Opinion by
Respondents, Patrick Knotts, Rebecca Hicks, J. Stephen Mercer, and Karla Mercer (homeowners), appeal the district court's order in favor of the petitioner, Hiwan Homeowners Association, concluding that the Hiwan subdivision is a common interest community. We affirm.
I. Background and Procedural History
This appeal arose out of a petition filed by the Association, pursuant to section 38-83.3-217(7), C.R.8.2008, of the Colorado Common Interest Ownership Act (the Act), to obtain court approval of proposed amendments and restatements of the restrictive covenants that govern the Hiwan residential subdivision.
The Hiwan subdivision, located near Evergreen, Colorado, was created when a limited partnership, C.G.K. Company, filed a subdivision plat in 1963 with the Jefferson County Clerk and Recorder. Two other subdivision plats were subsequently recorded by C.G.K. Also in 19683, C.G.K. recorded the Hiwan restrictive covenants. Although several lots were initially exempted from the covenants, by 1995, the owners of all such lots waived their exemptions and became subject to the covenants.
Paragraph 30 of the covenants specifically provided for a homeowners association. The Association was unincorporated until 1987. At that time, the Association incorporated and promulgated bylaws, which were most recently amended in 1998.
In addition, in 1971, Jefferson Land Asso-clates and Evergreen, Inc., successors in interest to C.G.K., filed another subdivision plat. Each of the subdivision filings reserved fee ownership of the roads in the Hiwan subdivision to the developer filing the plat. However, fee title to the roads in the subdivision was conveyed to Jefferson County by warranty deeds recorded in 1974 and 1976.
In 1991, Hiwan Service Corporation, the successor of C.G.K., Jefferson Land, and Evergreen Inc., assigned all its rights under the covenants to the Association. By their terms, the covenants were set to expire in 2013, unless amended or extended. However, there was no express mechanism in the covenants for amending them. Rather, there was only a provision for releasing or terminating any or all of the covenants with approval of 75% of the homeowners, thus, according to the Association, implying approval by 100% of the homeowners is required to amend the covenants, unless the Act applied.
Accordingly, the association filed a petition seeking court approval of proposed amendments to the covenants pursuant to section 38-83.3-217(7) of the Act. The proposed amendments included a provision that would have allowed amendment of the Hiwan covenants with approval of 67% of the Hiwan homeowners, in accordance with section 38-38.3-217(7)(a)(I).
For subdivisions subject to the Act, section 38-83.3-217(7)(a)(II1I) allows an association to seek court approval of a proposed covenant amendment if unit owners holding more than 50% of the votes necessary to adopt the proposed amendment have voted in favor of the amendment. Further, section 38-88.3-217(7)(e) provides that a district court shall grant an association's petition after a hearing if all the preconditions of that section are fulfilled and no more than 38% of the unit owners file written objections to the proposed amendments prior to the hearing.
Here, homeowners objected to the Association's petition and the proposed amendments to the covenants. Specifically, homeowners claimed that the Act does not apply because the Hiwan subdivision is not a common interest community.
After briefing and a hearing on the Association's petition, the district court issued a written order. The order specified that the
Homeowners now appeal the district court's ruling that the Hiwan subdivision is a common interest community under the Act.
ILI. Standard of Review
Whether Hiwan is a common interest community under the Act is a question of statutory interpretation that we review de novo. Giguere v. SJS Family Enterprises, Ltd.,
Further, appellate courts may determine the meaning of undefined statutory words by referring to the dictionary. People v. Thoro Prods. Co.,
In 1991, the General Assembly adopted the Act based on the Uniform Common Interest Ownership Act (1982) (Uniform Act). Platt,
III. The Act
Homeowners contend the district court erred by concluding that Hiwan falls under the Act's definition of a common interest community, and that therefore, the Act's provisions pertaining to amending or modifying the covenants are available to the Association. We disagree.
As relevant here, section 88-38.3-108(8), C.R.9S.2008, defines a common interest community as follows: " 'Common interest community' means real estate described in a declaration with respect to which a person, by virtue of such person's ownership of a unit, is obligated to pay for real estate taxes, insurance premiums, maintenance, or improvement of other real estate described in a declaration."
We conclude that the district court properly determined that Hiwan is a common interest community, because an owner of a unit in Hiwan (a homeowner) is (1) obligated by a declaration (2) to pay for maintenance or improvement (8) of other real estate.
A. Declaration
First, we agree with the district court that the Act's reference to a "declaration" includes the plats and maps of the Hiwan subdivision and the covenants, all of which were properly recorded.
Under the Act, " Declaration' means any recorded instruments however denominated, that create a common interest community, including any amendments to those instruments and also including, but not limited to, plats and maps." $ 88-88.3-108(18), C.R.S. 2008.
In Evergreen Highlands Ass'n v. West,
Here, as noted by the district court, paragraph 1 of the covenants specifically refers to "each and every lot shown on the Plat of Hiwan." Further, in contrast to Evergreen, the Hiwan covenants expressly imposed an obligation on each homeowner to pay mandatory assessments for maintenance or improvement. In that regard, paragraph 80 of the covenants provides:
There has been organized a non-profit corporation known as "Hiwan Homeowners Association" which has as its function the maintenance of the subdivision. All purchasers of all lots shown on the Plat of Hiwan shall apply for membership and become members of the Association. Assessments will be made by the Association and payment of the same shall be mandatory by the property owners within the subdivision and such assessments shall be considered a lien on the property to the extent not paid.
This language demonstrates that the original covenants anticipated the formation of an association that would have certain responsibilities, including collecting mandatory assessments. Thus, if the documents in Evergreen were sufficient to establish a common interest community by implication, we conclude the plats and restrictive covenants here, filed and recorded at the same time the subdivision was created, were sufficient to constitute a declaration under the Act.
B. Maintenance and Improvement
Second, homeowners contend the obligation to pay assessments to the Association to fund enforcement of the covenants does not satisfy the Act's common interest community definition requiring payment for maintenance or improvement. In response, the Association contends that the mandatory assessments allow the Association to pay for several types of maintenance and improvement. We agree with the Association and conclude that the Association is responsible for both maintenance and improvement of the subdivision.
"Maintenance" and "improvement" are ordinary words of common usage that have unambiguous meanings. Black's Law Dictionary 973 (8th ed.2004) defines maintenance as "[the care and work put into property to keep it operating and productive; general repair and upkeep." Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1862 (2002) defines maintenance as "the labor of keeping something (as buildings or equipment) in a state of repair or efficiency."
Black's Law Dictionary 7783 defines an improvement as "[al n addition to real property, whether permanent or not; [especially] one that increases its value or utility or that enhances its appearance." Webster's Third New International Dictionary 1188 defines improvement as "the act or process of improving: as ... the enhancement or augmentation of value or quality: an increasing of profitableness, excellence, or desirability."
As the Hiwan covenants provide, the maintenance and improvement done by the Association are paid for with monetary assessments, which, consistent with the definition of common interest community in the Act, are required to be paid by all Hiwan homeowners.
For example, the record shows that the Association hires the Colorado State Forest Service to conduct annual surveys to identify trees that should be removed. The recommendations from the surveys were sent to residents and included topics such as ways to
Further, the Association is also responsible for enforcing the covenants, which includes the ability to remove objectionable landscaping and secure a lien for payment of the removal. More generally, the Association can apply to a court for an injunction or any other proper relief for violation of the covenants by a homeowner. Without a budget, obtained from assessments, the Association would not be able to pursue such enforcement measures, which allow it to regulate the appearance of the Hiwan community.
Accordingly, we conclude Hiwan homeowners are obligated to pay for maintenance or improvement of the subdivision, and we next turn to the pivotal issue of whether such maintenance or improvement is of "other real estate," as that term is properly interpreted under the Act.
C. Other Real Estate
Homeowners contend that Hiwan homeowners are not obligated to pay for maintenance of "other real estate" because there is no common property, such as a park or a swimming pool, in the Hiwan subdivision. We are not persuaded.
The district court defined the issue and concluded as follows:
The question then becomes whether a Hi-wan homeowner is required to pay for "maintenance" of real estate described in the "declaration" other than his own. The answer is yes, even though the "other real estate" in the case of Hiwan is not "common property." Under section 30 of the Restrictive Covenants, there are mandatory assessments against property owners to be paid to the homeowners association "which has as its function the maintenance of the subdivision."
We agree with the district court's conclusion and analysis.
We first note that, although the roads in the Hiwan subdivision owned by the Association's predecessors in interest may have been common property at one time, those roads were conveyed to Jefferson County prior to the incorporation of the Association. Accordingly, we agree that the roads were no longer common property when the Association petitioned the district court for relief in this case. Thus, we undertake our analysis, as did the district court, on the assumption that there is no "common property" in the Hiwan subdivision.
The statutory definition of a common interest community in section 38-83.3-108(8) refers to "other real estate," but nothing in that section requires the "other real estate" to be owned in common. Further, the Act itself defines "real estate" as follows:
"Real estate" means any leasehold or other estate or interest in, over, or under land, including structures, fixtures, and other improvements and interests that, by custom, usage, or law, pass with a conveyance of land though not described in the contract of sale or instrument of conveyance. "Real estate" includes parcels with or without horizontal boundaries and spaces that may be filled with air or water."
§ 38-33.3-103(25), C.R.S.2008. Again, nothing in the plain language of this definition requires, either expressly or implicitly, that the "other real estate" in section 38-88.83-108(8) must be common property.
Where the legislature could have restricted the application of a statute, but chose not to, we will not read additional restrictions into the statute. See Springer v. City & County of Denver,
We also agree with the district court that this conclusion is supported by an analysis of the Uniform Act and by the Restatement (Third) of Property: Servitudes § 6.2 (2000).
Prior to 2008, the Uniform Act's definition of "common interest community" was virtually identical to section 38-88.3-108(8) of the Act. See Uniform Act § 1-108(7) (1994) ("'Common interest community' means real estate with respect to which a person, by virtue of his ownership of a unit, is obligated to pay for real estate taxes, insurance premiums, maintenance, or improvement of other real estate described in a declaration."). Indeed, the drafters of Restatement § 6.2 commented in the statutory notes that the Uniform Act's definition "includes communities with mandatory membership associations empowered to enforce the servitudes whether or not there is common property."
In 2008, the Uniform Act was revised to expressly clarify that a common interest community does not require the existence of common property. Thus, under the revised Uniform Act section 1-108(9), " 'Common interest community' means real estate de-seribed in a declaration with respect to which a person, by virtue of the person's ownership of a unit, is obligated to pay for a share of real estate taxes, insurance premiums, maintenance, or improvement of, or services or other expenses related to, common elements, other units, or other real estate described in the declaration." (Emphasis added.)
The 2008 Uniform Act's use of the word "or" to set off "other real estate" is significant. The use of "or" indicates that payments for taxes, insurance, maintenance, or improvement may be related to common elements or, alternatively, "other real estate." Therefore, "other real estate" is distinct from common elements, and common elements are not encompassed by the phrase "other real estate." Accordingly, although under the Uniform Act the existence of common property may bring a community within the definition of a common interest community, we do not read the Uniform Act's definition to require a subdivision to have common property in order to be a common interest community.
This conclusion is supported by comments to section 1-108(9) in the 2008 Uniform Act, which state that "the mutual obligations of unit owners-obligations which arise 'by virtue of that ownership-to pay a share of the project's expenses may include a share of services provided to unit owners or other expenses provided either to the common elements or the units." See Uniform Act § 1-103 emt. 8; see also Platt,
We also find it instructive that the definition of "common interest community" in the Restatement does not require the existence of common property. The Restatement also uses the word "or" to distinguish common property from other ways in which a common interest community may arise:
A "common-interest community" is a real-estate development or neighborhood in which individually owned lots or units are burdened by a servitude that imposes an obligation that cannot be avoided by nonuse or withdrawal
(a) to pay for the use of, or contribute to the maintenance of, property held or enjoyed in common by the individual owners, or
(b) to pay dues or assessments to an association that provides services or facilities to the common property or to the individually owned property, or that enforces other servitudes burdening the property in the development or neighborhood.
Restatement § 6.2(1) (emphasis added).
Although the Restatement's definition is worded differently from that in section 38-33.3-103(8) of the Act, the comments in the Restatement are instructive and guide our analysis here. Evergreen,
Applying these principles here, we conclude the requirement in the covenants that homeowners in the Hiwan subdivision pay mandatory fees to the Association for maintenance and improvement of real estate throughout the subdivision is sufficient to bring Hiwan within the definition of a common interest community even though there is no common property in the subdivision.
Furthermore, our conclusion that the definition of a common interest community does not necessarily require the existence of common property is consistent with the purposes of the Act. See § 88-88.3-102(1)(a) & (d), C.R.S.2008 (the General Assembly declares that "it is in the best interests of the state and its citizens to establish a clear, comprehensive, and uniform framework for the cere-ation and operation of common interest communities" and "it is the policy of this state to promote effective and efficient property management through defined operational requirements that preserve flexibility for such homeowner associations"); see also Evergreen, 73 P.8d at 8.
The order is affirmed.