Holmes v. Richet

56 Cal. 307 | Cal. | 1880

Morrison, C. J.:

On the 20th day of March, 1876, the plaintiffs filed a complaint in the Third District Court against the defendants to enforce a claim under the mechanics’ lien law. The defendant Eichet was sued as the owner of the lot described in the complaint, and the building erected thereon; and the defendant Pharo was sued as original contractor. The suit was brought to enforce a lien for certain materials alleged to have been furnished by the plaintiffs, and the allegation of the complaint is, “ that the plaintiffs sold and delivered to defendants certain materials, consisting of lime, cement, etc., used in, upon, about, and for the construction, alteration, addition, and reconstruction of a certain building or structure now upon that certain lot and parcel of land ” (describing it). The plaintiffs seek to occupy the position of parties furnishing materials for the construction of a building on the lot of the defendant Eichet, and the question is, whether the allegations of their complaint bring them within the provisions of the statute. To the complaint, a demurrer was filed on behalf of Eichet, one of the grounds of demurrer being “ that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action against this defendant, or against the property mentioned in the complaint as owned by this defendant.”

Section 1183 of the Code of Civil Procedure, concerning the liens of mechanics, provides, that “every person performing labor upon, or furnishing materials to be used in the construction, alteration, or repair of, any mining claim, building, etc., has a lien upon the same for the work or labor done, or materials furnished by each,” etc.

The language of the complaint is simply, that the materials furnished by the plaintiffs were used in, upon, and about, and for. the construction, etc., of a certain building owned by the defendant Itichet, and there is no averment that the materials 'were furnished to be used in the construction of the building. There are two decisions of this Court upon the question of the sufficiency of this complaint. The first is the case of Bottomly v. The Rector, Wardens, and Vestry of Grace Church, 2 Cal. 90. The Court there says“ The statute never contemplated that a lumber merchant should have the right of following the materials which he had sold to another, in general terms, and obtaining a lien upon any building to which the materials had been applied. The language of the act is sufficiently explicit, and must be strictly construed, because it gives rights in derogation of the common law. The materials must not only have been used in the construction of the building, but they must have been, by the express terms of the contract, furnished for the particular building on which the lien is claimed; and to entitle a material-man to enforce such a lien at law, these terms of the contract must be alleged and proved.

“ The declaration in this case avers that the lumber was used in the building, etc. This is not only an insufficient allegation, but, standing by itself, it excludes the conclusion which would be necessary to entitle the plaintiff to recover against the owners of the building. It shows upon its face no right whatever in the plaintiff, as against the ¡Rector, Wardens, and Vestry of Grace Church.”

In the later case of Houghton v. Blake, 5 Cal. 240, the same principle was announced, and it was there held, that, “ to entitle a material-man to enforce a lien upon a building for materials furnished, it must be alleged and proved that not only the materials have been used in the construction of the building, but they must have been, by the express terms of the contract, furnished for the particular building on which the lien is claimed.”

The principle of these cases is entirely in harmony with the letter and spirit of the statute. The language of the Code is, that a party furnishing material to be used in the construction of a building shall have a lien. If they were furnished to be used in the construction of a ship, but were in fact used in the construction of a house, the material-man would not, in consequence of the fact that they were so used, have a lien upon a -house. In the one case, the law would consider the materials furnished under and in pursuance of the provisions of the Code, and with a view to a lien ; but in the other, not. We are therefore of the opinion that the demurrer to the plaintiffs’ complaint should have been sustained.

The defendant Pharo was, as has already been stated, the original contractor, and he was joined as a defendant in the suit. He was a proper party to the proceeding, and had a right to set up in his answer or cross-complaint his claim of lien. It is immaterial what the defendant called his pleading, whether he designated it an answer or cross-complaint, its character will be determined by the Court. It is the facts set up in the pleading which make it an answer or cross-complaint. Pharo makes a claim for extra work, and this claim was allowed by the Court below. The finding is as follows : “ That during the progress of the work by defendant Pharo, under said contract, the defendant Richet requested certain alterations and additions to be made to said contract, specifications, and plans, and to said work and materials to be done and furnished under said contract; that no written order was required for such alterations and additions ; that defendant Pharo performed said alterations as requested, and that the extra work and materials done and furnished by defendant Pharo, by reason of said alterations and additions, were settled and agreed on by said Pharo and said architect to be worth the sum of $195 ”; and this amount was allowed by the Court for and on account of extra work done by Pharo. The allowance of this amount is complained of by the defendant Richet, and it is claimed that the allowance was contrary to the terms of the contract. The contract (which is set forth in the findings of the Court) contains the following clause: “ Should any dispute arise respecting the true construction or meaning of the drawings or specifications, the same shall be decided by the aforesaid P. Huernc, architect, and his decision shall be final and conclusive; but should any dispute arise respecting the true value of the extra work or works omitted, the same shall be valued by two competent persons, one employed by the owner, and the other b.y the contractor; and in case they cannot agree, those two shall have the power to name an umpire, whose decision shall be binding on all parties.”

It appears from the pleadings in the case, that difficulties . had arisen respecting the true value of the extra work, and the question here presented is, Was it not the duty of the parties under the foregoing clause of the contract to have the said extra work valued by two competent persons ? The finding of the Court is, that the value of the extra work was agreed upon by the architect and Pharo ; but it is claimed that the architect had no authority to bind the defendant Richet by any such agreement. By the terms of the contract, authority was given the architect to decide any dispute that might arise respecting the true construction and meaning of the drawings or specifications, and upon all such questions his decision should be final; but upon the question of extra work, he was not authorized to decide. On the contrary, by the express terms of the contract, such disputes were to be referred to two competent persons, and if they could not agree, the services of an umpire were to be invoked. Was it competent for the parties to make such a stipulation ? It has been frequently decided, and now seems to be the settled law, that an agreement to refer a case to arbitration will not be regarded by the courts, and they will take jurisdiction and determine a dispute between parties, notwithstanding such an agreement. But that is not this case. Here the parties simply agreed that the amount or value of certain extra work should be fixed in a certain manner, and was there any right of action in this case for and on account of said extra work until the value thereof was fixed according to the terms and conditions of the contract? In other words, was it not a condition precedent to any right of action, that the value of the extra work should be determined in the mode provided by the contract? This question was very elaborately considered by the Court of Appeals of Hew York, in the recent case of The President etc. v. The Pennsylvania Coal Company, 50 N. Y. 250. The Court there says: “ The distinction between the two classes of cases is marked and well defined. In one case, the parties undertake by an independent covenant or agreement to provide for an adjustment and settlement of all disputes and differences by arbitration, to the exclusion of the courts; and in the other they merely, by the same agreement which creates the liability and gives the right, qualify the right, by providing that, before any right of action shall accrue, certain facts shall be determined, or amounts and values ascertained; and this is made a condition precedent, either in terms or by necessary implication. This condition being lawful, the courts have never hesitated to give full effect to it. * * * The reports abound in cases in which the principle has been affirmed and applied. See Herrick v. Belknap, 27 Vt. 673. In United States v. Robeson, 9 Peters, 319, it was held, that, when the parties in the contract fix on a certain mode by which the amount to be paid shall be ascertained, the party that seeks the enforcement of the agreement must show that he has done everything on his part which could be done to carry it into effect; that he cannot compel the payment of the amount claimed, unless he shall procure the kind of evidence required by the contract, or show that by time or accident he is unable to do so. Judge Story, in his work on Equity Jurisprudence, § 1457 a, states the rule: ‘But under a contract to pay the covenantee such damages in a certain contingency as a third person shall award, there is, in the absence of fraud, no cause of action either at law or" in equity, unless the award is made.’ ” Referring to the case in 50 N. Y., .the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, in Hudson v. McCartney, 33 Wis. 345, says: A late case in the Court of Appeals (50 N. Y. 250), to which our attention has been directed since the argument in this case, fully sustains the views above expressed as to the general principles of law governing contracts of this nature. The opinion of the Court, by Allen, J.. is valuable for the discussion it contains, and the authorities it collects and reviews, and particularly so for the clear and accurate distinction which it draws between those covenants for submission and conditions which, are precedent in their nature, and oust the courts of jurisdiction or bar the action of the plaintiff, and those which are not so, and as to which he may have his remedy for the recovery' of damages.”

This question was very ably considered in the House of Lords, in the case of Scott v. Avery, H. L. Cas. vol. 5, p. 811. Mr. Justice Coleridge there says: “If two parties enter into a contract, for a breach'of which in any particular an action lies, they cannot make it a binding term, that in such an event no action shall be maintainable, but that the only remedy shall be by reference to arbitration. Whether this rests on a satisfactory principle or not, may well be questioned; but it has been so long settled, that it cannot be disturbed. The courts will not enforce or sanction an agreement which deprives the subject of that recourse to their jurisdiction, which has been considered a right inalienable, even by the concurrent will of both parties. But nothing prevents parties from ascertaining and constituting as they please the cause of action which is to become the subject-matter of decision by the courts. Covenanting parties may agree, that, in case of an alleged breach, the damages to be recovered shall be a sum fixed, or a sum to be ascertained by A. B., or by arbitrators to be chosen in such or such a manner; and until this be done, or the non-feasance be satisfactorily accounted for, that no action shall be maintainable for the breach.” And in the same case, Lord Campbell said: “There is an express understanding that no action shall be brought until the arbitrators have decided, and there is abundant consideration for that in the mutual contract into which the parties have entered; therefore, unless there is some illegality in the contract, the courts are bound to give it effect. There is no statute against such a contract; then, on what ground is it to be declared illegal ? It is contended that it is contrary to public policy; that it is a rather dangerous ground to go upon; I say that, with great deference to your Lordships, after the view that was taken in a very important case lately decided in this House ; but what pretense can there be- for saying that there is anything contrary to public policy in allowing parties to contract that they shall not be liable to any action until their liability has been ascertained by a domestic and private tribunal. upon which they themselves agree ? Can the public be injured by it? It seems to me that it would be a most inexpedient encroachment upon the liberty of the subject if he were not allowed to enter into such a contract.”

It is true, that the contract in this case does not declare that no action shall be brought until the amount of damages has been fixed; but that is the meaning and legal effect of the contract. In the case (50 N. Y.) referred to above, it is said: “ When, as here, the agreement is, that the covenantor shall pay such sum and only such sum as shall be determined by arbitrators, the procuring an award is as clearly a condition precedent to an action as if the parties had added,1 and no action shall be maintainable until after the award of the arbitrators.’ Such a clause would be surplusage, and its insertion a work of supererogation. Mr. Justice Crowder, in making response to the question propounded by the Lords to the Judges in Scott v. Avery, thus states the question and the answer to it: ‘ Can a ship-owner and an insurer enter into a valid agreement that the ship-owner shall pay down a given sum, and that in consideration of such payment the insurer, upon the loss of' a given ship, shall pay to the said owner, not the amount of loss sustained by her through the perils of the sea, but only such sum of money as shall be settled and ascertained by arbitration. I am not aware of any legal objection to such a contract, whatever may be thought of its prudence. And I think the effect of such a contract is, that no action lies for the breach of it, until the sum has been ascertained by arbitration.’ The judge lays no stress upon the form of the contract, but regards the provision for determining the amount to be paid by arbitration as, in legal effect, postponing the right of action until after the award is made.”

In view of the foregoing authorities, and the principle they announce (which we believe to be correct), no right of action accrued to the contractor for the extra work done by him, until the same was valued, or some good and sufficient excuse for a failure to value the same in accordance with the agreement was shown. In this case, no valuation was made, and no reason is shown for a failure to make such a valuation. We are, therefore, of the opinion that the contractor was not entitled to recover anything for extra work.

There is one other point in the case which we will now procee#l to notice. The contract provides that payments shall be made in installments, as the work progresses; and also provides “ that for each of said payments a certificate shall be obtained from, and be signed by the architect; and also, that at the time of the presentation of either of the said certificates there be neither opposition against the said payments, nor any liens against the aforesaid building.” The Court finds, that, before the fifth and last installment became due, a lien was filed upon the building, and therefore such installment was not due and payable according to the terms of the contract. The Court also decrees, that the amount of this lien shall be deducted from the amount due the contractor at the time suit was brought; and it is claimed that the order of the Court deducting the amount of this lien from the amount due the contractor operated as a. payment and discharge of said lien, and therefore the fifth and last installment was due and payable. It is a sufficient answer to the argument made in support of this proposition, that the parties have expressly contracted, that, if any lien upon the property shall exist at the time when an installment would be otherwise due and payable, the existence of such, lien shall constitute a good and sufficient reason for the non-payment thereof. This we understand to be the effect and meaning of the agreement, and it is simply the duty of the Court to enforce contracts as the parties have made them. There was no error, therefore, in the decision of the Court below refusing to allow the contractor the fifth installment.

Judgment reversed, and cause remanded for further proceedings, in accordance with this opinion.

Ross, J., Myrick, J., and McKinstey, J., concurred.

Thornton, J., and McKee, J., concurred in judgment.