128 N.C. App. 189 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1998
I
We first consider whether the trial court erred in granting partial summary judgment on the grounds that coverage under the policies was not triggered by claims arising from property damage that occurred during the years in which the policies were in effect because the contamination was not discovered until after the policies expired.
In our companion opinion (96-1435) we have reaffirmed that West American Ins. Co. v. Tufco Flooring East, Inc., 104 N.C. App. 312, 409 S.E.2d 692 (1991), review allowed, 330 N.C. 853, 413 S.E.2d 555, review denied as improvidently granted, 332 N.C. 479, 420 S.E.2d 826 (1992), in which this court applied the discovery rule to a property damage case, is the law of North Carolina in this factual situation. The discovery rule mandates that “for insurance purposes, property damage ‘occurs’ when it is manifested or discovered.” Id. at 317, 409 S.E.2d at 695 (quoting Mraz v. Canadian Universal Ins. Co., 804 F.2d 1325, 1328 (4th Cir. 1986). For a more detailed discussion of the arguments presented and this court’s reaffirmation of the Tafeo rule, see our opinion in The Home Indemnity Co., et al, v. Hoechst Celanese Corp., et al (96-1435).
By HCC’s own responses to interrogatories, it is undisputed that the contamination was first discovered in 1980. Accordingly, based on the Tufco rule, it is clear that there can be no coverage for environmental contamination claims under policies that expired prior to 1980. In accordance with Tufco, we conclude that summary judgment was properly granted here for the following policies:
Aetna Casualty & Surety Company policy nos. 01XN171, 01XN707, 01XN867, 01XN868, 01XN1288, 01XN1576 and 01XN1682; American Home Assurance Company policy nos. CE2692030, CE2692031, CE2749507, CE2749508, CE355391, CE355392 and 8065544; American Motorists Insurance Company policy nos. 4ZM549159, 1CP-60143, 1CP-60435 and 3SB-005287;*197 Centennial Insurance Company policy no. 462-01-31-57; Century Indemnity Company, Successor-in-interest to CCI Insurance Company, Successor to Insurance Company of North America policy nos. XCP3753 and XBC042141; Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London and Certain London Market Insurance Companies policy nos. 89022, 89023, 89024, 89025, 50046, 52160, 52161, 52164, 52165, 53760, 55240, 55330, 55331, 55332, 55333, 55334, NF0860, NF0861, NF0864, NC4720 and NC5082; Commercial Union Insurance Company policy nos. 131LC2, 131LC3, 131LC4, 131LC10, 131LC11, CY-9500-002, CY-9500-034 and EY-9500-044; all Crum & Forster Insurance Company policies; Employers Mutual Casualty Company policy no. MMO 70027; Federal Insurance Company policy nos. 77378655 and FXL77378655; Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company policy nos. XLX1202840 and XLX1269429; First State Insurance Company policy nos. 920298, 922376, 925974, 928017, 920878, 921283 and 923489; Hartford Accident & Indemnity Company policy no. 10XS100583; Insurance Company of the State of Pennsylvania policy nos. 41735440 and 41735441; International Surplus Lines Insurance Company policy nos. XSI1522 and XSI1523; Lexington Insurance Company policy nos. GL403087; GC403095, GC403374, C5504670, 5511228 and 500-00-24; Lumbermen’s Mutual Casualty Company policy no. 5XS-010318; National Union Fire Insurance Company policy nos. 1170170 and 1170174; North River Insurance Company XS3708 and XS4429; Progressive American Insurance Company policy nos. SP-1157 and SP-1158; and Stonewall Insurance Company policy nos. D11514, D11515 and D11516.
Based on our disposition of this issue, we need not consider the remaining issues concerning the above listed policies because the remaining issues have been rendered moot.
II
We next consider whether the trial court erred in granting partial summary judgment when the motion was based on insurance policy language which HCC contends was not properly before the court. HCC argues that there is no admissible or competent evidence of record concerning any language in any insurance policy issued to HCC. First, HCC contends that some carriers relied on policy provisions in seeking partial summary judgment but did not file any evidence of policy language. Second, they contend that other carriers
HCC’s first argument, that some carriers did not file any evidence of policy language when seeking summary judgment, pertains only to certain policies of appellee North River Insurance Company (“North River”), because our determination in Part I, the Tafeo discovery rule, was dispositive as to the policies of appellees Stonewall Insurance Company, Crum & Forster Insurance Company & International Surplus Lines Insurance Company. North River first argues that HCC waived objections based on lack of adequate “evidence” to sustain partial summary judgment by failing to object in its responses to the motions and by proceeding with the summary judgment hearing without objection. Second, they argue that their summary judgment motion could have been made with or without affidavits and that HCC itself admitted sufficient facts to justify the trial court’s entry of summary judgment. North River asserts that HCC alleged that North River issued excess policies to HCC, and that the primary policies to which North River’s policies were excess were already before the trial court. Furthermore, North River notes that HCC made the pollution exclusions under many of those primary policies part of the record through the affidavits of Randy Weston and Gary Schultz. Accordingly, North River asserts that all relevant policy language necessary for a proper determination of the summary judgment issue was properly before the trial court. Further, North River asserts that HCC did not contest the fact that policies were excess to and followed form to the primary or underlying excess policies in effect during the relevant policy periods. Accordingly, the appellees contend that summary judgment was properly granted.
We hold that there was sufficient evidence of record to support summary judgment in favor of North River on policy nos. 522-046851-3, 522-046852-2, 522-043223-4 and 522-055111-5. In HCC’s response to North River’s motion to join in Home’s summary judgment motion, HCC admits that these policies at issue incorporate by reference the terms of Employers Insurance of Waussau policy number 5735-00-100731, and that the policy contains a “sudden and acciden
HCC’s second argument pertains only to certain policies of appellee Federal Insurance Company (“Federal”), because our determination in Part I, the Tufco discovery rule, was dispositive as to the policies of appellees American Motorists Insurance Company and Lumbermen’s Mutual Casualty Company. Federal argues that their declaration pages stated that the policies followed form to certain underlying Lloyds’ policies and were thereby incorporated. Federal contends that appellees’ attorneys properly authenticated their evidence, based on their personal knowledge that the declaration pages and policies were authentic. Federal notes that the decision to admit evidence is discretionary and there is no indication that the judge abused his discretion. Finally, the appellees argue that HCC never raised any genuine issue as to the accuracy, completeness, or authenticity of the policies. Only the interpretation of the policies and application of the facts were at issue. Accordingly, Federal maintains that summary judgment was properly granted.
Federal submitted declaration pages stating that their policies provided excess coverage by the terms and provisions of the under
HCC’s third argument pertains to the policies of appellees New England Insurance Company, American International Underwriters (AIU), Birmingham Fire Insurance Company of Pennsylvania, Twin City Fire Insurance Company, Associated International Insurance Company, and with respect to certain policies of National Union Fire Insurance Company, Lexington Insurance Company, First State Insurance Company, Employers Mutual Casualty Company, Hartford Accident & Indemnity Company, and Lloyds only. Our determination in Part I, the Tufco discovery rule, was dispositive as to the policies of appellees Insurance Company of Pennsylvania, Century Indemnity Company, Centennial Insurance Company and Progressive American Insurance Company. The remaining appellees assert that there is no evidence that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the evidence. First, they argue that the attorneys’ affidavits clearly comply with Rule 56(e) in that they are based on personal knowledge of the affiant, gained from representing in litigation the very insurance companies that issued the policies under consideration. Second, the appellees argue that HCC has not raised any genuine issue of material fact as to the accuracy or completeness of the policy language cited. Since the dispute involves only the interpretation of the excess policies’ language and application of the policy language to the facts and not whether the language was actually contained in the policies themselves, the appellees argue that summary judgment was proper.
The attorneys’ affidavits based on personal knowledge were competent to authenticate the policies and there was no genuine issue of material fact as to the relevant language. See Lockwood, 629 F.2d at 611. Accordingly, we hold there was sufficient evidence of record to support summary judgment for those policies. This assignment of error is overruled.
Ill
We next consider whether pollution exclusions contained in policies are rendered unenforceable because the policies with the exclu
HCC additionally argues that certain appellees included absolute pollution exclusion language in policies issued before that language was approved by the North Carolina Insurance Commissioner on 24 February 1986. HCC maintains that the unapproved language should be void and unenforceable. In our companion opinion (96-1408) we determined that the failure of insurers to get advance form approval where the form is subsequently approved for use does not result in the absolute pollution exclusion being void. For more detailed discussion of the arguments presented and this court’s analysis, see our opinion in The Home Indemnity Co., et al, v. Hoechst Celanese Corp., et al (96-1408). Accordingly, we hold that the policy should be enforced as written including the pollution exclusion language.
IV
We next consider whether the trial court properly granted partial summary judgment on the grounds that the claims were precluded by pollution exclusions contained in the policies. HCC contends that the carriers, as the moving party and insurer, had the burden of proving that the pollution exclusion language in its policies precludes coverage for HCC at the Salisbury site. HCC first argues that the language in many of the policies’ pollution exclusions states that the “exclusion does not apply if’ contamination is “sudden and accidental.” HCC asserts that the evidence demonstrates that at least some of the damages at the site arise from releases that were “sudden and accidental.” Furthermore, HCC maintains that other courts have concluded that where the facts show that there were discrete accidents, summary judgment is inappropriate. See, e.g., Cessna Aircraft Co. v. Hartford Acc. & Indem. Co., 900 F.Supp. 1489 (D. Kan. 1995). HCC contends that the sudden nature of many of the releases and the extent of contamination caused by these accidents are unresolved issues of fact, rendering summary judgment inappropriate.
HCC also argues that some of the appellees joined in the Home summary judgment motion on the basis of significantly different pollution exclusion language. HCC claims that some of these policies
The appellees argue that the pollution exclusion applies based on its plain language. Appellees contend that North Carolina courts have stated that pollution which occurs gradually over time on an ongoing basis and are routine events is not “sudden and accidental” and does not fall under the exception to the exclusion. See Waste Management of Carolinas, Inc. v. Peerless Ins. Co., 315 N.C. 688, 696-701, 340 S.E.2d 374, 380-83, rehearing denied, 316 N.C. 386, 346 S.E.2d. 134 (1986). Furthermore, appellees argue that the insured must not only show that a release was sudden and accidental but the insured must also show that the release caused an appreciable amount of the damage and was not a de minimis event. The appellees contend that HCC’s evidence of the fire at the Dowtherm Heater Area is speculative at best. See Highlands Ins. Co. v. Aerovox Inc., 424 Mass. 226, 676 N.E.2d 801 (Mass. 1997). Accordingly, the carriers argue that summary judgment was properly granted.
HCC and the appellees each assert that the other bears the burden of proof on the issue of whether the “sudden and accidental” exception to the pollution exclusion applies to restore coverage excluded under the pollution exclusions. The vast majority of courts have held that the insurer bears the burden of establishing the existence and applicability of a policy exclusion, while the insured has the burden of proving that an exception to the exclusion exists and applies to restore coverage. See Peerless Ins. Co. v. Strother, 765 F. Supp. 866, 871 (E.D.N.C. 1990). See also SnyderGeneral Corp. v. Great American Ins. Co., 928 F.Supp. 674, 680 n.5 (N.D. Tex. 1996). We agree and hold that HCC bears the burden of proving that the sudden and accidental exception to the pollution exclusion applies here to restore coverage.
We hold that HCC has failed to carry its burden of proving that the exception to the pollution exclusion applies here. The “sudden and accidental” exception was construed by our Supreme Court in
The policy reasons for the pollution exclusion are obvious: If an insured knows that liability incurred by all manner of negligent or careless spills and releases is covered by his liability policy, he is tempted to diminish his precautions and relax his vigilance .... [P]utting the financial responsibility for pollution that may occur over the course of time upon the insured places the responsibility to guard against such occurrences upon the party with the most control over the circumstances most likely to cause the pollution.
Id. at 697-98, 340 S.E.2d at 381. Just as in Waste Management, most of HCC’s claims involve the leaching of contaminants that occurred gradually over an extended period of time. However, HCC has argued that several discrete events occurred, such as releases due to pump seal leaks, gasket failures, etc. which caused contamination and therefore fall within the “sudden and accidental” exception. However, HCC has failed to carry its burden of proving that these events are within the “sudden and accidental” exception. In Waste Management, our Supreme Court recognized that discharges that “occurred on a ‘regular or sporadic basis from time to time’ ” are not sudden. Id. at 701, 340 S.E.2d at 383 (discussing Techalloy Co. v. Reliance Ins. Co., 338 Pa. Super. 1, 487 A.2d 820 (1984)). Numerous other jurisdictions have also recognized that spills and leaks which have occurred during the day-to-day operations and which present an overall pattern of discharges, are not sudden and accidental. See Peerless, 765 F. Supp. at 871 (“allegations suggest a pattern of repetitive activity which led to the environmental pollution”).
HCC finally contends that a 1974 fire in the Dowtherm Heater Area was a sudden and accidental discharge. However, the fire falls squarely within the facts of a recently decided Massachusetts case. In Aerovox, 424 Mass, at 226, 676 N.E.2d at 801, Massachusetts’ highest court determined that:
Because Aerovox has not shown an ability to prove a causal link between the fire and any more than a de minimis amount of the damages for which it is now liable, we agree with the motion judge that summary judgment is appropriate. The only proof Aerovox has presented on the question of causation is the affi*204 davit of David Herer, a civil engineer and member of the remediation team at the Re-Solve site. His affidavit states that the fire released a ‘significant volume’ of hazardous contaminants and solvents which ‘because of persistence and migration’ were still causing damage at the time of the policy periods and for which Aerovox was being held liable. The Herer affidavit does tend to show that the fire released contaminants and that they may have caused damage throughout the relevant period. Aerovox must show more than that to make its case. In the context of this case where contaminants were regularly released over the course of decades, Aerovox must have a reasonable prospect of showing that the fire caused an appreciable and compensable proportion of the damage .... The fire could only have released at most a small proportion of the contaminants which the facility released over the course of its twenty-four years in operation . . . .The Herer affidavit does not specify the amount or nature of the damage from the fire in relationship to the damage caused by the regular, long-term release of large volumes of pollution in the course of ordinary operations of the plant. It does not indicate whether greater total damage was done at the site because of the fire, nor does it indicate there is a way to make such a judgment that is not speculative. Based on the inability to produce such evidence, there is no way for a jury to determine that the fire, rather than ordinary business practices caused the damage. Because Aerovox has produced insufficient evidence that the fire was a more than de minimis cause of its liability, we conclude that no ‘fair-minded jury could return a verdict for [Aerovox] on the evidence presented’ and that summary judgment is therefore warranted.
Id. at 234-35, 676 N.E.2d at 806-07 (citations omitted). HCC has failed in their forecast of evidence to support their contention that the fire was a sudden and accidental event that caused an appreciable amount of the contamination HCC is being required to clean up. HCC bases its arguments on the testimony of two HCC employees, Steve Simpson and Michael Freeze. Simpson and Freeze were unable to say how much Dowtherm was released in connection with the fire, only that in hindsight, they believed it contributed to soil and groundwater contamination. HCC also relies on an accident report prepared by its Salisbury plant manager in 1974. However, the report makes no mention of any Dowtherm on the ground or any soil or groundwater contamination. Just as in Aerovox, HCC has presented evidence that the fire released contaminants that may have caused some damage.
Accordingly, because HCC has not carried its burden of proving that the “sudden and accidental” exception restores coverage for the contamination, we hold that summary judgment was properly granted.
In conclusion, we affirm summary judgment as to all parties and policies except for North River policy nos. 522-000423-9 and 522-000445-5. We reverse partial summary judgment in the two North River policies because there was insufficient evidence of record to support the trial court’s grant of summary judgment on those policies.
Affirmed in part, reversed and remanded in part.
