| Ill. | Oct 26, 1893
delivered the opinion of the Court:
The questions arising upon this record, and before us, relate solely to the controversy between the complainants in the original and cross-bills, as to which is entitled to a foreclosure in his favor. The other portions of the decree are not questioned.
Complainant in the cross-bill introduced the evidence of experts, who, from microscopieaVand other examinations, testified that the signatures to the notes held by Himrod, complainant in the original bill, were not written by the same person who wrote the signature, “George D. Gilman,” to the trust deed given to secure the notes of Gilman, and that the signature to the notes held by the cross-complainant, Bolton, and the name of George D. Gilman indorsed on the back thereof, were written by the same person who wrote the signature of George D. Gilman to the trust deed. It is insisted this evidence was incompetent, first, because there was no direct evidence that Gilman wrote his name to the trust deed; and second, that genuineness, or otherwise, of the signature can not be proved by comparison.
First—The trust deed was the foundation of the right of either party to a foreclosure. Each insisted upon its genuineness, and introduced it in evidence. There was nothing upon the face of the instrument to indicate that any person other than the grantor in the trust deed wrote the signature. The deed was properly acknowledged and admitted to record. It will be presumed, in the absence of anything showing the contrary, that the execution of the genuine notes and mortgage was cotemporaneous, and, both being genuine, that the person who signed the one signed the other. They are parts of the same transaction, mutually refer to each other, and there is nothing upon their face to indicate that the signatures were not made at the same time. It is conceded that neither party was able to procure the testimony of Gilman or Brady. Moreover, as said by the Appellate Court: “Courts can not, in this country and this age, fail to take notice of the fact that the majority of men can, and do, as a usual thing, by their own hand, write their names to the documents they execute.” It is possible, but not at all probable, that some person other than Gilman may have written his signature-to the deed; but if this was so, the evidence renders it reasonably clear that-the same hand wrote the signature to the notes also. The witnesses testify that the signatures to the Bolton notes and mortgage were written by the same hand; that it is. a firm,. easy hand, not regular, the flourishes quite awkward, but the-writer shows ability to control the hand and make smooth,. easy lines. They testify that the pen used was an extremely fine and hard one, making an unusually delicate signature,. “which individualizes it,” and that all were written with the-0 , same pen and ink. Qn the other hand, in the signatures to-the Springer notes the letters composing it are often broken,, and the down strokes, as well as the up strokes, show great irregularity and indecision on .the part of .the writer; that-some of the letters show patching, especially the initial letter “G,” and there is evidence, as it is testified, that the name-was traced, or that the writer was following a copy. But in the absence of anything suggesting to the contrary,, the presumption arises that the signature was written by the person-by whom it is admitted the instrument was executed. It was-entirely competent for the complainant in the original bill to have overcome this presumption by evidence tending to show that the deed was not, in fact, signed by George D. Gilman, but by some one for him, if he desired. Wharton on Evidence, sec. 1320.
Second—It seems to he well settled in this State that the-genuineness of a signature can not be proved by comparing it with an admittedly genuine signature to papers or documents not in evidence in the cause, and which are collateral to the issue, and therefore not admissible in evidence for other purposes. (Pate v. The People, 3 Gilm. 644; Jumpertz v. The People, 21 Ill. 408; Kernin v. Hill, 37 id. 209; Melvin et al. v. Hodges, 71 id. 425; Massey v. Bank, 104 id. 327.) In Brobston v. Cahill, 64 Ill. 356" date_filed="1872-09-15" court="Ill." case_name="Brobston v. Cahill">64 Ill. 356, the distinction between that class of cases and where the comparison is to be made between the disputed signature and the signature to some paper ■or instrument admitted or proved to be genuine, and which has been legally admitted in evidence, is clearly drawn, and it was held that the genuineness, or. otherwise, of the disputed signature to a paper otherwise admissible in evidence may be proved by comparison with a signature, admitted or proved to be genuine, to a paper which has been admitted in evidence ■under the issues, and such we understand to be the recognized rule and practice in this State. The chancellor found as a fact, as he was justified from the evidence in doing, that the notes held by Bolton were genuine and those held by Himrod were not.
It is insisted that Brady having transferred to Springer, as true and genuine, the notes held by Himrod, he was estopped to deny that they were such, and that, he being estopped, Bolton, who afterwards purchased the other notes from him, is also estopped. It is said that one can convey no better title than he has, and that Brady being estopped by his representations to Springer, could not transfer the genuine notes released from the effect of the estoppel, and that, therefore, Bolton took them, the sale to him being last in point of time, •subject to the estoppel created by the representations of Brady. Bolton being the assignee, before maturity, of the notes which the mortgage was in fact given to secure, the mortgage passed to him, in equity, as an incident of the debt, and he would, upon failure of payment, be entitled to foreclosure of the mortgage for the amount due upon his notes, unless estopped by the conduct of the assignor, not to the mortgagor, but toward a third person. That he would take the mortgage subject to the equitable defenses existing in favor of the mortgagor, is settled in Olds v. Cummings, 31 Ill. 188" date_filed="1863-04-15" court="Ill." case_name="Olds v. Cummings">31 Ill. 188, and numerous other cases. The reason there given is, that it is the duty of the purchaser of a mortgage, it not being assignable so as to vest the legal interest, to inquire of the mortgagor if there he any reason why it should not be paid. But we there said -. “He should not be required to inquire of the whole world, to see if some one has not a latent equity which might be interfered with by his purchase of the mortgage, as, for instance, a cestui que trust,” citing Murry v. Sylburn, 2 Johns. Ch. 441" date_filed="1817-05-15" court="None" case_name="Murray v. Lylburn">2 Johns. Ch. 441; Mott v. Clark, 9 Pa. St. 399; Prior v. Wood, 31 id. 142. In the first of these cases it is said by Chancellor Kent: “It is a general and well settled principle that the assignee of a chose in action takes it subject to the same equities it was subject to in the hands of the assignor. But this rule is generally understood to mean the equity residing in the original obligor and not an equity residing in some third person against the-assignor.” The language in Mott v. Clark, supra, that “he (the assignee) takes it (the mortgage) subject to all the equities of the mortgagor, but not to the latent equities of a third person,” is quoted with approval.
The question involved came directly before this court in Silverman v. Bullock et al. 98 Ill. 11" date_filed="1880-09-25" court="Ill." case_name="Silverman v. Bullock">98 Ill. 11, and, upon authority of the eases before mentioned, it was held, “that the assignee of a mortgage takes it subject only to equities existing in favor of the mortgagor, as against the assignor, and not subject to-latent'equities in favor of third persons in the subject involved in the assignment, of which he had no notice.” The reason for the rule, as expressed by Chancellor Kent, is: “The assignee can always go to the debtor and ascertain what claims he may have against the chose in action, but he may not be able, with the utmost diligence, to ascertain the latent equity of some third person against the obligee.”
As to the equities existing between the mortgagor and the assignor, the assignee has the means of protection by the exercise of ordinary diligence, while as to latent equities existing in favor of third persons, against the assignor, the most diligent inquiry would not insure such protection. If the rule were otherwise than stated, no one, however diligent, could deal in such securities with safety. Bolton was a purchaser of the notes in good faith and for value, without notice of or circumstances that would put him upon inquiry in respect to equities in favor of Springer. It seems clear that under the doctrine of these cases he is protected in his purchase against all equities of which he had no notice, other than those existing in favor of the mortgagor, Gilman.
These views are decisive of the correctness of the decree entered. It is not important that Springer was the first assignee of Brady, for it is only where the equities are equal that he whose equity was first obtained has the better right. (Pomeroy’s Bq. Jur. sec. 414.) The equities were not here equal. The security passed to Bolton by the indorsement to him of the notes which it was given to secure. To Springer, assignor of Himrod, no interest, equitable or otherwise, in the mortgage, passed by virtue of the assignment of the spurious notes. To the one, by the indorsement, passed the legal title of the notes, and, as an incident thereto, an equitable assignment of the mortgage; to the other, by the indorsement of the spurious notes, nothing passed. Bolton and Springer each acted in perfect good faith. Bach purchased, before maturity, notes they supposed to be secured by the mortgage of Gilman to Loeb. The equities of the holder of the Springer notes arise out of the fraudulent representations of the assignor, and exist against him, and not against the mortgagor and maker of the genuine notes. As we have already seen, Bolton became the equitable assignee of the mortgage, and took it subject to all equitable defenses which Gilman, the debtor, had, but not equities of third persons existing against his assignor.
The judgment of the Appellate Court is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.