Hinman v. Taylor

2 Conn. 357 | Conn. | 1817

Swift, Ch. J.

A suit for the maintenance of a bastará child is a statutory process mi generis, partaking altogether of the nature of a civil, and not of a criminal suit. The general rules respecting civil cases are applicable to it. The plaintiff can withdraw, and is liable to cost if unsuccessful; the defendant may plead a discharge, appear by attorney, ánd be defaulted. Though the process is forthwith, as in Criminal cases, yet it resembles a criminal proceeding in nothing else. It can be prosecuted by an individual, without joining the state ; and no punishment whatever can be inflicted.

But it is said, that the suit is criminal, because the process is forthwith, as in criminal cases; and it has been contended for as a universal rule, without exception, that the form of the process, decides the character of the action. But I apprehend no authority can be found for this proposition; and that it is equally repugnant to reason and precedent. Suppose the legislature should authorize a forthwith process on a note of hand; no one will seriously pretend, that this would convert an action of assumpsit into a criminal suit. To constitute a criminal suit, some punishment must be inflicted in behalf of the state.

It is an unquestionable rule of the common law, that an infant must sue by guardian or next friend. There is nothing in the statute ofi. which this proceeding is founded, that alters the common law in this respect. The statute creates a right to commence and prosecute a civil suit; but the party must conform to the principles of the common law in carrying it on. As the plaintiff lias not sued by guardian or next friend» I am of opinion she cannot prosecute the suit; and that the judgment of the superior court be reversed.

Trumbcli, Edmond, Smith, Braixakd, Baldwrx and Goddard, Js. were of the same opinion. Hosmer, J.

An infant, unless in certain excepted cases, must sue by prochien amy or guardian. Co. Litt. 135, b, note 220 by Barg. Reeve's Dorn. Rel. 264. Pechey v. Harrison, 1 Ld. Raymond, 232. Coin. Dig. tit. Pleader. (261.) That he should not sue alone, is both a disability and a privilege, agreeably to the remark of Sir William Hlackstone» when speaking of infants. “ Their very disabilities are privileges, in order to secure them from hurting themselves by their own improvident acts.” 1 Black. Comm. 464. Their supposed want of discretion, however, is not the only reason of their incompetency to sue. Infants are not liable to costs, at law, or in equity. Cooper’s Eq. Plead. 27. This presents a distinct ground of objection to their suits, in favour of those who might be harrassed by groundless prosecutions, and who, when successful in defence, would be without the remuneration of legal costs. An infant executor may sue with his co-executors ; in which event, the executors of full age may appoint an attorney for themselves and the infant, making together one representative. Foxwist & al. v. Tremaine, 2 Sound. 212. This is an exception to the general rule, for a reason extremely obvious ; et escceptio probat regutam.

The principal question in the case is, whether the suit was commenced and prosecuted, by an infant, without guardian or prochien amy. It has been contended, that the action on the statute oí bastardy, is not a civil, but a criminal suit; and, of consequence, that the state is prosecutor. In my opinion, this proposition is without the shadow of foundation. The process under the act is not cr iminal process ; the end of the law- is the redress of a civil injury; and if the proceedings to enforce the plaintiff’s right were precisely analogous to a public prosecution for a criminal offence, she could not prosecute in her own proper person.

1. The process in this case, under the act of bastardy, is not criminal process. It is a complaint subscribed by JYuv-cy Taylor. This is not the mode of prosecuting for a criminal offence ; but is in precise conformity to a bill in equity. The arrest of the defendant, and bringing him forthwith before the court, it must be admitted, is similar to the usual practice in criminal suits. From this, however, it can no more be inferred, that the process is of a criminal nature, than it would be, if the legislature, by statute, should authorize this mode of proceeding in the collection of a boob debt. The urgency of the ease fully justifies the law, without the supposition that the proceeding was prescribed for a public offender, or with a view to his punishment. , The criterion to ascertain a crime, is not the mere form of pro - cess, but the nature of the act or omission. If it be the violation of a public law, it is a crime or misdemeanour.

While the mind is intent on the features, which indicate the process, in the case before us, to be criminal, it is proper to attend to the various distinctive indicia of an opposite aspect. It is a suit by a plaintiff; on which a duty has been paid; bonds to the adverse party have been given; the defendant appears without arraignment, and by attorney; on both sides, depositions are admissible proof;, the plaintiff has the entire controul of the suit ; judgment is rendered as in other civil actions execution, issues in the ordinary civil form ; and if the plaintiff fails, the defendant is entitled to costs. These are the unequivocal marks of a civil suit, and too pointedly distinguish it from criminal process, to embarrass the mind with the least difficulty.

2. The end of. the law concerning bastardy, is the redress of a civil injury. This, with the preventive remedy for the protection of towns, constitutes the whole of it. The law provides for the maintenance of the bastard in aid of the mother. It requires security, by bond,, to shield the town where the child is born, from its support. Here is no public wrong to be redressed : no offender to be punished; but a sum of money for the infant's maintenance is all which the statute contemplates. An action for money had and received,, is no more the redress of a civil injury, thaira suit to obtain the benefit of this law. To this remark it may be superad-ded,thatthe manner of obtaining the object, is definitely pointed out. It is by suit, in behalf of the mother; or, if she omit to sue, or prosecute, in behalf of the town.

3. If the mode of proceeding to enforce the plaintiff’s 1 ight were precisely analogous to a public prosecution for a criminal offence, she could not sue in her proper person. In substance, it would be a civil action. Every reason which .-an be suggested for the suit of an infant by guardian or prochein a my, in any civil cause, either in behalf of the infant, or of the person prosecuted, would be applicable in this. It is an unwarrantable supposition, that the criterion to decide whether a suit be civil or criminal, is merely the form of process. It is well known, that by the English law, the affirmation of a quaker is not admissible in a criminal cause. Lord Mansfield, in Atcheson v. Everitt, Cowp. 383. says, “ No ease has been found in which it, (a quaker’s affirmation) has been refused, where the action, though in forma criminal action, in substance is a mere action between party and party.” An appeal of murder is a private suit between plaintiff and defendant; it is a private process for the punishment of a public crime. 4 Black. Comm. 313, 13, 14,15. But the testimony of a quaker by affirmation was rejected in such a case. Castell v. Bambridge & al. 2 Stra. 856. “ It was, to this purpose,” said Chief Justice Ray mond, <* a criminal proceeding.” It was determined in Rex v. Turner & al. 2 Stra. 1219., on a motion to quash an appointment of overseers, although the prosecution was mi the crown side, in the King’s name, that the affirmation of a quaker was admissible. These cases proceed manifestly on this ground, that not the form of proceeding, but the end of the suit, is to be regarded in the ascertainment of its real character. The court is not influenced by the superficies, but endeavours to penetrate to the core ; and when it discovers, that the object of a suit is the redress or prevention of individual injury, without any intermixture of public wrong, it considers it essentially as a civil action.

It is unnecessary to attend to the argument derived from the supposed analogy of our statute of bastardy, to the act of Elizabeth. There is no analogy. Although our statute, perhaps, would originally have authorized the mode of procedure in practice, under the English statute ; yet long usage sanctioned by the art of the legislature in 1784, (tit. 22. s. 3.) and the recent decision in Bennett v. Hall, 1 Conn. Rep. 417, have here established the practice of suing in the mother'* mame, and recovering judgment in her behalf, i have never been able to see why the decision just cited does not settle the question in the case before us.

in every view of the subject under discussion, 1 am of opinion, that in the judgment complained of there is manifest error.

Gouutj, J,

None of the objections to the judgment below appear to me to require consideration, except the first, via, that the complainant, being an infant, prosecuted without guardian, or next friend. But upon this point I think the judgment is erroneous. If» however, as my first impression was, the rule requiring infants to prosecute by guardian or next friend, were confined to civil suits, I should certainly be of opinion, that there was as little foundation for this exception as for the others. For I have no doubt, that this prosecution is strictly criminal. But, as it appears to be settled, that upon complaints of this kind, the defendant, if acquitted, is entitled to costs ; it follows, I think of course, and without reference to the character of the prosecution, that there must be some party or person upon the record, against whom the defendant may, in that event, have an execution, on which to levy them in pursuance of the judgment. For it would be a palpable absurdity, that a defendant should, in a given event,be entitled toa judgment for costs, where he could not demand an execution to enforce it. And I take the rule to be now established, that there is no case either at law or in equity, in which §uch an execution can issue against an infant plaintiff, or complainant. 2 Stra. 708.

I am aware, that according to this view of the question, it is not necessary to decide, whether the prosecution is civil or criminal. But as this has been made a leading point in the case, and as I cannot acquiesce in a position, w hich has been advanced, and which appears to me subversive of the only true distinction, between civil and criminal proceedings ; I will suggest my own thoughts upon the subject.

It has been said, that the prosecution is civil, because the object, or end to be obtained by it, is so. This is, perhaps, using language somew hat loosely. The end proposed is, indeed, not directly to punish the defendant, as an offender : nor, on the other hand, is it to remunerate the complainant, for any injury sustained. It is to secure the public or the town in which the child is settled, against the burden of' maintaining it$ against the consequences of an act,, which, by our law, is crimina]. And it bears a stronger resem - blance, perhaps, to a complaint exhibited by an individual to obtain surety for the peace, or good behaviour, than to any other proceeding known to the law : The object being in the one case to obtain security against the injurious consequences, and in the other against the commission of a crime. Hut not to dwell upon this topic, the proper answer to the argument I am now considering is, that the object, or end, of a legal prosecution is not the criterion by which to determine whether it is of a civil or criminal nature. It is the form of the proceeding, not the cause or object of it, that decides its character. This rule of distinction was laid down as the true criterion by Hooke, arguendo, and adopted by tiie court of King’s Bench, in Atcheson v. Everitt, Cowp. 382. : and it has never been denied or questioned. Now, the “form of the proceeding,” within the meaning of the rule, is regularly that of the process. Whatever, therefore, may be the end proposed by a legal prosecution of any kind, it is, to say the least, a general rule, and one to which I know of no exception, that the form or nature of the process is what characterizes the prosecution.

The case of Atcheson v. Everitt, was an action of debt upon the statute 2 Geo. 2. c. 24. against bribery. The object of the suit, and the sole object, was the recovery of a penalty, by way of punishment for a crime : It was, therefore, in the strictest sense, penal. Hut as the proceeding was in the form of a civil action, commenced and carried on by civil process, the court held clearly, that the prosecution itself was, for that reason, essentially civil. And every analogous case has conformed to this criterion. Wynne v. Middleton, 1 Wils. 125. 2 Stra. 1227. Calcraft v. Gibbs, 5 Term Rep. 19.

Some confusion has been occasioned in the discussion of the case, by an incidental observation of Lord Mansfield, upon the first argument in Atcheson v. Everitt, and before lie had formed any opinion, that actions for penalties are “ in form criminal,” though “ in substance, mere actions between party and party.” If the observation is literally inconsistent wit It the rule, as I have expressed it, it is equally so, with bis own final opinion, and that, of the whole, court, it appears, 1 confess, to reverse the distinction between form and substance. Hut this is of no moment. His meaning is perfect!} obvious, and the rule ultimately adopted in that case, by the whole court, and recognized in all the others, which I have-cited, is, that though the object and consequences of a prosecution may be exclusively criminal 5 yet the prosecution itself is, essentially and merely, civil, if the form of the proceeding is so: That is, the prosecution, in such cases, is civil, because it is in the form of a civil action ; or, in other words, because it is commenced and carried on by civil process. For if the defendant Everitt, had been prosecuted by indictment, or information, for the same offence ; the prosecution would, unquestionably, have been criminal, On the other hand, a prosecution commenced by criminal process, is, according to the same rule, for that very reason, a criminal proceeding j though if it were in the form of a civil action, it would be civil. This is the settled distinction, in prosecutions qui tarn. Hence a qui tarn action (i. e. a qui tarn suit by civil process,) is civil: a qui tarn information is criminal. And the characteristic distinction between them, is, merely, that the latter, (to use the language of Blackstone.») is “ carried on by a criminal, instead of a civil, process.” (4 Comm. 308.) Indeed, in ail prosecutions for penalties, if the recovery is sought by action, the proceeding is civil y if by information, it is criminal. This distinction Is undeniable- Now, to -apply the distinction : The present prosecution was commenced, as every other, on this statute, ■must be, by precisely the same process, as is issued upon indictments and informations, via. by a criminal capias, or-what we -usually term a forthwith process. The process can issue only upon complaint, made by the prosecutor, under oath; as in the cases of search-warrants-and ;complaints to obtain surety for the peace : it is returnable, not at a distant future day, as all writs in civil cases are, but immediately : the return Is made to a court of inquiry; a proceeding, known in criminal cases only. The defendant is entitled, by law, to no previous fixed term of rlj^ice, as defendants in all civil cases arc ; but may be required to make answer, instanter, upon being arrested and brought before the magistrate: he cannot be admitted to bail, by the officer who makes the arrest, us every defendant arrested in a civil action may be 5 nor can be be in any way ¿enlarged* pending the prosecution, except by the court or magistrate, and upon the same species of recognizance, as is required, exclusively, in criminal cases. If the court of enquiry find probable cause for prosecution, he is bound over, or committed for trial, as in cases of indictment or information ; and upon conviction, the judgment may be, and usually has been, a capiatur, under which he is to stand* committed, until the order of the court be complied with. Now, in no civil case whatever, is any one of these proceedings possible. It may be said, indeed, that the judgment is not necessarily a capiatur, it having been determined that the mere awarding of execution, as in civil actions, is legal. But, it ⅛ to be recollected, that the same course has been taken and sanctioned, for the collection of fines, inflicted upon informations filed by public prosecutors. It is sufficient for the purpose of the argument, that the judgment may be a capiatur.

Again, it is said, that bonds for prosecution are entered, and state duties paid upon all prosecutions of this-kind, and that amendments have been allowed in-them. Such, I admits has been the practice ; but the same practice in each of these particulars, has been adopted, in qui tam informations, which are confessedly criminal, and were expressly decided to be so by the superior court, in 1810, in the case of Meacham q. t. v. Beckwith, and afterwards by this Court, upon a writ of mandamus, to compel the judges of the common, pleas, to record the first verdict found in that case.

It is still further urged, that in prosecutions like tht present, the defendant may, in the common picas, appear and plead by attorney. But a defendant indicted for a new misdemeanor, may, and often does appear, and plead in the same manner, both in the English practice, and our own. 4 Black. Comm. 375. 1 M'Nall. 59.

Is there, then, in this case, a single feature of a civil suit i' It has not one characteristic property, or incident, which does not appertain to a criminal prosecution, It bears n» more resemblance to a civil action, than an indictment does,. It is, strictly, an information, accompanied with all the distinguishing forms and incidents of a criminal proceeding : and can, therefore, be no other, than a criminal prosecution.,

For reasons already given, however, I concur in the opinion, that the judgment ought to be reversed.

Judgment reversed',.