN ORDER TERMINATING THE TESTATRIX’S PARENTAL RIGHTS IS AN EXTRANEOUS FACT RENDERING THE WILL AMBIGUOUS. PAROL EVIDENCE IS ADMISSIBLE TO ASCERTAIN THE ADOPTIVE MOTHER’S INTENT.
The sisters assert that the existence of the order terminating the parental tie between Flowers and Hooper creates an ambiguity in the will which may be ex
Both parties rely upon this Court’s pronouncement in Matter of Estate of Crump, 614 P.2d 1096, 1098 (Okla.1980). In Crump, we recognized the general rule that under 84 O.S.1991 § 182
The instant cause is similar to Crump in that the entire estate was given to Flowers’ sisters in the will. The cause differs in that there is an extraneous fact making the will ambiguous — the termination order, duly filed in a court of record and admitted by the trial court. The very existence of this order raises questions concerning Flowers’ intent. If Flowers thought the termination order ended any relationship between she and Hooper, the failure to mention Hooper in the will may well have been intentional. If she believed that some familial relationship continued to exist, did Flowers' stated intent to disinherit her adopted son and his “kin” coupled with the false statement that she had only an adopted son create an ambiguity within the will?
CONCLUSION
Whether Hooper’s legal relationship as a child was severed by the termination order does not affect her status as a pretermitted heir. The law in existence at Flowers’ death is controlling. Because Flowers died after the passage of the Uniform Adoption Act (Adoption Act), 10 O.S.1991 § 60.1 et seq. and because, pursuant to 10 O.S.1991 § 1132,
CERTIORARI PREVIOUSLY GRANTED; COURT OF APPEALS OPINION VACATED; AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED.
. On appeal, Flowers asserted that the testatrix’s stated intent to disinherit her adopted son and his "kin" coupled with the false statement that she had only one adopted child created an ambiguity within the will allowing the admission of extrinsic evidence. This issue is not presented in the petition for certiorari. The question of whether there are ambiguities relating to other issues present in the will at bar is not before us. Matter of Estate of Crump, 614 P.2d 1096, 1099 (Okla.1980). As to the introduction of parol evidence, we address only the issue of whether the existence of an order terminating the testatrix's parental rights is an extraneous fact rendering the will ambiguous.
. Title 84 O.S.1991 § 132 provides:
“When any testator omits to provide in his will for any of his children, or for the issue of any deceased child unless it appears that such omission was intentional, such child, or the issue of such child, must have the same share in the estate of the testator, as if he had died intestate, and succeeds thereto as provided in the preceding section.”
. Title 10 O.S.1991 § 1132 provides:
“The termination of parental rights terminates the parent-child relationship, including the parent’s right to the custody of the child and his right to visit the child, his right to control the child’s training and education, the necessity for the parent to consent to the adoption of the child and the parent’s right to the earnings of the child, and the parent’s right to inherit from or through the child. Provided, that nothing herein shall in any way affect the right of the child to inherit from the parent.”
Unlike the result reached in termination proceedings, we note that a finding of the deprived status of a child does not deprive parents of the child of their parental rights except in limited circumstances. 10 O.S.1991 § 1130.
. Title 84 O.S.1991 § 132, see note 2, supra.
. The Okfuskee County court’s order provides in pertinent part:
"... IT IS THEREFORE the Order of the Court that said child be, and is hereby adjudged a delinquent minor child and is hereby made a ward of the court.
It is further Ordered that said child be, and she is hereby committed temporarily to the care and custody of the Child Welfare Division of the Department of Public Welfare of the State of Oklahoma until further Order of the Court.
It is further ordered that parents, John L. Flowers, and his wife, Edna Louise Flowers, are hereby released from further liabilities and responsibilities as parents of said child, and the care and custody of said child shall henceforth be given to the Child Welfare Divi*1149 sion of the State Welfare Department until further Order of the Court....”
. Title 84 O.S.1991 § 132, see note 2, supra.
. The sister’s were prevented from questioning Hooper on specifics as to her relationship with Flowers and other family members. They offered proof that Flowers stated that Hooper was not her daughter after the termination proceedings in 1943; and that Flowers told her sister that her safety deposit box contained papers showing that the adoption had been annulled. The sisters would have presented testimony that an envelope was in Flowers’ safety deposit box containing the termination papers and that on the envelope, Flowers had made the following notation:
"Feb 26 — 1977. Donnie If Louise makes claims to any of my estate this will prove she has no rights to any thing Mom, Edna McDowell”
The envelope also contained a notation in the adoptive father’s handwriting providing: "Louise anul papers.”
The sisters would have offered testimony that Flowers stated that the papers proved that Hooper was not an adopted daughter and that she did not have a daughter.
.Although we do not consider the issue to be dispositive, we do note that in In re Talley’s Estate, 188 Okl. 338, 109 P.2d 495, 498, 132 A.L.R. 773, 777 (1941), decided only two years before Flowers’ attempted to sever the parental bond, this Court determined that the parental rights of adoptive parents could be terminated. The child in Talley was originally adopted from his natural parents. The adoptive parent-child relationship was severed when the natural father adopted the child with the adoptive parents'
.Title 84 O.S.1991 § 132, see note 2, supra.
. The Okla. Const, art. 5, § 46 provides in pertinent part:
"The Legislature shall not, except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, pass any local or special law authorizing:
... Authorizing the adoption or legitimation of children;
Changing the law of descent or succession
. The Okla. Const, art. 2, § 7 provides:
“No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const, amend. 5 provides in pertinent part:
"No person shall be ... deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ...”
U.S. Const, amend. 14, § 1 provides in pertinent part:
"... No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”
. Hines v. First Nat’l Bank & Trust Co., 708 P.2d 1078, 1080 (Okla.1985); Conville v. Bakke, 400 P.2d 179, 192-93 (Okla.1964); Hurt v. Noble, 817 P.2d 744, 746 (Okla.App.1991); Annot., "Adopted Child as Subject to Protection of Statute Regarding Rights of Children Pretermitted by Will, or Statute Preventing Disinheritance of Child,” 43 A.L.R.4* 948, 952-57 (1986).
. Hines v. First Nat’l Bank & Trust Co., see note 12, supra; Conville v. Bakke, see note 12 at 193, supra.
. Hines v. First Nat’l Bank & Trust Co., see note 12 at 1081, supra.
. Title 10 O.S.1991 § 1132, see note 3, supra.
. Fuller v. Odom, 741 P.2d 449, 452 (Okla.1987); Matter of Phillips Petroleum Co., 652 P.2d 283, 285 (Okla.1982); Becknell v. State Indus. Court, 512 P.2d 1180, 1183 (Okla.1973).
. Fuller v. Odom, see note 16, supra; Northwest Datsun v. Oklahoma Motor Vehicle Comm’n, 736 P.2d 516 (Okla.1987); Duesterhaus v. City of Edmond, 634 P.2d 720, 722 (Okla.1981).
. Title 84 O.S.1991 § 132, see note 2, supra.
. Id.
. See also, In re Estate of Sharp, 512 P.2d 160, 165-66 (Okla.1973); Matter of Estate of Eversole, 787 P.2d 470, 473 (Okla.App.1989).
. Matter of Estate of Severns, 650 P.2d 854, 857 (Okla.1982); Estate of Crump, see note 1 at 1098, supra.
. We do not determine this issue. See discussion note 1, supra. See also, Matter of Estate of Hester, 671 P.2d 54, 55 (Okla.1983) (Testator’s false statement that he had no children combined with complete disposition of property constituted appearance of intention to omit to provide for son.).
. Lomon v. Citizens Nat’l Bank, 689 P.2d 306, 308 (Okla.1984); Matter of Estate of Westfahl, 674 P.2d 21, 24 (Okla.1983); Estate of Smith v. Williams, 674 P.2d 17, 19 (Okla.1983).
. 10 O.S.1991 § 1132, see note 3, supra.
. Title 84 O.S.1991 § 132, see note 2, supra.
. Id.
. Matter of Estate of Crump, see note 1 at 1098, supra.
. The evidence presented by the sisters appears sufficient to establish Flowers intent that Hooper not share in her estate. However, the evidence was presented as an offer of proof. Because Hooper has not had an opportunity to cross examine the witnesses who would testify on behalf of Flowers and because she has not been allowed to present her own supporting evidence on intent, the cause is remanded for a determination of intent by the trier of fact.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
The court pronounces that the testatrix’s adopted daughter qualifies as a pretermit-ted heir and concludes that her pretermit-ted-heir status would not be affected even if it were shown that her filial bond was terminated by a 1943 county court order. The court’s decision rests on three grounds: (1) the right of an adopted child to inherit is measured by the law in force at the decedent’s death and not on the date of adoption, and that law, the Uniform Adoption Act,
I must recede from today’s pronouncement. I would hold that (a) the 1943 order’s severance of the parental tie is facially void and that (b) neither the facial invalidity of the filial bond’s extinguishment nor the testatrix’s erroneous belief that her parental bond to the adopted daughter had been terminated serves as an extraneous fact that injects ambiguity into the testamentary exclusion of the adopted daughter.
I
THE ANATOMY OF LITIGATION
Appellee Lois Hooper [Hooper] and her brother were adopted in 1939 by Edna Flowers [Flowers] and her husband.
II
THE 1943 ORDER OF THE COUNTY COURT SITTING AS A JUVENILE COURT IS FACIALLY VOID PRO TANTO — TO THE EXTENT THAT IT SEVERS HOOPER’S FILIAL BOND WITH FLOWERS
The now-defunct county courts were courts of limited jurisdiction and could only exercise the power specifically conferred by the then-effective Judicial Article
Because in 1943 the county court lacked power to terminate parental rights, it was utterly without cognizance to sever a child’s bond in a delinquency proceeding. The 1943 order was hence coram non judi-ce
When a complete absence of jurisdiction appears on the face of the judgment roll,
Although in 1943 a county court lacked cognizance to terminate a parental bond, it had the power to set aside its adoption orders or decrees under the terms of 12 O.S.1941 §§ 1031 et seq.
Ill
THE FACIAL INVALIDITY OF THE PARENTAL BOND’S SEVERANCE BY THE 1943 ORDER IS NOT AN EXTRANEOUS FACT THAT MAY INJECT AMBIGUITY INTO FLOWERS’ TESTAMENTARY INTENT TO EXCLUDE HOOPER, NOR DOES IT RENDER THAT EXCLUSION INEF-FICACIOUS
Because Hooper’s filial bond remained intact, the critical question to be answered is whether Flowers’ will sufficiently demonstrates her intent to exclude Hooper from any bounty.
From the four corners of the will it is obvious that Flowers did not recognize Hooper as her adopted daughter and had no intention of favoring her with a testamentary gift. An ambiguity may arise from a fact or circumstance — extraneous to the will — which injects uncertainty as to the testatrix’s intent to disinherit one’s child or issue.
In short, the four corners of the will unequivocally show that Flowers rejected Hooper as an adopted daughter. I would hence hold that the 1943 termination order’s invalidity is not an extraneous fact that injects ambiguity as to the testatrix’s intended exclusion of Hooper.
IV
AFTER-ENACTED LEGISLATION
The parental bond of Flowers to Hooper remained unextinguished by the facially void 1943 order. Even if that order had been efficacious, the subsequent enactment of 10 O.S.1991 § 1132 in 1968 could not be applied retroactively to preserve Hooper’s inheritance rights from Flowers’ estate. Absent a plain legislative intent to the contrary, statutes are generally presumed to operate prospectively only,
SUMMARY
The 1943 order’s severance of the filial bond is void on the face of the county court’s judgment roll in the juvenile delinquency case where it was entered. Neither
I would hence hold that Hooper is not a pretermitted heir.
. 10 O.S.1991 §§ 60.1 et seq.
. The pertinent terms of 10 O.S.1991 § 1132 are:
"The termination of parental rights terminates the parent-child relationship, including the parent's right to the custody of the child and his right to visit the child, his right to control the child’s training and education, the necessity for the parent to consent to the adoption of the child and the parent’s right to the earnings of the child, and the parent’s right to inherit from or through the child. Provided, that nothing herein shall in any way affect the right of the child to inherit from the parent.”
.The petition for adoption (with consent) and decree of adoption, dated December 2, 1939, are
Adoption was viewed in 1939 as a private contract that required approval by the state. Jones v. Loving, Okl., 363 P.2d 512, 513-514 (1961); Ex parte Helscel, Okl., 268 P.2d 287, 289 (1954); In re Hughes, 88 Okl. 257, 213 P. 79, 82 (1923).
. The petition and order, dated June 30, 1943, are of record in the County Court of Okfuskee County, sitting as a Juvenile Court. Tr., defendants’ exhibits 1 and 2.
. The critical provision of Flowers' will states:
"I am a widow, unmarried, and have no heirs of my body but do have an adopted son, Don L. Flowers. I have grandchildren, children of Don L. Flowers. Because of a terrible injustice done to me by my son, Don L. Flowers, I leave him nothing in this my will and do hereby disinherit him and all of his kin and wife and all of my Grandchildren, namely,_’’ (Emphasis supplied.)
. Art. 7, §§ 12-17, Okl. Const, (repealed in 1967, eff. Jan. 13, 1969).
The pertinent terms of Art. 7, § 12, Okl. Const, (repealed in 1967), were:
"The County Court, co-extensive with the county, shall have original jurisdiction in all probate matters, and until otherwise provided by law, shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the District Court in civil cases in any amount not exceeding one thousand dollars, exclusive of interest: Provided, That the County Court shall not have jurisdiction in any action for malicious prosecution, or in any action for divorce or alimony, or in any action against officers for misconduct in office, or in actions for slander or libel, or in actions for the specific performance of contracts for the sale of real estate, or in any matter wherein the title or boundaries of land may be in dispute or called in question; nor to order or decree the partition or sale of real estate, not arising under its probate jurisdiction. * * * ”
It shall have such appellate jurisdiction of the judgments of justices of the peace in civil and criminal cases as may be provided by law, or in this Constitution. The County Court shall have jurisdiction concurrent with justices of the peace in misdemeanor cases, and exclusive jurisdiction in all misdemeanor cases of which justices of the peace have not jurisdiction. In the absence of the Judge of the District Court from the county, or in case of his disqualification for any reason, the County Court, or Judge thereof, shall have power to issue writs of injunction in matters about to be brought or pending in the District Court; and to issue writs of injunction, mandamus, and all writs necessary to enforce the jurisdiction of the County Courts; and issue writs of habeas corpus in cases where the offense charged is within the jurisdiction of the County Court or any other court or tribunal inferior to said court. ...”
The pertinent terms of Art. 7, § 13, Okl. Const, (repealed in 1967) were:
"The County Court shall have the general jurisdiction of a Probate Court. It shall probate wills, appoint guardians of minors, idiots, lunatics, persons non compos mentis, and common drunkards; grant letters testamentary and of administration, settle accounts of executors, administrators, and guardians; transact all business appertaining to the estates of deceased persons, minors, idiots, lunatics, persons non compos mentis, and common drunkards, including the sale, settlement, partition, and distribution of the estates thereof.
The quoted provisions of the Judicial Article were repealed in 1967; the enactment of what is now Article 7 was proposed by Laws 1967, p. 698, H.J.R. No. 508, and adopted at an election on July 11, 1967. For county court jurisdiction see Cassina v. Jones, Okl., 340 P.2d 482, 484 (1959); In re Johnson, 72 Okl. 174, 179 P. 605, 607 (1919).
. Pre-1969 district courts, on the other hand, were courts of general jurisdiction. Art. 7, § 7, Okl. Const, (repealed in 1967, eff. Jan. 13, 1969); Flick v. Crouch, Okl., 434 P.2d 256, 261 (1967). Since 1969 district courts exercise unlimited original jurisdiction of all justiciable matters, except as otherwise provided by the Constitution. Art. 7, § 7, Okl. Const, (eff. Jan. 13, 1969); State ex rel. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co. v. Brown, Okl., 519 P.2d 491, 495 (1974).
. See 10 O.S.Supp.1965 §§ 471-475, which were repealed upon the enactment of 10 O.S.Supp. 1968 § 1130-1132. The terms of 10 O.S.1941 §§ 101 et seq., pertaining to dependent and delinquent children, which provide, inter alia, that an association or individual who has guardianship of a child pursuant to these statutes may be made a party to an adoption proceeding and may assent to the child’s adoption, did not empower the county court to terminate anyone’s parental bond within the framework of a juvenile proceeding.
. Davis v. Davis, Okl., 708 P.2d 1102, 1111 (1985).
. The Latin phrase "coram non judice ” means ”[i]n the presence of a person not a judge. When a suit is brought and determined in a court which has no jurisdiction in the matter, then it is said to be coram non judice, and the judgment is void." BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY, p. 337 (6th Ed. 1990).
. The legal effect and validity of a finally adjudicated case are measured by the four corners of its judgment roll. Mayhue v. Mayhue, Okl., 706 P.2d 890, 895 (1985); Timmons v. Royal Globe Ins. Co., Okl., 713 P.2d 589, 591-592 (1986); Reeves v. Agee, Okl., 769 P.2d 745, 752 n. 16 (1989); Willard v. Kelley, Okl., 803 P.2d 1124, 1134 n. 32 (1990).
. 12 O.S.1991 § 1038; Hough v. Hough, Okl., 772 P.2d 920, 921 (1989); Mayhue, supra note 11 at 895; Scoufos v. Fuller, Okl., 280 P.2d 720, 723 (1955).
. Reeves, supra note 11 at 752, Mayhue, supra note 11 at 893 n. 8; Scoufos, supra note 12 at 723; State ex rel. Commissioners of Land Office v. Keller, Okl, 264 P.2d 742, 747-748 (1953).
. The vacation-of-judgments provisions in 12 O.S.1941 §§ 1031 et seq. were invocable in county courts, which could set aside their orders and judgments. See in this connection Ozark v. Berryhill, 43 Okl. 523, 143 P. 173, 174 (1914); Co-Wok-Ochee v. Chapman, 76 Okl. 1, 183 P. 610, 612 (1919); W.T. Rawleigh Medical Co. v. Eggers, 74 Okl. 190, 178 P. 108, 109 (1919); Blancett v. Eslinger, Okl., 324 P.2d 273, 275-276 (1958); Tucker v. Leonard, 76 Okl. 16, 183 P. 907, 912 (1919); Cooper v. Newcomb, 73 Okl. 53, 174 P. 1029, 1031 (1918); Holmes v. Holmes, 27 Okl. 140, 111 P. 220, 221 (1910); Davis v. Sandlin, Okl., 392 P.2d 722, 724-725 (1964); see also In re Adoption of Davis, 206 Okl. 403, 244 P.2d 554, 555 (1952); In re Hughes, 88 Okl. 257, 213 P. 79, 80 (1923).
. The law observes the distinction between excess and absence of jurisdiction over a given subject matter. When the authority to deal with a subject does exist, the manner and extent of the power’s exercise, even if patently excessive, will stand, absent a direct attack. Bradley v. Fisher, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 335, 351-352, 20 L.Ed. 646, 651 (1872); Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 356, 98 S.Ct. 1099, 1105, 55 L.Ed.2d 331 (1978). In Stump, the judge ordered a juvenile girl to undergo sterilization. The question before the Court was whether the sterilization order was void because of absence of jurisdiction or merely voidable as one made in excess
. The county court, a tribunal of limited jurisdiction, was without power to entertain parental termination proceedings of any kind.
. The county court was powerless to terminate parental rights when sitting as a juvenile court.
. Crump’s Estate v. Freeman, Okl., 614 P.2d 1096, 1098 (1980).
. In re Bomgardner, OkL, 711 P.2d 92, 95-96 (1986); Seal v. Corporation Com’n, Okl., 725 P.2d 278, 294 (1986); Trinity Broadcasting Corp. v. Leeco Oil Co., Okl., 692 P.2d 1364, 1366 (1985); Wickham v. Gulf Oil Corporation, Okl., 623 P.2d 613, 615-616 (1981); Wilson v. State, ex rel. Oklahoma Tax Commission, Okl., 594 P.2d 1210, 1212 (1979); Mid-Continent Casualty Company v. P. & H. Supply, Inc., Okl., 490 P.2d 1358, 1361 (1971).
. Adoptions could be validly vacated in 1943. The then-effective vacation process availed in county courts. See supra note 14; In re Adoption of Davis, supra note 14; In re Hughes, supra note 14.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring specially.
The majority holds that parol evidence is admissible to resolve an ambiguity as to the testator’s intention in omitting her adopted daughter from the will. While I concur in the finding of an ambiguity, such a finding is not necessary in order to admit extrinsic evidence to determine the testator’s intent in omitting the child.
As I stated in my dissent In re Estate of Glomset, 547 P.2d 951, 954 (Okla.1976):
The purpose and legislative intent of [Okla.Stat. tit. 84, § 132] is to protect children unintentionally omitted from the will. It is not to be construed to alter the testamentary intent of the testator by including children he intentionally excluded from his estate.
There is no language in section 132 which prohibits a court from considering extrinsic evidence to determine the intent of the testator in omitting a child from a will.
Because I would admit extrinsic evidence even without a finding of ambiguity in the will, I concur specially.