Plaintiff Terrence Holdeman, the representative of a class of employees and dependents of employees who were participants in a self-funded employee benefit plan, appeals the district court’s decision that defendant Michael Devine, as trustee of the plan, is not personally liable for outstanding medical claims that the plan did not pay or never fully paid prior to the employer’s termination of the plan and declaration of bankruptcy. The district court’s judgment was imposed after this court’s remand directing the lower court to consider several bases for fiduciary liability that had been raised by the plaintiff but were not specifically addressed by the lower court’s initial ruling. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm based on an alternative factual finding by the district court.
I. BACKGROUND
The underlying facts in this case are set forth in Plaintiffs previous appeal.
See Holdeman v. Devine,
Following a bench trial, the district court entered judgment in favor of Devine. Plaintiff Holdeman, on behalf of himself and the class, apрealed, and we reversed and remanded for the district court to consider four issues raised by plaintiff but not specifically addressed by the district court in its final order: whether Devine breached his fiduciary duty to the Plan because he should have “(1) resigned as the fiduciary and obtained the appointment of a рerson or entity who was free from a conflict of interest, (2) hired separate, outside counsel for the Plan, ... (3) informed the beneficiaries that the Plan was not a reliable source of health benefits and that they might need to make alternative arrangements to obtain medical coverage!,]” or (4) “considered suing, threatened [to sue], and/or sued State Line on behalf of the Plan for unpaid contributions.”
Holdeman,
On remand, the district court denied plaintiffs request to reopen the case for additional discovery or to receive additional evidence because plaintiff had “ample oppоrtunity to be fully and fairly heard” during the evidentiary bench trial. (Aplt. App. 1492.) After receiving supplemental briefing from the parties, the district court issued a thirty-one page order of its findings of fact and conclusions of law and again entered judgment in favor of Devine. To begin with, the district court explained that it had previously determined that Devine did not breach his fiduciary duty by failing to inform plan participants of funding problems with the Plan and it declined to revisit the issue. The district court then determined that Holdeman failed to prove that Devine breached his fiduciary duty by failing to resign and appoint some other person or entity without a conflict of interest, by failing to hire outside counsel for the Plan, or by failing to consider suing, threatening to sue, or actually suing State Line. Finally, the district court found that Holdeman did not prove that it was more likely than not that Devine’s alleged breaches actually resulted in losses to the Plan.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“In an appeal from a bеnch trial,” such as in this case, “we review the district court’s factual findings for clear error, and its legal conclusions de novo.”
La Resolana Architects, PA v. Reno, Inc., 555
F.3d 1171, 1177 (10th Cir.2009) (internal quotation omitted). It is not the role of an appellate court to retry the facts, because “[t]he court below has the exclusive function of appraising credibility, dеtermining the weight to be given testimony, drawing inferences from facts established, and resolving conflicts in the evidence.”
State Distributors, Inc. v. Glenmore Distilleries Co.,
Under the liability-creating provision of section 409 of ERISA, any individual or entity “who is a fiduciary with respect to a plan,” and breaches any оf its fiduciary duties, is liable for “any losses ... resulting from each such breach” of the fiduciary’s duty. 29 U.S.C. § 1109(a). And section 502(a)(2) of ERISA, 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(2), provides that beneficiaries of the plan may bring a private cause of action against a fiduciary to enforce section 409.
See LaRue v. DeWolff, Boberg & Assocs., Inc.
— U.S. --,
Under ERISA, trustees have a fiduciary duty to “act to ensure that a plan receives all funds to which it is entitled, so that those funds can be used on behalf of рarticipants and beneficiaries.”
Central States, Se. & Sw. Areas Pension Fund v. Central Transp., Inc.,
In performing the duty to enforce valid claims, “trustees have a range of options— including suing the delinquent employer, randomly auditing the employer’s records, threatening work stoppages, picketing the employer, or similar actions — depending upon the circumstances.”
Diduck v. Kaszycki & Sons Contractors, Inc.,
A trustee breaches his duty when he fails to consider his obligations to collect delinquent contributions.
See Diduck,
Assuming arguendo that we agree with Hоldeman’s argument that Devine, acting as the Plan’s trustee and fiduciary, breached his fiduciary duty to the Plan by failing adequately to consider appropriate action against State Line to secure funding for the Plan’s liabilities, Plaintiff cannot prevail because he has failed to establish that the district court’s factual finding on causation — that more likely than not Devine’s breaches did not cause the underfunding of the Plan and consequently the Plan’s inability to cover participants’ medical bills — was clearly erroneous.
During the entire time the Plan was in effect, from May 1999 until it was terminated in December 2001 — one month before State Line filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection — State Line faced serious financial difficulties and continuously operated at a loss. Apart from State Line’s backlog of unpaid medical claims, State Line juggled many other expenses including monthly gaming taxes (which if not paid would lead to the casino’s immediate shutdown), payments on slot machine agreements, bills from food vendors, advertising costs, maintenance costs, payroll, and FICA and payroll taxes. Additionally, State Line made a number of distributions to its owners that Devine, as CEO, considered necessary. Given State Line’s financial situation, the district cоurt determined on remand that it was more likely than not that Devine’s alleged breaches of his duties as trustee of the Plan “did not cause losses to the Plan.” (App. 1508.) The district court explained that even if Devine, as trustee of the Plan, had pursued aggressive tactics to obtain funding for the Plan, such as threatening to suе or actually suing State Line for its outstanding obligations to the Plan — or if he had appointed outside counsel to represent the Plan or resigned and been replaced by a non-conflicted trustee, as plaintiff suggested he should have done — it was highly unlikely that the Plan would have been able to achievе increased funding from State Line. Indeed, the district court found, as a matter of fact, that “such actions would have made the situation worse for plaintiffs” and that plaintiffs losses “did not stem from any violation of ERISA but rather from other unfortunate business circumstances.” (App. 1506, 1513.)
“[Gjiven [State Line’s] cash flow and the receipts payable,” the court explained that it was “highly unlikely that State Line would have agreed to increase funding [to the Plan at the expense of other creditors] because failure to pay other creditors may likely have resulted in the business being shut down,” or have led to “suspension of operations, if nоt to complete failure of the business.” (App. 1506-07.) Likewise, it was highly unlikely that State Line would not have made “distributions to the company owners as these distributions were specifically earmarked for tax purposes and were addressed in forbearance agreements worked out between State Line and its creditors to allow the business to stay open.” (App. 1507.) And if the Plan had sued State Line, the court found that “State Line’s bankruptcy would [have] more than likely resulted],” providing plaintiffs “no chance” of ever obtaining recovery for their outstanding unpaid medical, claims. (App. 1510.)
Instead of directly attacking the distriсt court’s ultimate factual finding — that more likely than not Devine’s breaches did not cause losses to the plan — Holdeman has
However, regardless of where the burden of persuasion should have rested, 1 the district court’s findings — that it was “more likely than not” that, absent Devine’s breaches, the Plan would not have received more funds; that plaintiffs’ losses “did not stem from any violation of ERISA”; and, that the actions now advanced by plaintiffs “would have made the situation worse for plaintiffs” — are dispositive. Even if we assume that plaintiffs established a рrima facie case and that the district court should have shifted the burden of persuasion to Devine to disprove causation, as plaintiff asserts, the district court’s factual findings of no causation between any fiduciary breach and any loss persuade us that any burden-shifting error by the district court was irrelevant.
Moreover, Holdeman has not explicitly challenged the district court’s ultimate factual finding that Devine’s breach did not cause the class’s losses. 2 But even if he had, the district court’s factual findings are not clearly erroneous and are supported by substantial evidence. While Devine, as trustee of the Plan, could have been more aggressive in attempting to get the Plan fully funded, this does not mean that Devine as CEO of State Line would have increased payments to the Plan. As CEO, Devine still had to consider State Line’s interest as a company in maintaining continued operations and solvency. And State Line’s policy under Devine’s leadership was to pay first whatever was necessary to keep the company operating; and under that policy, “late paying medical claims, although not desirable, was something that happened.” (App. 985.) Although the district court could possibly have drawn an alternative inferenсe that a more aggressive stance by Devine as trustee of the Plan could have led State Line to increase funding to the Plan before it declared bankruptcy, the district court’s finding that aggressive tactics likely would not have achieved greater funding for the Plan or would have forced State Line into dеclaring bankruptcy — in which case it was unlikely that the Plan or the plan participants, as unsecured creditors, would have been able to obtain any recovery from State Line for their unpaid medical claims — was reasonable.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Notes
. We recognize that courts have apparently split on the proper evidentiary framework, for analyzing a claim for breach of fiduciaiy duties under ERISA, after a plaintiff has proved a breach of duty.
See, e.g. In re Unisys Savings Plan Litig.,
. In fact, in plaintiff's section of his brief entitled “standard of review,’’ he explicitly disclaims that he challenges the district court's findings of fact. (Aplt. br. at 2 ("[E]ach of the challenged issues in this case involve only the lower court’s conclusions of law rather than its findings of fact.”).) Generally, when an appellant does not dispute the district court's findings of fact, "we accept the factual findings as articulated by the district court.”
United States v. Ozbirn,