54 Pa. 110 | Pa. | 1867
The opinion of the court was delivered, by
In Wilson v. Wilson, 5 House of Lords Cases 59, Lord St. Leonards said, “ As regards the point of law I think there ought to be no doubt, and can be no doubt now entertained as to how that stands. It is perfectly and clearly settled and' now only to be reversed by Act of Parliament, that deeds of separation may and must, if they are properly framed, be carried into execution by the courts of this country. There is no question at all about that.” After explaining a misapprehension as to some expressions used by Lord Cottenham, he said, “ I only mention it, in consequence of what has fallen from my noble and learned friend who has preceded me, because it must not be doubted that the law of this country is, that deeds of separation are valid and will be carried into execution.”
The same doctrine is distinctly stated in a former hearing of the same case by Lord Cottenham, 1 Id. 572, citing Jones v. Waite, 9 Clark & Einnelly 109, and the language of Lord Chief Justice Tindal in delivering the opinion of the judges in that case.
In Pennsylvania this rule has been adopted in its fullest extent. In Hutton v. Hutton’s Administrators, 3 Barr 100, Judge Rogers said, “ Deeds for the separation of husband and wife are valid and effectual both at law and in equity provided their object be actual and immediate and not a contingent or future separation.” And in Dillinger’s Appeal, 11 Casey 357, the same doctrine is maintained and carried out, excluding the widow from all dower and interest in the real and personal estate of her husband agreeably to the deed of separation.
In August 1858, Isaac Boyd, then upwards of sixty-five years old, married Annie R. Murray, who was about forty years younger, and in May 1855, a son was born and named Joseph P. P. Boyd. Eor many years previous to his marriage, Mr. Boyd went to Cuba, where he had considerable property, in November or December in each year, and returned the following June or July. After their marriage they lived together until his return to Cuba in November or December 1858; Mrs. Boyd spending that winter in this city. In the spring or summer of 1859 he returned to Philadelphia. Mr. and Mrs. Boyd lived in this city during that summer, he getting his meals at Bloodgood’s Hotel, but passing
This instrument in its recital speaks of “ domestic confidence and reciprocal affections existing no more,” and all its provisions look to an entire and permanent separation of the husband and wife, and a permanent provision for the wife, by the conveyance of certain real and personal estate to the trustee absolutely. There is also the usual provision for her living separate and apart as if she were a feme sole, and that he shall not visit her without her consent. He is not to be liable for her debts, or for alimony, and she covenants not to claim any right or title to any real or personal estate of which said Isaac Boyd may be seised or possessed, or any part thereof.
On the 25th May 1861, her brother, William Murray, became the trustee in this deed in the place of Mr. Eardman. A correspondence took place between Mr. and Mrs. Boyd between the execution of the deed and the substitution of her brother as her trustee, commenced by her, but which has no effect upon the questions in this ease.
It appears that from the 7th of November 1860 until his death, in August 1863, he was only three or four times at Mr. Murray’s [house], where his wife lived, and not at all in 1863. There is an effort, however, to show a reconciliation in 1861, based upon his passing one night in his wife’s room at her brother’s house. The evidence as to the time when this took place, whether before or after the deed of separation, is neither clear nor satisfactory. The auditor says, “ After the execution of the articles of separation, it does not appear that he saw his wife for a period of six weeks; in fact it is not clear that he saw her until after his return from Cuba, a period of over six months, and only three or four times in all after their execution. The real difficulty in the case, both of fact and of law, arises upon the second point. The evidence shows that the testator visited his wife once or twice each year after the separation, except the year 1863, in which he died'; also that he corresponded with her several times, the last letter dated May 1st 1861; also that he passed one night in her chamber after the execution of the articles of separation. The evidence of this, however, is not as positive as might be. Do these acts, without more, constitute in law a violation of the articles of separation ?”
“ With the consent of his wife, the testator could commit any of the acts proven against him and not violate the covenants just quoted. There is no evidence whatever that she objected to any of said acts, or that the slightest coercion was used by the testator,. Her consent can fairly be inferred. Mr. Gowen appealed to the doctrine of reconciliation in support of the position that the articles of separation were abrogated, but upon an examination of the numerous authorities cited, I am satisfied that a manifest intention of the parties to live together again as man and wife must be shown, and the evidence in this case does not show any such intention.”
This is a correct statement of the law ; and the conduct of both parties shows clearly there was no reconciliation, and no determination or wish or desire to live together again as man and wife. The wife acted under the deed of separation, and has always received the income of the real estate and all the personal estate up to the present time. The theory of reconciliation, waiver or abandonment, would have invalidated this deed, but she has never evinced any wish or intention to act upon this view of the question. So, after seeing her husband but three or four times in two years, she never sees him at all during the year in which he died. She believed the separation was complete and the deed inviolate, and it is clear the testator so thought and acted. The acts of both parties showed that both believed they were as completely separated as two persons could be who were still in strict law man and wife.
We are therefore of opinion that the auditor was right in his decision upon.this question.
But it is assigned for error that Mrs. Boyd, now Mrs. Appeldorn, was rejected as a witness.
Mrs. Boyd, by deed dated 15th of November 1864, conveyed to Daniel O. Hitner all her interest in the estate of Isaac Boyd, as his widow, in trust for her son, Joseph P. P. Boyd; “but if the said Joseph P. P. Boyd should die before attaining his majority, then to grant, convey and transfer the said estate, real and personal, absolutely and free from all trust, to the heirs and distributees of the said Joseph P. P. Boyd, under the intestate laws of Pennsylvania, in the proportions and for the estates to which they would have been entitled to' the same if the said Joseph P. P. Boyd had died seised and possessed of the said real and personal estate.”
This case comes clearly within Post v. Avery, 5 W. & S. 509, and the cases which have followed it. .This deed assigns the
Besides, under the provisions of this deed, if the cestui que trust, her son, dies under age during her lifetime, the estate thus assigned reverts to her as his heir and next of kin under the intestate laws. This may not be an interest to exclude the witness, but affords a moral support to the legal cause of her rejection.
.. The auditor assigns another reason for her exclusion, which is supported by great authority. Taylor, in his Treatise on the Law of Evidence, vol. 1, p. 787, says: “The old common-law rule, which precludes husbands and wives from giving evidence for or against each other, has been construed by the judges to mean that whatever had come to the knowledge of either party by means of the hallowed confidence which marriage implies, could not afterwards be divulged in testimony, even though the other party were no longer living.”
This is clearly laid down in O’Connor v. Majoribanks, 4 M. & G. 435 (43 E. C. L. R.), after a full argument, by the Court of' Common Pleas, C. J. Tindal and the other judges not confining the rule to cases where the communications between the husband and wife were of a confidential nature, and holding the evidence of the widow was improperly admitted.
The same rule is laid down by Phillips & Arnold, vol. 1, p. 66 (6th ed.) : “ The reason for excluding the husband and wife from giving evidence either for or against each other, is founded partly on their identity of interest and partly on a principle of public policy which deems it necessary to guard the security and confidence of private life even at the risk of an occasional failure of justice.” And this extends to eases where the marriage is dissolved by divorce or death, and is not confined to confidential communications.
The same doctrine is clearly stated by Greenleaf, vol. 1, §§ 254 and 334, and it is so ruled by the Court of Appeals of New York, in Hasbrouck v. Vandervoort, 5 Seld. 153, notwithstanding the provisions of the Code of 1849, making interested persons witnesses.
Judge Johnson traces the rule from Coke Litt. 6 b., to Alcock v. Alcock, decided by Vice-Chancellor Parker in 1852 (12 Eng. L. & Eq. R. 354,10 Jur. 653). The rule is also so stated by Judge Rogers in Cornell v. Vanartsdalen, 4 Barr 374, and by the Supreme Court of the United States, in Stein v. Bowman, 13 Peters 221, 222, 223.
The witness was therefore properly excluded by the auditor ; and it is very doubtful whether, if she had been admitted, her evidence would have strengthened the plaintiff’s case.
The decree of the Orphans’ Court is affirmed.