Alice Loggins Hill (“Hill”), as administrator of Debbie Denise Loggins’s (“Log-gins”) estate, sued several police officers and Carroll County, Mississippi, under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for claims arising out of her daughter’s death while she was being driven to jail. She appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the defendants. With no evidence presented that Loggins’s constitutional rights were violated, we affirm the district court. *
I. BACKGROUND
Shortly beforе 6:00 am on September 17, 2005, Carroll County Sheriffs Department Chief Deputy Michael Spellman (“Spell-man”) and Deputy David Mims (“Mims”) responded to a call about a fight between two women. Spellman arrived first and found Debbie Loggins holding Patricia McChristian (“McChristian”) in a headlock. When Loggins refused to release McChristian, Spellman attempted to handcuff her. Loggins, who stood five foot four inches tall and weighed 220 pounds, released McChristian but attacked Spellman, forcing him to the ground. She seized the deputy’s flashlight and pummeled him about the head and shoulders.
Spellman managed to knock the flashlight away from Loggins and eventually handcuffed her wrists behind her back. She kicked and cursed at the deputy. Spellman retrieved leg restraints from his patrol car and attached them. When Deрuty Mims then arrived on the scene, both officers tried to load Loggins into the patrol car. She continued to kick, twist, and otherwise resist the deputies. After they failed several times to deposit her in the car, Spellman placed Loggins in four-point restraints, 1 linking her leg restraints to *233 her handcuffs with an additional set of handcuffs. Spellman and Mims then lifted Loggins into the back seat of Mims’s vehicle.
The two deputies drove to the Carrollton courthouse, where they met Deputy Charles Jones (“Jones”), who would transport Loggins to jail in Grenada, about 29 miles north. They transferred the still-fighting Loggins from Mims’s vehicle to Jones’s. Loggins’s spirited movements caused Jones’s car to rock and shake.
Taking the facts in the light most favorable to Hill, Loggins rode face-down in the back of Jones’s air-conditioned car during the half-hour ride to the jail. At some point during the trip, Loggins became quiet and, unbeknownst to Jones, may have stopped breathing. On arrival, Jones left the car to request assistance with Log-gins. When a corrections officer accompanied Jones back to the car, they found Loggins unresponsive and without a pulse. They began CPR and notified the emergency medical service. Loggins was rushed to the Grenada Lake Medical Center, but tragically, she was pronounced dead at 7:37 a.m.
The exact cause of Loggins’s death is unclear. Her body temperature at the time of death was recorded at 107.5°F, an elevation consistent with the official autopsy diagnosis of fatal hyperthermia. Log-gins was also obese and hypertensive; it is undisputed that neither drugs nor excessive alcohol were present in her system. A note in the coroner’s chart suggests that blood work should be done to rule out positional asphyxia — but no relevant test reports are in the record. Finally, Hill’s expert Dr. Spitz opined, based on the abbreviated medical records and autopsy report, that Loggins died from positional asphyxia (suffocation). For presеnt analytical purposes, we must assume she died of the cause asserted by Dr. Spitz.
Hill sued all three deputies, Sheriff Donald Gray, and Carroll County under § 1983 for violations of Loggins’s Fourth Amendment rights. The district court granted motions for summary judgment in favor of the defendants, finding the officers were entitled to qualified immunity and the County not liable for a variety of reasons. Hill appeals.
Although she characterizes the entire incident as an unreasonable seizure violating the Fourth Amendment, Hill challenges two distinct actions by the officers: the initial decision by Deputies Spellman and Mims to place Loggins in four-point restraints and the failure of Deputy Jones to monitor Loggins adequately during transport. Hill additionally contends that Carroll County is liable under
Monell
for ratifying the deputies’ conduct, maintaining an uncоnstitutional custom or policy, and failing to provide insufficient training.
See Monell v. Dep’t of Social Servs.,
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the grant of summary judgment
de novo,
applying the same standards as the district court.
Mack v. City of Abilene,
III. DISCUSSION
A. Four-Point Restraints
Hill alleges that the deputies violated Loggins’s Fourth Amendment rights by using excessive force during Loggins’s arrest. To recover, she must show: (1) an injury (2) which resulted from the use of force that was clearly excеssive to the need and (3) the excessiveness of which was objectively unreasonable.
Williams v. Bramer,
The “reasonableness” of a particular use of force must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight .... The calculus of reasonableness must embody allowance for the fact that police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments— in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving — about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation.
Graham v. Connor,
Even if Hill establishes a violation of Loggins’s Fourth Amendment rights, the deputies can claim qualified immunity unless they violated constitutional rights that were “clearly established” at the time оf their conduct.
Pearson v. Callahan,
- U.S. -,
Because no material facts are in dispute except the cause of Loggins’s death (which we assume to be positional asphyxia), we hold that no reasonable jury could have found that the deputies used excessive force to subdue Loggins. This conclusion relieves the deputies as well as Carroll County of § 1983 liability.
Hill’s burden was to create a triable fаct issue that four-point restraints, which are after all a variety of handcuffing, pose such a serious risk of inflicting death by positional asphyxia that the method is necessarily or frequently disproportionate to the need to restrain an arrestee. She then had to create a material fact issue as to the unreasonableness of the deputies’ use of such forcе against Loggins in these particular circumstances.
*235
To carry her burden, Hill relies on this court’s decision in
Gutierrez v. City of San Antonio,
The origin of concern about four-point restraints is a study conducted for the San Diego Police Department by Dr. Arnold Reay, which concluded that “hog-tying” may create a substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury when a combination of (1) drug use, (2) positional asphyxia, (3) cocaine psychosis, and (4) hog-tying or carotid choke hold is present. Final Report of the Custody Death Task Force (unpublished, June 1992), cited in
Gutierrez,
The testimony of expert witness Kirk-ham criticizes the deputies for using four-point restraints based on anecdotal evidence of in-custody prisoner deaths and his understanding of the San Diego Study. Kirkham conceded, however, that he was not qualified to give a medical opinion of the physiology that may cause positional asрhyxia to result from hog-tying, nor could he estimate the risk of death associated with four-point restraints compared with other forms of prisoner control. At most, Kirkham explained that the deputies had other options available and applying four-point restraints was therefore unnecessary:
Q. Well, wouldn’t [the attempts to place Loggins in the vehicle with just leg restraints and handcuffs] bе important to your understanding of when they decided to [link the wrist and ankle cuffs]?
A. All I’m saying is, look — and I’ve loaded my share of resistive prison *236 ers in the back of patrol cars. And I know it’s difficult to get them in sometimes. But they should have been able — two officers should have been able to get her in the back. You know, one that pushes her in, the other one drags her through, which is pretty much what they did. Then you — but you don’t leave her on her belly, and you don’t leave her hog-tied.
Q. She can create a full L shape [by bending at the waist], correct?
A. Yeah, but you can simply pull her leg — one person pulls her legs back while the other person goes around and pulls — grabs the forward part of her body and pulls her in. Then you straighten her up and belt her in there.
The mere existence of alternatives — аdmittedly more difficult for the officers or more risky for Loggins — is not probative of the excessiveness of four-point restraints. 5
Dr. Werner Spitz, Hill’s medical expert, also failed to provide the necessary evidence of the risks associated with four-point restraints. He relied heavily on the San Diego Study, while acknowledging the existence of the later Neuman study that raises doubts about its сonclusions. He admitted Loggins did not exhibit evidence of drug abuse or cocaine-induced psychosis, two critical factors in the San Diego Study. He conceded his own publication on positional asphyxia observes that when deaths occurred, the arresting officers had placed pressure on the back of the hog-tied prisoner. No vertical pressure was applied to Loggins. He declined to estimate or refer to any statistical proof of the physical danger associated with four-point restraints.
While characterizing the restraints as dangerous when applied to a morbidly obese woman, Dr. Spitz could not cite a single journal or report supporting this position. His conclusional analysis is simply that a five-foot-four inch person weighing 200 pounds who is conveyed on her stomach in a police car while she endures four-point restraints would “stand a good chance” of dying. Nevertheless, he conceded that even Dr. Reay acknowledges that four-point restraints are “physiologically neutral.” In sum, Dr. Spitz admitted that his diagnosis depended, in the absence of any pathological findings, on the circumstances surrounding Loggins’s death. He found Loggins’s case to be “unique”.
Dr. Spitz’s testimony fails to raise a material fact issue that the use of four-point restraints was objectively unreasonable. On the general level, he offered no quantification or studies showing, apart from the specific circumstances of the San Diego Study, that four-point restraint is inherently dangerous to arrestees who are not drug abusers exhibiting cocaine-induced psychosis. Nor did he explain why four-point restraints are inherently dangerous apart from the critical factor described in his own book, the “loading” or placing of pressure on the hog-tied individual’s arms, shoulders or back. Werner Spitz, et al., Medicolegal Investigation of Death 830-33 (4th ed.2005). Whether four-point restraints are generally excеs *237 sive in the circumstances described by these publications is a debate for another day, however, 6 because this case presents none of the additional contributing or associated factors that cast doubt on the propriety of the restraints. A jury could not extrapolate from these publications an inference that applying four-point restraints to Loggins wаs inherently dangerous.
Dr. Spitz’s analysis of Loggins’s case demonstrates at most that her body reacted in a “unique” way to the restraints. This testimony is insufficient to create a fact issue as to the objective reasonableness of the deputies’ actions. The deputies cannot be held responsible for the unexpected, albeit tragic result, of them use of necessary forcе. Judged from the perspective of an officer at the scene of Loggins’s arrest and transportation, as Graham, supra, requires, the deputies had no objective basis not to use four-point restraints. Dr. Spitz’s criticism, founded on the singularity of Loggins’s death, is just the sort of hindsight that Graham cautioned against.
On the other side of the excessive force ledger, the sheriffs office was called in because Loggins was in a fight. She refused to turn lоose of her victim voluntarily. She fought with Deputy Spellman, assaulted him with his own flashlight and physically taxed two deputies as they restrained her legs and repeatedly tried to put her in a squad car before they resorted to four-point restraints. She continued to squirm, kick and twist even after being hog-tied. This level of demonstrated violence required stern control measures.
A thorough review of thе trial court record persuades us that summary judgment was warranted on Hill’s excessive force claim. She failed to develop a material fact issue that the deputies’ use of four-point restraints was unnecessary, excessively disproportionate to the resistance they faced, or objectively unreasonable in terms of its peril to Loggins. This holding should not be read tо condemn or condone the use of four-point restraints. We conclude only that Hill did not meet her burden of proof in this case.
B. Failure to Monitor
Hill includes failing to monitor Loggins within her Fourth Amendment unreasonable seizure claim. Kirkham, her police procedure expert, characterized the transport of Loggins from Carrollton to Grenada as “the thing that’s most singly critical in terms of the events that occurred.” He asserted that, rather than being driving on her stomach in four-point restraint, Loggins should have been calmed down by an officer and an officer should have ridden in the back seat with her during transport.
This claim sounds not in the Fourth Amendment but in the Fourteenth.
See Nerren v. Livingston Police Department,
With the constitutional basis for the claim clarified, we briefly address the merits. The standard for this claim is well-established: the plaintiff must show that an officer acted with subjective knowledge of a substantial risk of serious medical harm, followed by a response of deliberate indifference.
Nerren,
For the foregoing reasons, Hill has not created a genuine issue of material fact concerning the existence of a constitutional violation; we need not address the deputies’ qualified immunity or the county’s liability under Monell. The district court’s judgment in favor of the defendants is AFFIRMED.
Notes
Judge Stewart concurs in the result of this opinion only. Judge Stewart would hold that on the record before us, the individual sheriff's deputies did not violate "clearly established” constitutional rights of Ms. Loggins in the manner in which they subdued and transported her, and they are therefore shielded by qualified immunity even if they erred in using excessive force in the first instance.
See Pearson v.
Callahan, - U.S. -,
. This type of restraint, binding the arms and legs together behind the back with an additional set of handcuffs, is also known colloquially as "hog-tying.”
. When the court ruled on the deputies' summary judgment motions, it had only affidavits of Kirkham and Dr. Spitz before it. They were later deposed in connection with Log-gins's claim against the County. This opinion has incorporated a review of the deposition testimony. Objections to the admissibility of Dr. Spitz's testimony have not been preserved on appeal.
. A more recent study by Dr. Tom Neuman casts doubt on the conclusions of the San Diego Study. Tom Neuman, et al., Restraint Position and Positional Asphyxia, 30 Annals of Emergency Medicine 578 (1997).
.
Wagner
points out that this court has upheld the use of choke holds or pepper spray as constitutionally permissive methods of restraint.
Wagner,
. Kirkham's discussion of other control plays a limited but important role in Hill's proof by showing that fоrbidding this practice would not unduly restrict police.
See Tennessee v. Garner,
.
See Price v. County of San Diego,