On August 23, 1937, Rose Katherine Hoellinger executed her Last Will and Testament. She died October 11, 1946. After a hearing úpon citation to the heirs, devisees and legatees the will was admitted to probate. The estate was duly administered and the final decree of distribution was issued. .
The Will, after directing the payment of debts, gave to Mrs. Hoellinger’s adopted daughter, Blanche ■ Margaret Hoellinger, otherwise known as Rose Marie Hoellinger, this appellant, one-half of all her estate. It then provided: “I give and bequeath to my brothers and sisters, namely, John, Ike, Albert and Anthony Molzhon and Mrs. James O’Omeara, Mrs. Agnes Payson and Mrs. James Walsh the remaining one-half of all property of which I die seized real, personal and mixed and wheresoever situated,” subject to a bequest of $500.00 per year for four years to her grand-daughter, Esther Rose Knutson, for educational purposes.
The evidence shows that the brother of the testatrix, John Molzhon and his sister, Mrs. James Walsh, died after the-making of the will but before the death of the testatrix. They left no children of their own but John had adopted a son, Ronald Molzhon, and Mrs. Walsh had adopted á son, John James Walsh.
By the final decree one-half of the estate was awarded to Rose Marie Hoellinger, the appellant. Out of the remaining one-half the $2000.00 bequest to Esther Rose Knutson, grand-daughter, was paid. The balance was distributed, one-eighth each to the six brothers and sisters living and to Ronald Molzhon and John James Walsh, as the lineal descendants of John Molzhon and Mrs. James Walsh, the brother and sister of the testatrix who were mentioned in the will but had predeceased the testatrix.
From that decree an appeal was taken to the District Court on questions of law alone, Sec 30-2608 NDRC 1943, and restricted to “the payment -and distribution to and awarding to respondents, Josephine O’Omeara, Ronald -Molzhon and John James Walsh and to each of them a one-eighth share of the estate in the sum and amount of $4865.75.” The district court affirmed the final decree as made by the county court. An appeal is taken to this court from “that part and portion of said judgment wherein and insofar as the same affirms said decree, *110 adjudging and decreeing that the above named appellees, Eon-aid Molzhon and John James Walsh are entitled to share in said estate and assigning to and vesting in said Ronald Molzhon and John James Walsh any part or portion of said estate and directs and orders that John W. Hogan, Executor, pay and deliver to them or either of them any part or portion of said estate.”
On this appeal the objection to the distribution to Josephine O’Omeara of her one-eighth share is abandoned. Only the distribution to Ronald Molzhon and John James Walsh of the one-eighth share each that would have gone to their adopting parents under the will had they lived is now attacked. The grounds alleged are that Ronald Molzhon and John James Walsh, as adopted children, are not lineal descendants. of their adopting parents and, therefore, do not come under the non-lapse statute so as to be entitled to any portion of the estate of Rose Katherine Hoellinger. In support thereof defendants cite Sec 56-0527 NDRC 1943 which provides that if a devisee or. legatee predeceases the testatrix testamentary disposition as to him fails unless otherwise provided in the will and Sec 56-0420 NDRC 1943 which provides that if in such case the devisee predeceases the testatrix but leaves lineal descendants, such descendants take in the same manner as the devisee would have.
The decision in this case involves the construction of the latter statute. Specifically the question is whether the term, “lineal descendant” includes adopted children.
The construction of a statute involves first a determination of what was the intention of the legislature in the enactment of the law. Such intent is controlling and must be given effect to the fullest degree. 59 CJ 948.
In determining such intent th,e meaning of the words used and the language of the statute as a whole must be considered. Other aids in construction of the subject matter are the purpose of the statute, the reason for its enactment, the evils at which the legislation is aimed, the historical background, the construction of similar statutes by other courts, and the consideration of other statutes on related subjects. In this case, that involves a study of not only the non-lapse statute but also the adoption *111 laws and the statute concerning the interpretation of wills. See 50 Am Jur 271; 59 CJ 948.
The first statute here to be considered is Sec 56-0420, commonly known as the. non-lapse statute, reading as follows: “When any estate is devised to any child or other relative of the testator and the devisee dies before the testator leaving lineal descendants, such descendants take the estates so given by the will in the same manner as the devisee would have done had he survived the testator.”
The right of inheritance is purely a matter of statutory regulation. The purpose of this statute was to alleviate the hardships caused by the virtual disinheritance of children when a testatmentary disposition failed. “The statute was passed to remedy such disappointments, and should receive a liberal construction so as to advance the remedy and suppress the mischief.” Gale v. Keyes, 45 Ohio App 61,
Webster’s New International Dictionary, Second Edition, page 1436 gives a definition of “lineal” as “Descended in a direct line; in the line of succession through lineage.” That seems to be the general and ordinary meaning of the term as used in the statute.
In 26 CJS 984 it is said that the word descendant “carries the concept of offspring in the line of generation, but, in a particular connection and as the result of legislation it has been held that the word is not limited to blood relationship.” See also In re Walter’s Estate,
Appellant has referred to In re Lamb’s Estate,
In this connection our adoption law must be considered. There were no adoptions at common law. The procedure "for adoption is entirely statutory and the relationship created by adoption depends upon the statutory construction. The adoption statutes were for the beneficent purpose of creating an artificial relationship of parent and child in certain cases and creating the right of inheritance in such cases. During thé course of our statehood the, relationship • created by the law of adoptions has been developed as closely -as possible into the natural family relationship.
Originally, Sec 2629, ; Compiled Laws of Dakota 1887, read as follows: “A child when adopted may take the" family name of the person adopting after adoption. The two shall sustain to each other the legal relation of parent and child and have all the rights and be subject to all the duties of that relation.”
In 1891-this section was changed to read as follows: “A child so adopted as aforesaid shall be deemed as respects legal consequences and incidents of-the natural relation of parent, the child of such parent or parents by adoption the same as if he had been born to them in lawful wedlock, except that such adoption shall not itself constitute such child the heir of such parent or parents by adoption.” Sec 6, Chapter 4 SL 1891, page 84.
■ This law was agqin changed in 1895 to read as follows: “That the child so adopted shall be deemed as respects all legal consequences in incidents of the natural relation of parent and child, the child of such parent or parents by adoption the same as if he had been born to them in lawful wedlock.” Sec 2805 E.C •1895. This is-the law as it has remained ever since. See 14-1113 NDRC 1943.
It may be contended that - the law as first adopted covered *113 only the relationship between the adopting parent or parents and the adopted child. If' so, then the limitation that the relationship should apply only to the parent or parents and the child was removed by the 1891 amendment but a provision was made that the adoption in itself should not make the child an heir of the adopting parent or parents." Finally that limitation also was omitted so that now and ever since 1895 the relationship of parent or parents and child is created by .the adoption as against all the world and inheritance by the adopted child from the adopting parent or parents is established as if the child had been born to them in lawful wedlock." It is clear that the legislature intended, to place the adopted child as far as possible in the same position as the natural child to all intents and purposes. That also is always the intent of the adopting parents.
This court in Borner v. Larson,
Clearly this adoption statute as so interpreted places the adopted child in the direct line of inheritance from its adopting parents and as such the adopted child comes within Webster’s definition of “lineal” — the statutory line of descent.
Other courts have passed upon this matter. The case of Phillips v. McConica,
In the case of In Re Buell’s Estate, 167 Ore 295,
Appellant claims that this holding was virtually overruled in the case of In Re Frazier’s Estate, 180 Ore 232,
In the case of Warren v. Prescott, 84 Me 483, 17 LRA 436, the court considered the precise question here involved. The adoption statute is just like ours hut has some exceptions not involved here. The court says: “The question is whether an adopted child can take a legacy to one of its adopting parents, and thus prevent the legacy from lapsing, when the legatee dies before the testator. There is no doubt that a child horn in lawful wedlock can so take, but in this particular, does an adopted child possess the same right? We think so. . . . And when an adopted child takes a legacy given by will to one of his adopting parents, he does not take as an heir at law of the parent’s kindred. He does not “inherit” the legacy from the testator. He takes as a lineal descendant of the legatee, by force of the statute, RS c 74, Sec 10. Not as a lineal descendant by birth; but as a statutory lineal descendant; and as lawfully in the line of descent as if he were placed^here by birth. It is as competent for the legislature to place a child by adoption in the direct line of descent as for the common law to place a child by birth there. And that is precisely what the legislature has done, and what it undoubtedly intended to do, when in strong and emphatic language, it declared that a legally adopted child becomes to all *115 intents and purposes the child of the adopters the same as if he were horn to them in lawful wedlock .... This conclusion is, in our judgment, as indisputable as a mathematical demonstration.”
In Fisher et al v. Gardiner et al,
The court in the case of In Re Moore’s Estate, 7 Cal App2d 722,
While there are authorities to the contrary, the better reasoned decisions as well as more sound judgment support the contention of the respondents.
The evident purpose of the non-lapse statute is that a testamentary disposition should not fail. To supplement that statute the legislature passed adoption laws granting to all children equal inheritance rights whether they came into the line of descent by birth or by adoption. Under the non-lapse statute adopted children take as .lineal descendants of their adopting parents just the same as if they had been horn to them in’lawful wedlock. They take by virtue of the statutes. The testator is presumed to know the law. If he does not wash the adopted children, if any there should be, of his devisee to take then he *116 must make provision to that effect in Ms will. His intention in that respect must be determined from the will.
In tbe.instant case testatrix not only failed to make any such provision in her ^will but her intention as shown by the record clearly indicates that she intended the adopted children of her brothers and sisters should take, in the same manner as their natural children would. The record shows that both Ronald Molzhon and John James Walsh had been adopted prior to the making of the will-; that John James-Walsh was adopted April 1, 1929; that the address given of Mrs. John Molzhon was Stanley, North Dakota, not far from Minot, North Dakota, the residence of testatrix. The bequests in the will to her brothers and sisters indicate very friendly family relations. She preferred them over her own granddaughter. The inference from the evidence is that she must have known about these adoptions. It must also be presumed that-the testatrix knew that the adoption law made the adopted child, the child of the adopting parents, “the same as if he had been born to them in lawful wedlock.” The inference from the will is that the testatrix intended the proceeds of her bounty to go to her brothers and sisters and their heirs alike. In Nutter v. Vickery, 64 Me 490, 498, the court says: “The statute (To prevent lapse) is in furtherance of what may fairly be presumed to have been the- intention of the testator, and in order to effect its object it should' be construed liberally.”
It must be held, that Ronald Molzhon and John James Walsh are “lineal descendants” of John Molzhon and Mrs. James Walsh as that term is used in the non-lapse statute.
The evidence in this case shows that the real estate constituted less than one-half of the estate. The appellant contends that even if this court construes the term “lineal descendant” in Sec 56-0420 to include Ronald Molzhon and John James Walsh, adopted children, they can still take only that portion of their share which is real properly because Section 56-0420 used only the words “devised” and “devisee” in connection with the property that is to pass to the lineal descendants.
That necessitates an interpretation of the meaning' of the words “devise” and “devisee” as used in that section.
*117 In. its technical sense the word “devise” is generally applied to the testamentary disposition of real property while the word “bequest” is applied to the testamentary.disposition of personal property. However, Webster’s New International Dictionary, 2nd Ed Page 255, under the definition of “bequest” has. this to say: “It has often been decided in modern legal cases that in gifts by will bequeath and bequest are the more appropriate words for use in making a gift of personalty and devise the more appropriate word for a gift of realty. This distinction, however, is modern and not everywhere observed; and in any case bequeath will operate to convey realty and devise to convey personalty where this is shown to be the intent with which the words were used. There is, moreover, no reason for such a distinction in the history of the words. Both were originally used without distinction to give either personalty or realty, bequeath and bequest being the earlier English words, in addition to which devise, v. came into use from the French toward the end of the 14th. century, apparently,' and devise, n. in the 16th. century, with the same meanings as bequeath and bequest. Subsequent attempts to discriminaté between them have caused the modern efforts to restrict the one to personalty and the other to realty.”
In support of her contention appellant cites, In Re Fratt’s Estate,
In coming to the conclusion that the word “devise” is used in its technical sense the courts in these cases base, their decision on the wording of the other statutes regarding descent and succession, pointing out that the legislatures always used the terms therein in their present technical sense. Our legislature has not been so careful in the use of these terms. ■ Sec 56-0514 NDRC 1943 permits the word “devise” to be used to pass all property of the testator; real or personal, in-certain cases. Sec 56-0515 permits a testator to use the words “devise” or *118 “bequest” or “any other terms” denoting his intent to dispose of all Ms real or personal property. Our statutes do not always restrict the use of the words entirely to their technical meaning.
In Re Breen Estate, 94 Ky 474,
“It is true that in their strict legal application the terms, ‘legacy’ and ‘bequest’ refer to gifts by will of personal estate. There is nothing in the derivation of these words to so distinguish them but such is their proper legal signification, as all authorities agree. It is a conceded fact, however, that they are not always employed according to their technical meaning and that they are not always to be so construed. . . . Our legislature has not always used these words in their strict legal sense, which fact of itself would authorize us to inquire in what sense they were employed in the present instance.”
In a long annotation in 4 LRA 246 the majority rule is said to favor the technical use of the terms but the conclusion reached is that “It is obvious, however, that the view that may be taken on this point with reference to any particular’ statute is likely to be affected by the context or the purpose of the statute or both so that any general rule on the subject can only be prima facie and may yield to other indicia of the legislative intent.” See also 57 Am Jur 934.
A further consideration of Secs 56-0420 and 56-0527 shows the evident intent of the legislature to make those statutes carry out the will of the testatrix. Sec. 56-0527, providing for a lapse, does not apply if the testatrix makes other provision in case of the predecease of a devisee. Sec 56-0420 provides that the lineal descendants shall take the estate, “so given by the will in the same manner as the devisee would have done had he survived the testator.”
Sec 56-0501 NDRC 1943 provides: “A will is to be construed according to the intention of the testator.” Priewe v. Priewe,
In this case the will provided, “I give and bequeath to my brothers and sisters, John . . . and Mrs. James Walsh the remaining one-half of all property of which I. die seized, real, personal and mixed, wheresoever situated.” This provision of the will does not use the word “devise” but uses the words “give and bequeath.” That that is inclusive of all the property is shown by the last part of the sentence. In the case of Campbell et ux v. Cole et al, 71 NJ Eq 327, 64 A 461, the court says: “While the word ‘bequeathed’ is naturally applicable to personal property, yet, when associated in a will with the word ‘give’ it is capable of transmitting real estate if such appears to have been the testator’s intention.”
In the case of Neblett et al v. Smith, 142 Va 840,
It is clear that the testatrix intended to pass all her property by the phrase, “give and bequeath” used in the will. It is also clear that John Molzhon and Mrs. James Walsh, had they lived, would have taken their one-eighth share of all the remaining one-half of her property as provided in the will just as the living brothers and sisters now without objection are receiving their one-eighth share. The last phrase of Sec 56-0420 provides that the descendants take the estate so given by the will in the same manner as the devisees would have taken their share of both the real and personal property. Surely the intent of the testatrix should govern and the words “devise” and “devisee” in the non-lapse statute, Sec 56-0420, should be construed to permit the intent of the testatrix to be carried out.
Applying the rules of statutory construction to ascertain the intent of the legislature in passing the cognate acts here-involved *120 and the intent of the testatrix under the circumstances shown in the evidence it must he held that Ronald Molzhon and John James Walsh come within the term “lineal descendants” as used in Sec 56-0420 NDRC 1943, and are entitled to' share in both the real and personal estate of Rose Katherine Hoellinger. The judgment of the district court is affirmed. •