566 S.E.2d 210 | Va. Ct. App. | 2002
Lead Opinion
Thomas Michael Holsapple appeals his conviction, after a bench trial, for fraudulently obtaining an advance of payment for construction work to be performed in the future, in violation of Code § 18.2-200.1. Holsapple contends the trial court erred 1) in concluding that Code § 18.2-200.1 does not require proof of actual notice; 2) in finding Holsapple was not subject to a disability pursuant to Code §§ 8.01-9 and 53.1-223; 3) in finding the evidence sufficient to show that Holsapple intentionally failed to perform the construction; 4) in finding unsatisfactory performance amounted to a failure to perform under Code § 18.2-200.1; 5) in finding the difference between the contract price and cost of certain materials provided sufficient evidence of the necessary fraudulent intent under Code § 18.2-200.1; and, 6) in finding the evidence sufficient to prove that Holsapple was the criminal agent where he was an employee of the contractor and never received or possessed the advanced funds. For the reasons that follow, we affirm Holsapple’s conviction.
In reviewing criminal convictions, the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth.
So viewed, the evidence presented at trial established that on June'8, 1993, the Virginia Department of Professional Occupational Regulation permanently revoked Holsapple’s license as a building contractor in Virginia. However, Holsapple continued to accept monetary advances to perform construction work. Holsapple accepted one such advance from Sandra Frazier and her brother-in-law. Frazier’s home had burned in 1998. Subsequently, she and Calvin Frazier, her brother-in-law, entered into a verbal agreement wherein Calvin agreed to install a modular home in place of Frazier’s burned home. On May 12, 1998, Calvin contracted with Doug Currier, doing business as Star Bright Construction, to build a foundation for the installation of the “double-wide” modular home. Holsapple, who worked as manager and agent for Star Bright Construction, was present when the contract was entered into, but Currier signed the contract and was Calvin’s contact during the course of the project. Calvin made a $6,000 payment for the construction of the foundation to Star Bright Construction on the date the contract was signed. He paid the balance on June 2,1998.
Although Calvin had paid for the work, in July or August of 1998, Holsapple approached Frazier and advised her that there was an outstanding balance of $1,100 for his work on the foundation. He told her that he would place a lien on her
After receiving several phone calls from Currier and Holsapple concerning their offer, Frazier finally contracted with Currier on August 5, 1998. Both Holsapple and Currier insisted that the deposit for the work be paid in cash. Holsapple determined the amount needed was $15,000. Frazier paid this amount to Currier that same day. Holsapple wrote “received of Sandy Frazier $15,000 in cash contracts for home” on the Proposal and Acceptance Form, which the two men used during the course of their business.
On August 6, 1998, Holsapple and Currier demanded and received an additional $9,000 from Frazier. Holsapple wrote the receipt for the amount, and Currier signed it. On August 10,1998, Holsapple and Currier requested and received another $10,800 to install a well and a covered front porch on the home.
In addition, Frazier paid $7,500.05, on an uncertain date, for roof trusses and block work. The Proposal and Acceptance Form, signed by Currier, read, in relevant part, as follows:
WE HEREBY SUBMIT SPECIFICATIONS AND ESTIMATES FOR:
I propose to order one set of House truss [sic] 5/12 pitch for A[sic] house 26 ft[.] wide by 50 ft[.] Long [sic] with 12 in[.] over[~]hang on front and back of house[.]
Total Cost $3,745.00
Bal[.] on Block Work $1,150.00
Received in Cash $4,885
^ $
WE PROPOSE hereby to furnish material and labor— complete in accordance with above specifications for the sum of:
*486 Bal[.] for Rafters [sic] will be Refunded" [sic] if other Rafters [sic] are installed[.]
Payment to be made: Pd[.] Total [sic] $7,500.05 in cash[.]
During these transactions, Frazier dealt primarily with Holsapple. Holsapple always determined the amounts that were due, but Frazier paid the monies to Currier at Holsapple’s direction. The workers on site were paid in cash by Holsapple. Holsapple purchased the necessary materials, and Holsapple generally did all of the driving, including transporting Currier to and from the site.
By August 31, 1998, Holsapple was incarcerated at the Albemarle-Charlottesville Regional Jail for a conviction on an unrelated matter.
In October of 1998, the construction was inspected by Albemarle County Building Inspector David Cook and by Frank Marshall, a private contractor. Cook and Marshall determined that the house was “uninhabitable,” due to faulty workmanship. Among other things, Marshall observed the roof trusses were not secured properly. Marshall testified, “[t]hey probably had-I probably pulled out ten nails out of twenty-six (26) trusses. It wasn’t secured to the walls.”
On October 23, 1998, Frazier sent a letter to Holsapple at the Albemarle-Charlottesville Regional Jail, demanding return of her money. Frazier sent an identical letter to Currier.
Based on these facts, the trial court found Holsapple guilty of construction fraud, finding:
So I think this case boils down to the thirty-seven hundred and forty five dollars ($8,745) for the trusses, because the eleven hundred and fifty dollars ($1,150) appears from the evidence to be a representation of money due for work that was performed prior to August 5th. I mean Mr. Frazier testified that was completed by June 2nd or something of that nature. So, I don’t see where the eleven fifty is for future work to be performed, which is under this statute .... So it boils down to the thirty-seven forty-five. At the time that Mr. Holsapple said to Ms. Frazier, and this is sometime early on in the contractual relations with the parties on or about August 5, 6, or 7, that I need thirty-seven forty-five for trusses, and he writes it out in his own handwriting as to what kind of trusses he needs, length, width, etcetera, and the price is thirty-seven forty-five. Not some round figure, but thirty-seven forty-five. And then if other trusses are used or other rafters used, there will be a refund____ He told Ms. Frazier how much he needed, he was present when the money was attempted to be handed to him and he told Mr. Currier who took it, he is represented as the agent of the company and general manager and the Court finds he was the person under the statute who received the money jointly with Mr. Currier.... I’m finding that the thirty-seven forty-five was a fraudulent intent representation of I need this money and it was only nine eighty-three that was paid. There was a promise to perform construction in the future. There was a failure to perform the promise, he failed to refund the money. He had an opportunity to do it between August 6th and August 31st. The truss work was not performed in a satisfactory manner, it was only partially performed____ And on the question of failure to return, there was a demand for the return of money through the letter, it was not returned within fifteen (15) days. The letter was sent by certified*488 mail, return receipt. I understand [Holsapple’s] argument, but the letter was addressed to Starbright Construction and Mr. Holsapple was agent and general manager and it was sent to the last known address, which was the complex. There is no evidence he was in jail on a felony charge so that he was a person under a disability for having been convicted of a felony. And I find that element of the statute has been complied with, so I find him guilty as charged under the indictment.
II. Notice
Code § 18.2-200.1 provides as follows:
If any person obtain from another an advance of money, merchandise or other thing, of value, with fraudulent intent, upon a promise to perform construction, removal, repair or improvement of any building or structure permanently annexed to real property, or any other improvements to such real property, including horticulture, nursery or forest products, and fail or refuse to perform such promise, and also fail to substantially make good such advance, he shall be deemed guilty of the larceny of such money, merchandise or other thing if he fails to return such advance within fifteen days of a request to do so sent by certified mail, return receipt requested, to his last known address or to the address listed in the contract.
As we held in Klink v. Commonwealth, 12 Va.App. 815, 407 S.E.2d 5 (1991), this statute requires proof of the following elements:
(1) obtaining an advance of money from another person, (2) a fraudulent intent at the time the advance is obtained, (3) a promise to perform construction or improvement involving real property, (4) a failure to perform the promise, and (5) a failure to return the advance “within fifteen days of a request to do so by certified mail” to the defendant’s last known address or his address listed in the contract.4
We recognize that “[a] criminal statute, such as Code § 18.2-200.1, must be strictly construed” against the Commonwealth.
Holsapple argues, relying on Rinkov v. Commonwealth, 213 Va. 307, 191 S.E.2d 731 (1972), that “the Commonwealth is required to produce evidence not only of the mailing [of the notice], but also of its receipt.” The Supreme Court of Virginia indeed held in Rinkov that, in order for the statutory presumption of intent to defraud to arise under the bad check statute, Code § 18.2-183,
the notice to be given defendant must have been mailed by certified or registered mail and evidenced by return receipt. Manifestly the purpose of requiring the notice to be sent by registered or certified mail, and evidenced by a receipt, is to have not only evidence of the required mailing to the defendant, but also evidence that the notice was either received in person by the defendant (as would be shown by his signature on the return receipt), or that the letter did in fact reach the last known address of the defendant and was there accepted by someone at that address. Otherwise there would be no reason for the statute to require the notice be sent by registered or certified mail and evidenced by a return receipt.7
We think it clear that the General Assembly meant what it said, i.e., that a person accused of violating the statute cannot be convicted unless the evidence proves beyond a reasonable doubt, inter alia, that the accused “fail[ed] to return [the] advance within fifteen days of a request to do so,” and that the request was “sent by certified mail, return receipt requested.”10
Indeed, “[w]here a statute is unambiguous, the plain meaning is to be accepted without resort to the rules of statutory interpretation.”
III. Appointment of a Guardian ad Litem or Committee
Holsapple next contends the trial court erred in finding he was not a “person under a disability” as defined by Code § 8.01-2(6)(a), and as such, that Holsapple was not entitled to an appointment of a guardian ad litem pursuant to Code § 8.01-9, or a committee, pursuant to Code § 53.1-223, once Frazier forwarded the notice to him while he was incarcerated.
Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s determination that there was no evidence to establish Holsapple was a “person under a disability,” or that he was not entitled to an appointment of a guardian ad litem, or a committee, for purposes of notice.
IV. Failure to Perform
Holsapple next argues that the trial court erred in finding he failed to complete the construction as promised. Holsapple contends the trial court erred in finding that poor workmanship amounted to a “failure to perform” under the statute. Further, he states that the trial court erred in finding the workmanship was poor because it failed to comply with building codes. He also argues that Currier was the individual responsible for the poor workmanship, as opposed to him, as he was incarcerated at the time the work was performed and in any event, he was merely Currier’s employee. In the alternative, Holsapple contends he was “legally justified” in failing to complete the construction on the truss work because he was sentenced to prison in August 1998, and by August 15, 1998, the trial court had denied his request for work-release to complete the construction.
We find no merit in Holsapple’s argument that the trial court’s finding, “Holsapple failed to perform on the promise
[i]t is apparent from reason and common sense that construction fraud can occur despite the fact that a builder or contractor begins to perform on the contract.... The relevant question is whether a builder or contractor obtained an advance based upon future work promised with a fraudulent intent not to perform or to perform only partially, not whether the contractor had performed work for which he was paid.”16
Common sense would likewise dictate that a performance of construction which is so poor as to render a structure unsafe or uninhabitable could, under the appropriate circumstances, constitute the failure to perform the contractual promise at issue. Here, the evidence demonstrated that the truss work was done so poorly that the home was simply not safe to live in. Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s determination that the faulty workmanship in this case constituted a failure to perform within the meaning of the statute.
Further, we find no error in the trial court’s consideration of building code violations in determining that the workmanship was faulty. “Evidence which ‘tends to cast any light upon the subject of the inquiry’ is relevant.”
Holsapple next contends he was not responsible for the work on the trusses, because he was incarcerated at the time the trusses were installed. However, Frazier testified that the “trusses were on” and that the work was “pretty far along” at the point Holsapple left the site due to his incarceration. The fact that Robert Johnson, an employee of Currier’s who worked on construction of the home, testified that the roof was not on when Holsapple left, is of no consequence. Indeed, it is within the province of the trial court to “evaluate[] the credibility of witnesses, resolve[] the conflicts in their testimony, and weigh[] the evidence as a whole. Its finding is entitled to the same weight on appeal as that accorded a factual finding by a jury and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong.”
Holsapple also argues he was merely an employee of Currier. Thus, Currier was responsible for the poor workmanship, not Holsapple. Nevertheless, the trial court found that Holsapple represented himself to Frazier as Currier’s agent and general manager. Indeed, Holsapple was just as involved in the dealings with Frazier, if not more involved, than Currier. Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s determination
Y. Fraudulent Intent
Holsapple further contends the Commonwealth failed to establish evidence of his fraudulent intent at the time he accepted the advance from Frazier. He argues that the contract concerning the trusses states the amount received was for materials, as well as labor, and that since there was no evidence presented concerning the cost" of labor, the court could not infer his fraudulent intent in obtaining more money than the actual cost of the materials. Holsapple also contends there was no evidence he bought the trusses or that he knew their actual cost.
“Whether a fraudulent intent existed at the time the advance was obtained depends upon the circumstances of the case.”
We are mindful, in resolving this issue, that “where the Commonwealth’s evidence as to an element of an offense is wholly circumstantial, ‘all necessary circumstances proved must be consistent -with guilt and inconsistent with innocence and exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence.’ ”
Further, the evidence established that Holsapple was the individual who estimated the amounts necessary for the materials and labor and that he bought all of the required materials. Moreover, at the time Holsapple obtained the advance from Frazier, he knew he would have to report to jail within a matter of days. In addition, the trial court had before it evidence that Holsapple demanded $1,100 from Frazier for work he had already performed and had been paid in full. The trial court also had before it evidence concerning the apparent misuse of the sliding glass door, and the problems concerning the licensure of both he and Currier. Thus, we find no error in the trial court’s determination that the circumstances, viewed as a whole, demonstrated Holsapple’s fraudulent intent at the time he obtained the advanced funds from Frazier.
VI. Receipt of Funds
Finally, Holsapple maintains the trial court erred in finding he received the advanced payments. However, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the evidence demonstrated that Holsapple at all times represented himself to be the agent and general manager of Star Bright Construction and although he did not physically accept the money from Frazier, he told her what amounts would be needed and he was present when she made the payments, even directing her
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Affirmed.
. Boothe v. Commonwealth, 4 Va.App. 484, 492, 358 S.E.2d 740, 745 (1987) (citing Higginbotham v. Commonwealth, 216 Va. 349, 352, 218 S.E.2d 534, 537(1975)).
. Norman v. Commonwealth, 2 Va.App. 518, 520, 346 S.E.2d 44, 45 (1986) (quoting Parks v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 492, 498, 270 S.E.2d 755, 759 (1980)).
. 12 Va.App. at 818, 407 S.E.2d at 7.
. Jimenez v. Commonwealth, 241 Va. 244, 251, 402 S.E.2d 678, 681 (1991).
. Id.
. 213 Va. at 310, 191 S.E.2d at 733 (emphasis in original).
. Rinkov, 213 Va. at 308, 191 S.E.2d at 732.
. Code § 18.2-200.1.
. Jimenez, 241 Va. at 251, 402 S.E.2d at 681 (holding that actual notice of request does not satisfy the requirements of Code § 18.2-200.1).
. Last v. Virginia State Bd. of Med., 14 Va.App. 906, 910, 421 S.E.2d 201, 205 (1992).
. Barr v. Town & Country Properties, Inc., 240 Va. 292, 295, 396 S.E.2d 672, 674 (1990) (quoting Anderson v. Commonwealth, 182 Va. 560, 566, 29 S.E.2d 838, 841 (1944)).
. Code § 8.01-9 provided as follows, in relevant part, at the time Frazier sent the notice:
A. A suit wherein a person under a disability is a party defendant shall not be stayed because of such disability, but the court in which the suit is pending, or the clerk thereof, shall appoint a discreet and competent attorney-at-law as guardian ad litem to such defendant, whether the defendant has been served with process or not.... B. Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection A or the provisions of any other law to the contrary, in any suit wherein a person under a disability is a party defendant and is represented by an attomey-atlaw duly licensed to practice in this Commonwealth, who shall have entered of record an appearance for such person, no guardian ad litem need be appointed for such person unless the court determines that the interests of justice require such appointment; or unless a statute applicable to such suit expressly requires an answer to be filed by a guardian ad litem. The court may, in its discretion, appoint the attorney of record for the person under a disability as his guardian ad litem, in which event the attorney shall perform all the duties and functions of guardian ad litem.
Any judgment or decree rendered by any court against a person under a disability without a guardian ad litem, but in compliance with the provisions of this subsection B, shall be as valid as if the guardian ad litem had been appointed.
Code § 53.1-223 provided:
No action or suit on any claim or demand, except actions to establish a parent and child relationship between a child and a prisoner and actions to establish a prisoner’s child support obligation, shall be instituted against a prisoner after judgment of conviction and while he is incarcerated, except through his committee.
. Holsapple’s unsuccessful attempt to re-open the case to submit evidence establishing his disability was unsuccessful, and the conviction order he attached to his Amended Motion to Set Aside the Verdict does not constitute evidence.
. See Code § 8.01-2.
. Rader v. Commonwealth, 15 Va.App. 325, 332, 423 S.E.2d 207, 212 (1992) (emphasis added).
. Cash v. Commonwealth, 5 Va.App. 506, 510, 364 S.E.2d 769, 771 (1988) (citations omitted).
. Wise v. Commonwealth, 6 Va.App. 178, 188, 367 S.E.2d 197, 203 (1988).
. Rader, 15 Va.App. at 331, 423 S.E.2d at 211.
. Stockton v. Commonwealth, 227 Va. 124, 140, 314 S.E.2d 371, 381 (1984).
. Klink, 12 Va.App. at 819, 407 S.E.2d at 8.
. Id.
. Moran v. Commonwealth, 4 Va.App. 310, 314, 357 S.E.2d 551, 553 (1987) (quoting Inge v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 360, 366, 228 S.E.2d 563, 567 (1976)).
. Cantrell v. Commonwealth, 7 Va.App. 269, 289, 373 S.E.2d 328, 338 (1988) (quoting Bridgeman v. Commonwealth, 3 Va.App. 523, 526-27, 351 S.E.2d 598, 600 (1986)).
. See Snyder v. Commonwealth, 202 Va. 1009, 1015, 121 S.E.2d 452, 457 (1961) ("We have, ... in many cases reaffirmed the proposition that if a person is present at the commission of a crime, inciting, encouraging, advising or assisting in the act done, he is deemed to be an aider and abettor, and is liable as principal.”).
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
In pertinent part, Code § 18.2-200.1 provides as follows:
If any person obtain from another an advance of money, ... with fraudulent intent, upon a promise to perform construction, removal, repair or improvement of any building ... and fail or refuse to perform such promise, and also fail to substantially make good such advance, he shall be deemed guilty of the larceny of such money ... if he fails to return such advance within fifteen days of a request to do so sent by certified mail, return receipt requested, to his last known address or to the address listed in the contract.
(Emphasis added). Because it is a criminal statute, “Code § 18.2-200.1, must be strictly construed ... [to mean that] the notice requirement of the statute [is] a material element of the offense charged.” Jimenez v. Commonwealth, 241 Va. 244, 251, 402 S.E.2d 678, 681 (1991). Thus, to sustain a conviction, the evidence must prove “beyond a reasonable doubt” that the notice requirement of the statute was satisfied. Id.
The majority distinguishes the notice requirement of this statute from the similar notice requirement in Code § 6.1-117 (now Code § 18.2-183) on the basis that the latter statute specifically requires that the certified or registered mail be “evidenced by return receipt.” I believe the majority’s distinction is nonessential and that the Supreme Court’s holding
In Rinkov, the Supreme Court held as follows:
Manifestly, the purpose of requiring the notice to be sent by registered or certified mail, and evidenced by a receipt, is to have not only evidence of the required mailing to the defendant, but also evidence that the notice was either received in person by the defendant (as would be shown by his signature on the return receipt), or that the letter did in fact reach the last known address of the defendant and was there accepted by someone at that address. Otherwise there would be no reason for the statute to require the notice be sent by registered or certified mail and evidenced by a return receipt.
213 Va. at 310, 191 S.E.2d at 733. Essentially, the Rinkov holding explains that the purpose of requiring a return receipt is to provide proof that the notice was received by the accused or by someone at the accused’s last address. Id.
In the case of a prosecution under Code § 18.2-200.1, the Commonwealth must prove the statutory elements of “fraudulent intent ... and failing] or refusing] to perform [a prior] promise, and also fail[ing] to substantially make good [an] advance [of money].” Id. (emphasis added). In addition, however, the Commonwealth must prove the accused “fail[ed] to return such advance within fifteen days of a request to do so sent by certified mail, return receipt requested.” Id. As the Court ruled in Rinkov, a certified mailing alone would provide proof that the item was mailed. The statutory requirement, however, that the request be “sent by certified mail, return receipt requested” provides clear legislative intent that the Commonwealth prove the request was sent and received by someone at the accused’s last known address. Receipt of that request in the manner provided by statute is necessary to prove the statutory requirement that the accused “fail[ed] to return such advance within fifteen days of a request to do so.” Code § 18.2-200.1.
The Commonwealth’s evidence proved only that Sandra Frazier sent a request to Thomas Holsapple by certified mail return receipt requested. The Commonwealth did not introduce a copy of the return receipt, which would have evidenced whether the letter was received. The Commonwealth also presented no other evidence that Holsapple actually received the letter or that anyone received the letter on Holsapple’s behalf. Instead, the Commonwealth relies on Robertson v. Commonwealth, 12 Va.App. 854, 856-57, 406 S.E.2d 417, 418-19 (1991), asserting that the law presumes that post office clerks and prison officials properly carry out their official duties and, therefore, that the burden was on Holsapple to prove that he did not receive the letter.
In Robertson and its predecessors, we applied this presumption in determining whether, for evidentiary purposes, the chain of custody was satisfied. See also Smith v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 554, 559, 248 S.E.2d 805, 808 (1978). In determining such evidentiary matters, we have held that the Commonwealth must prove only by “reasonable assurance” that the evidence presented at trial is in the same condition as it was when obtained by the police. Robertson, 12 Va.App. at 857, 406 S.E.2d at 419. This presumption, which satisfies the “reasonable assurance” standard for evidentiary matters, is
In sum, I believe the majority’s holding that the plain language of the statute does not require a showing of actual receipt of the request contradicts the Supreme Court’s holding in Rinkov. I would hold that Rinkov binds our construction of the statutory required notice and, therefore, I would hold that the statutory requirements were not met. I would further hold that the evidence is insufficient to convict Holsapple of violating Code § 18.2-200.1 without proof that Holsapple or someone at his last known address received the letter. Accordingly, I would reverse the conviction and dismiss the indictment.
