186 Mich. 241 | Mich. | 1915
Lead Opinion
It is one thing to determine in advance of an election that an illegal provision for the method of holding it shall not be enforced, as was done in Attorney General v. Board of Councilmen of Detroit, 58 Mich. 213 (24 N. W. 887, 55 Am. Rep. 675), and quite another thing to determine that the
Conceding that the legislative direction for holding elections in the city of West Branch is not in harmony with the Constitution, and conceding, further, the general rule to be that an unconstitutional law is no law and cannot be made the justification, in law, for any action or nonaction, the invalid law is not here used to justify, but is sought to be used to defeat, the action of electors.
The right of the electors affected to vote at the time the vote was taken, upon the matters actually voted upon, does not come from the invalid provisions of the statute. The complaint is that, following the invalid direction, the right was exercised in an improper voting place, in charge of persons having an apparent, but not a real, right to receive and count the votes. By applying a rule intended to preserve the rights of the electors, it is proposed to defeat the will of the electors, with the expression of which the operation of the invalid law is not shown to have in any way interfered. It is a serious undertaking, and the principle involved is not changed by the nature of the matter voted upon.
The same rule should be applied as. in cases where it is sought to disfranchise voters on account of the action, or omission, of officers in following, or failing to follow, the rules governing elections. Adsit v. Secretary of State, 84 Mich. 420 (48 N. W. 31, 11 L. R. A. 534); People v. Avery, 102 Mich. 572 (61 N. W.
Usually, the writ of mandamus will not be granted where justice does not require it. I think the court below was right, and its action should be affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). A writ of certiorari was issued in these proceedings to review an order made by the circuit court of Bay county denying a writ of mandamus in this cause, which had been transferred to that court from Ogemaw county. There is no disagreement as to the facts out of which these proceedings arose.
The city of West Branch, in Ogemaw county, which was formerly the village of West Branch, was incorporated as a city of the fourth class by Act No. 371, Local Acts 1905 of this State, entitled:
“An act to incorporate the city of West Branch in the county of Ogemaw as a city of the fourth class, and to repeal all acts or parts of acts relative to the incorporation of the village of West Branch.”
This act was given immediate effect and approved March 9, 1905. The act is a brief one, containing but 13 sections. Only the provisions involved in these proceedings require to be stated. Section 1 describes the territory affected, as follows:
“The territory in the county of Ogemaw and State of Michigan, described as follows, to wit: the south one-half of section 19 and the north one-half of section 30, all in township 22 north,- range 2 east, is hereby detached from the township' of West Branch and tibe said territory so detached is hereby incorporated as the city óf West Branch.”
Section 2 divides the city into three wards, giving the boundaries of each ward.
*244 “Sec. 3. The said city of West Branch shall in all things not herein otherwise provided for, be governed, and its powers and duties defined and limited by an act, entitled, ‘An act to provide for the incorporation of cities of the fourth class/ being act number two hundred fifteen of the public acts of eighteen hundred ninety-five, approved May twenty-seventh, eighteen hundred ninety-five, and all acts amendatory thereto, except so far as the same may be inconsistent with this act.”
Section 4 refers to the school district of the township of West Branch, of which the territory detached was a part, and to levying taxes for school purposes.
Section 5 makes a single assessment district of the city of West Branch and provides for the assessment and spreading of taxes therein by the city assessor, such assessor to be elected annually with powers and duties as provided by the act referred to in section 3, supra, entitled “An act to provide for the incorporation of cities of the fourth class.”
Section 6 excepts this city from creating a board of public works, as provided in the act governing fourth class cities.
Section 7 creates a board of review.
“Sec. 8. The city hall shall be the voting place of all the electors of the various wards, and the electors of each ward shall be furnished with a booth, or booths, plainly labeled on the outside with the number of the ward where they have their residence, and each elector shall mark his ballot in the booth numbered in correspondence with the number of his ward, and the inspectors of election shall deposit the ballots so marked in ballot boxes provided for each separate ward.
“Sec. 9. The board of registration for the entire city of West Branch shall consist of the clerk of said city and two electors thereof, to be/appointed by the mayor, by and with the consent of the council, who shall perform all the duties of the several boards of registration provided for in said act number two hundred fifteen.
*245 “Sec. 10. Inspectors of election for the city as a whole shall consist of the city assessor and the aider-man from each ward whose term of office expires last.”
The other sections do not require attention, except to say that, in conformity with the entitling of the act, the last section repealed all acts or parts of acts relative to the incorporation of the village of West Branch.
The sections of the said act of 1905 specially involved in these proceedings are sections 8, 9, and 10, quoted supra, relative to the place and manner of voting in said city, the board of registration of voters for the entire city, and the board of inspectors of election for the city as a whole. These provisions apply to all elections of State, county, district, and city officers, and all special elections for every, purpose for which elections may be held.
In March, 1908, the record shows that the common council of the city, having been advised that sections 8, 9, and 10 were unconstitutional and inconsistent with the provisions of the general law in relation to cities of the fourth class, by a resolution determined to proceed at the following April election pursuant to such general law. This was done, and thereafter all elections in said city were so held until October 10, 1912, when by resolution the common council instructed the city clerk to notify the electors:
“That the board of registration and election will hereafter be held only at one polling place in said city, which place is hereby designated the city hall.”
The questions involved in these proceedings arise out of an election held April 6, 1914, in the county of Ogemaw, when, under what is known as the “Local Option Law,” the question, “Shall the manufacture of liquors and the liquor traffic be prohibited within the county?” was submitted to the electors of
This meeting of the board of supervisors pursuant to statute as a board of canvassers was held April 13, 1914, at which meeting a special committee of five supervisors was duly appointed “to canvass the local option vote of Ogemaw county for the year 1914, and report the result of their findings, to this board.” Thereupon said board took a recess until April 14, 1914, at 9 o’clock a. m., which committee on the following day reported to the board the result of its findings.
“We find that in the townships and wards outside of the city of West Branch there was voted upon said question as follows: (Giving the detailed vote in all*247 of said townships and wards, specifically naming them.)
“We find the total votes cast in the several townships and wards above specifically named on said question, ‘Yes,’ 818 votes, and ‘No,’ 803 votes.
“We further find that in the city of West Branch at the election held at the city hall in said city as certified by the inspectors of said election there was voted upon said question as follows:” (Giving the detailed vote in all of said wards.)
The report then states:
“We find the total votes cast in said city of West Branch on the said question, Yes, 98 votes, and No, 183 votes.”
The committee further reported:
“We further find that the election held in said city of West Branch for the several wards in said city was held in the city hall located in the second ward of said city.
“We further find that the inspectors of election of said election held in said city at the city hall was composed of Curtis J. Winslow, an elector of the second ward, James B. Ross, an elector of the first ward, Samuel D. Shaffner, an elector of the second ward, and Aberdeen McGregor, an elector of the third ward, as is shown by the poll list and certificates of election examined by us. •
“We further certify that we are unable to determine further the result of such canvass by reason of the legal questions involved, and we herewith submit with this our' report a true copy of the protest herein referred to. All of which is respectfully submitted.”
This report was accepted and adopted by the board upon a yea and nay vote, 14 to 4, following which a resolution was presented and adopted which stated the material facts contained in the report and concluded as follows:
“Therefore, be it resolved, that we are unable to determine the result of said election satisfactory to ourselves without a determination of the legal ques*248 tions involved in said protest, the constitutionality of the law under which said city assumed to hold elections at said city hall and the right of the central board of inspectors therein to conduct such election as, held in said city on April 6, 1914, upon said question, and, therefore, we decline to make final decision at this time.”
This concluded the business of the board of supervisors convened as a board of canvassers, and upon motion the board then adjourned sine die.
Thereafter proceedings were begun in the circuit court for Ogemaw county by filing a petition therein praying for an order to show cause why a peremptory mandamus should not issue against the board of supervisors of said county compelling it to reconvene as a board of canvassers and proceed to canvass the vote had on the question, “Shall the manufacture of liquors and the liquor traffic be prohibited within the county?” at the election held in said county April 6, 1914, from the statements of the election inspectors of all the townships and wards therein outside the-city of West Branch, and to determine and declare the result of said election from the votes cast in said county outside of the city of West Branch, and then to adopt a resolution of prohibition and take other steps necessary under the law. The circuit judge of said court being disqualified, application was made to the judge of the circuit court for the county of Bay, who issued the order to show cause and, after the answer of respondent board was duly filed, the matter was heard before the circuit court for the county of Bay and a writ of mandamus was denied. Later, this court issued the writ of certiorari in these proceedings to review such order.
In an opinion filed in the mandamus proceedings, it appears that the writ of mandamus was denied for the reason that holding this election for all three wards at the city hall in the second ward of the city
Article 3 of the State Constitution relates to the elective franchise. Section 1 of that article, after designating who shall be an elector and entitled to vote, reads as follows:
“But no one shall be an elector or entitled to vote at any election unless he shall be above the age of twenty-one years, and has resided in this State six months and in the township or ward in which he offers to vote twenty days next preceding such election.”
This constitutional provision, which is the same as that of the Constitution of 1850, was before this court for construction at an early date, and the decisions relative thereto are familiar to the profession. One of the earliest was the case of People v. Blodgett, 13 Mich. 127, which involved the constitutionality of the soldiers’ voting law, in which every member of the court wrote an opinion. Mr. Justice Campbell, who agreed with the majority of the court, in the opinion written by him, said:
“That the township is the necessary place for the vital purposes of the law is manifest, for no offer to*250 vote in any other township but that of the voter’s residence is permitted by the Constitution.”
And, further:
“I cannot therefore attach to it any other meaning than that the voter must cast his vote personally, in his own township or ward. And I am, therefore, compelled to declare that in my opinion the act of the legislature authorizing voting on a different basis is invalid.” People v. Blodgett, at pages 144 to 149 of 13 Mich.
Later, in the case of Attorney General v. Board of Councilmen of City of Detroit, 58 Mich. 213 (24 N. W. 887, 55 Am. Rep. 675), the court, recognizing the constitutional amendment which had been made relative to soldiers voting, said:
“All male citizens of lawful age, and some whose United States citizenship is incomplete, are entitled after a certain term of residence to vote in the township, or ward, in which they reside. Every vote, for any purpose whatever, is required to be cast in such township or ward. The only exception is in case of soldiers in the field during war.”
It would seem unnecessary to discuss the proposition that a statute, which provides that an elector (not within the constitutional exemption) may vote in any township or ward other than that in which he resides, would be constitutional. It follows that the provisions of section 8 of this statute, which provides that the electors of the first and third wards shall vote in the second ward of the city of West Branch, is unconstitutional and void, and no election was held on April 6, 1914, in the said first and third wards, and therefore the board of supervisors as a board of canvassers had no lawful returns before it of any election held in said wards. This was not a mere matter of irregularity. The votes cast in the second ward of said city returned as from the first and third wards were absolutely void and could not
“Inspectors of election for the city as a whole shall consist of a city assessor and the alderman from each ward whose term of -office expires last.”
It is contended that this provision is unconstitutional because it destroys the right of local self-government. It is not disputed but that section 10 deprives the electors of the several wards in said city of the control of their own • elections and imposes a substantial and serious difference upon the electors thereof in the exercise of the elective franchise from that imposed upon the electors in the other townships and wards in the county of Ogemaw, in fact, in the entire State of Michigan.
In the case of Attorney General v. Councilmen of Detroit, cited supra, where a statute was construed which provided for the appointment of election inspectors in Detroit by a certain board appointed by the mayor and council, this court held that it was an interference with the municipal right of local self-government, in. which Mr. Justice Campbell, speaking for the court, after stating, as already quoted from this opinion, supra, said:
“All legislation imposing restraints or conditions upon voting must conform to the other clauses and provisions of the Constitution. No part of that instrument can be allowed to override or destroy any other part. It is also well settled that our State polity recognizes and perpetuates local government through various classes of municipal bodies whose essential character must be respected, as fixed by usage and recognition when the Constitution was adopted. And any legislation, for any purpose, which disregards any of the fundamental and essential requisites of*252 such bodies, has always been regarded as invalid and unconstitutional. There is nothing in the Constitution which permits the legislature, under the desire to purify elections, to impose any conditions which will destroy or seriously impede the enjoyment of the elective franchise. And, as the right of voting is the same everywhere, it is obvious that the conditions regulating the manner of exercising it must be the same in substance everywhere. The machinery of government differs in its details in cities, villages, and townships, and, of course, it is unavoidable that there must be some differences in methods and officers, to administer the election laws. But it cannot be lawful to create substantial or serious differences in the fundamental rights of citizens in different localities, in the exercise of their voting franchises.”
By the general election laws of this State the electors of each political subdivision, township, ward, or district, is entitled to elect its board of election inspectors from among the electors residing within such subdivision, and also to a board of registration of electors consisting of certain officers of such township, ward, or district to register all qualified electors. The statute under consideration deprives the electors of all the wards in the city of West Branch of the exercise of such rights and privileges, and is therefore unconstitutional and void.
It is the right of every qualified elector to vote in the township or ward where he resides, and in no other place, and to have his vote received and counted and his qualifications passed upon by inspectors of election of that particular township, ward, or precinct.
If the contentions of respondents could be sustained, it follows logically that the legislature may enact statutes providing one place in each county in which the electors from all the townships and wards therein must vote. The statement of the proposition is its own refutation.
Our conclusion is that the trial court was in error in denying the writ of mandamus to relators. The order and judgment of the circuit court should be reversed.
