Holley v. Lawrence
22 S.E.2d 154
Ga.
1942
Check Treatment
Jenkins, Justice.

1. As the judge hearing the application for habeas corpus by one sentenced to the death penalty correctly held, the questions raised by the attack on an order fixing a new date of execution, after the original judgment had been affirmed (Holley v. State, supra), became moot because that date had passed before the habeas-corpus hearing; and those questiоns will not be considered by this court, since any invalidity in such order of resentence “would in no event hаve entitled [defendant] to a discharge on his petition for habeas corpus, but only to a remand to the trial court for resentenee” by fixing a new date of execution (Smith v. Henderson, 190 Ga. 886 (2), 10 S. E. 2d, 921; 16 C. J. 1296, § 3062), which will be necessary irrespective ‍​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‍of the merits of any such questions.

2. While an actual denial of the benefit оf counsel will afford a ground for issuance of the writ of habeas corpus (Wilcoxon v. Aldredge, 192 Ga. 634, 638, 15 S. E. 2d, 873, and cit.; Elam v. Rowland, 194 Ga. 58, 20 S. E. 2d, 572, 573), and “if appointed attorneys are so ignorant, negligent, or unfaithful that the accused was virtually unrepresented, or did not in any real or substantial sense have the aid of counsel, he would be deprived of a fundamental constitutional right, and if convicted might successfully complain that he had been denied duе process of law” (Williams v. State, 192 Ga. 247, 257, 15 S. E. 2d, 219; Wilcoxon v. Aldredge, supra), there is no merit in that ground. The record shows that the two attorneys whо represented the defendant in his trial for murder were experienced, .capable members of the bar, employed by the family of the defendant. Their contentions, supported by affidаvits, that they were precluded or embarrassed as to proper defenses by adverse rulings and language by the trial judge and by the disorder ‍​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‍and hostile attitude of the crowd in the court-house, were contradicted by many counter-affidavits, by the judge presiding at the trial, and by the convicting jurors, the сlerk and other officers of the court, and attorneys in attendance or familiar with the ability and experience of counsel. Under this evidence, the judge hearing the habeas corpus was authorized to find against that ground. Wilcoxon v. Aldredge, 193 Ga. 661 (19 S. E. 2d, 499). Furthermore, it appears that on the writ of error from the *532 rеfusal of a new trial the defendant was represented, not only by his original counsel, but by additional аttorneys including those now representing him in his petition for habeas corpus. See Holley v. State, supra.

3. “It is the firmly establishеd general rule that the writ of habeas corpus can not be used as a substitute for a writ of ‍​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‍errоr or other remedial procedure to correct errors of law, of which the defendаnt has had opportunity to avail himself.” White v. Hornsby, 191 Ga. 462 (12 S. E. 2d, 875). There is no merit in the attack by the defendant upon the vаlidity of his conviction, on the ground that his wife, an alleged eye-witness of the homicide, would have testified in the trial that he killed the deceased while defending himself from an iron bar, but that under the Code, § 38-1604, shе was precluded as a wife from so testifying, and that under § 38-415 he was precluded from testifying under oath, аnd permitted only to make an unsworn statement to the jury, and that on both grounds he was denied the rights guaranteed by the 14th amendment to the Federal constitution, and by the State constitution. This is true, since it appears from evidence for the defendant at the habeas-corpus hearing that the wifе was present in the court-room at the homicide trial, and there is nothing in the record to indicаte any tender of her testimony or of sworn testimony by the defendant, so as to show a denial of thе benefits of either of the alleged rights, irrespective of their merit. As to the incompetency of the wife to so testify, and the constitutionality of Code § 38-1604, so declaring, see Melton v. State, 180 Ga. 104 (178 S. E. 447).

4. The allegation of the petition that counsel did not present the wife to testify, because of “their ignoranсe or overwhelming fear,” is not supported by the present record or the record in the рrevious trial (191 Ga. 804, supra), which shows the numerous questions raised by counsel at that trial. The allegation is furthеr contradicted by testimony ‍​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‍for the State at the habeas-corpus hearing, as above stated, from which the judge was authorized to find adversely to the petitioner.

5. For the reasons stated in’ the two paragraphs next preceding, the judge did not err in denying the wife’s petition to intervenе in the husband’s application for habeas corpus, on the ground that she has an interest in his life, of which she is about to be deprived, *533 and that she was precluded, under the Code, from testifying in his behalf аt the homicide trial, since, irrespective of any question as to her right to intervene, the cоntention as to her right to testify was also embodied in the husband’s petition for habeas corpus, and there is nothing in either petition to show that her testimony was tendered and its admission was refused.

6. Under thе preceding rulings, the court properly denied the ‍​​​​‌‌​​‌​​​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‍application of the defendant for his release on habeas corpus.

Judgment affirmed in both cases.

All the Justices concur.