117 Ark. 465 | Ark. | 1915
We will address ourselves first to the question of giving notice, or, stating the proposition as argued by counsel in the case, whether or not the provisions of the statute concerning notice are mandatory. The amendment itself is silent on this subject, but it contains a provision authorizing" the General Assembly to pass laws prescribing the method of submitting to the people petitions for the initiative and for the referendum.
The General Assembly of 1911, at the extraordinary session, enacted what is popularly known as the Enabling Act, Public Acts 1911, page 582, which undertakes to regulate submission of measures to the people under the initiative and referendum. Section 15 of the statute provides that not later than “the first Monday of the third month before any regular general election at which any proposed law, part of an act or amendment to the Constitution or measure referred is to be submitted to the people, the Secretary of State shall cause to be published in one newspaper in each county * * * for thirty days a true copy of the title and text of each measure to be submitted with the number and form in which the ballot title thereof will be printed on the official ballot.” Another section provides that when any measure is initiated by a percentage of the people, in conformity with the Constitution as amended, the Secretary of State' shall furnish the Attorney General a copy, and within ten days thereof the Attorney General shall "return to the Secretary of State a ballot title for the measure. Petitions to initiate measures are required to be filed four months before the election at which they are to be voted on, and it so happens that that date occurred in the year 1914 on May 14, and the last day for publication under the Enabling Act fell on the 1st day of June. Tf, therefore, the Attorney General took the full number of days allowed to him for preparing the ballot title, it only left seven days before the date of publication, during which time the Secretary of State would have had to mail out the copy for the printer and it would have to be set up before the date of publication. It is conceded that the terms of the statute were not literally complied with in this instance; that the Secretary of State did not mail out the copies for publication until May 25,1914, and that only in two counties were the publications made before the first Monday in June, in the other counties the publication being from three to thirteen days late. It is urged by learned counsel that this imposed the performance of an almost impossible -condition, and that to require literal performance would defeat the provisions of the Constitution itself. There is much force in the argument, we think, and the fact that a condition .has been imposed by the Legislature which is, to say the least, difficult of literal performance, affords much reason for holding that it was merely directory, and not mandatory. It can be readily seen that strict compliance with that provision depends upon acts to be performed by nonofficials, and if it is held to be mandatory and given literal interpretation, it would mean that there is entrusted to those who are not public officials the duty of -carrying out the terms of the act, thus leaving it possible for them by their own misconduct to prevent a submission of a measure to the people, and to defeat an expression of the popular will. If the act involved only the conduct of a public official, such as the Secretary of State, there might be more reason for assuming that the lawmakers, in reliance upon a discharge of public duty by that official, made the provision mandatory; but when we consider that this notice must necessarily go through and into the hands of many others, who may not always -act under a strict sense of public duty, we can not presume that the Legislature meant to make the right to submit a measure to the people depend upon the strict performance of duty by all those individuals. The framers of the amendment to the -Constitution did not see fit to put in a condition or provision about publication of notice, but left the whole subject to the will of the General Assembly. That delegation of power did not, however, constitute authority to adopt a regulation so strict in its terms as would defeat the purpose of the amendment itself.
Now, it is worthy of consideration that the lawmakers, in framing this provision, have not imposed any requirement for the preservation of the evidence of the notice. It -contains no provision at all with reference to proof of the publication nor of preservation of that proof. It is true, the general statute on the -subject of legal advertisement (Kirby’s Digest, § 4924) provides that the affidavit of the editor, proprietor, manager or chief accountant of a newspaper shall.'be sufficient evidence of -a publication of any notice or advertisement required by law; but neither in that statute nor in the Enabling Act is there any express provision for preservation of the notice. It is inconceivable that the lawmakers would have imposed upon the Secretary of State a duty intended to be mandatory without making some provision for preservation of the evidence of his act so that the courts might take notice of his records and discover whether or not that duty has been discharged. This omission furnishes strong evidence that the lawmakers did not intend the provision to be mandatory.
The authorities on this subject are not entirely harmonious. This court is, however, committed to the rule, which ÍS' in accord with the great weight of authority, that, so far as concerns elections of" officers, the failure to perform any duty such as giving notice does not deprive the electors of the right to choose public officials. In Wheat v. Smith, 50 Ark. 266, Chief Justice Cockrill, speaking for the court, said: “The right to hold the election in such cases comes from the statute, and the notice required to be given thereof is only a reminder to the people of what the law has otherwise provided. An omission to publish the statutory notice of the election does not, in such cases, affect its validity.”
It is argued that the rule thus announced does not apply to an election upon some proposition other than the selection of an officer. That contention is not without authorities to support it. Janesville Water Co. v. City of Janesville, 156 Wis. 655, 146 N. W. 784.
Cases cited by counsel for the appellants hold that provisions for notice are mandatory, and that they must be strictly complied with, otherwise the election is void. McCreary, Governor, v. Speer, 156 Ky. 783; State ex rel. Woods v. Tooker, 15 Mont. 8, 25 L. R. A. 560. Those were cases, however, where the Constitution itself, by way of condition upon which amendments may be made, required that notice must be first given; and the courts, following the rule of presumption that all language in the Constitution itself is, in the absence of something showing a contrary intention, intended to be mandatory, held that the provision for notice must be treated as mandatory. The reasons in those cases do not apply here inasmuch as our Constitution, as amended on that subject, does not itself prescribe a condition concerning notice.
We turn, then, to the second question presented, whether or not the proposed amendment received the necessary number of votes-to legally adopt it. It may be well to set out Amendment No. 10 at this point of the discussion so that its provisions may be fully analyzed and considered. It reads as follows:
“Section 1. The legislative powers of this State shall be vested in a General Assembly, which shall consist of the Senate and House of Representatives, but the people of each municipality, each county and of the State, reserve to themselves power to propose laws and amendments to the Constitution and to enact or reject the same at the polls as independent of the legislative assembly, and also reserve power at their own option to approve or reject at the polls any act of the legislative assembly. The first power reserved by the people is the initiative, and not more than 8 per cent of the legal voters shall be required to propose any measure by such petition, and every such petition shall include the full text of the measure so proposed. Initiative petitions shall be filed with, the Secretary of State not less than four months before the election at which thej»- are to be voted upon.
“The second power is a Referendum, and it may be ordered (except as to laws necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health or safety), either by the petition signed by 5 per cent of the legal voters or by the legislative assembly as other bills are enacted. Referendum petitions shall be filed with the Secretary of State not more than ninety days after the final adjournment of the session of the legislative assembly which passed the bill on which the referendum is demanded. The veto power of the Governor shall not extend to measures referred to the people. All elections on measures referred to the people of the State shall be had at the biennial regular general elections, except when the legislative -assembly shall order a special election. Any measure referred to the people shall take effect and become a law when it is approved by a majority of the votes cast thereon, and not otherwise. • The style of all bills shall be, ‘Be It Enacted by the People of the State of Arkansas.’ This section shall not be construed to deprive any member of the legislative assembly of the right to introduce any measure. The whole number of votes cast for the office of Governor at the regular election last preceding the filing of any"petition for the initiative or for the referendum shall be the basis on which the number of legal votes necessary to sign such petition shall be counted. Petitions and orders for the initiative and for the referendum shall be filed with the Secretary of State, and in submitting the same to the people, he and all other, officers shall foe guided by the general laws and the acts submitting this amendment until legislation shall be specially provided therefor.”
According to the returns as made to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Secretary of State, in accordance with the election laws of the State,’there were cast 135,517 votes for Governor, and other State officers at the general election in September, 1914, and of this number 54,782 votes were east in favor of Amendment No. 14, and 40,441 votes against it. It will thus be seen from the record that'the proposed amendment'received a majority of the votes cast upon that question, but not a majority of the votes cast at the election. Section 22, article 19, of the Constitution, which provides for submission of constitutional amendments by the General Assembly, specifies that “if a majority of the electors voting at such election adopt such amendments, the same shall become a part of this Constitution.” If it be held, therefore, that the provisions just quoted apply to an amendment proposed on the initiative of a percentage of the people, Amendment No. 14 did not receive a sufficient number of votes to adopt it.
It is contended, however, by .learned counsel for appellees, that Amendment No. 10 -specified a different rule with reference to amendments initiated by the people, and they base their argument upon the following Ianguage found in the amendment: “Any measure referred to the people shall take effect and become a law when it is approved by a majority of the votes cast thereon, and not otherwise.” The contention is that the language just quoted is broad enough to cover meas- ■ ures of every kind, statutes and amendments to the Constitution initiated by the people, as well as referred bills of the General Assembly. It is argued that the word “referred,” as used in that connection, means all measures submitted to the people in any manner under the provisions of Amendment No. 10. A consideration of the sentence quoted above, when viewed in its connection with the other parts of the amendment, does not, .we think, bear out that contention. Any argument that can be made in support of the view that that sentence includes anything more than legislative bills referred to the people is erroneously based upon the assumption that the people by framing and adopting this amendment intended to tear away all other provisions of the Constitution and substitute this in place. The argument is necessarily based upon the idea that Amendment No. 10 is revolutionary, and that every sentence contained therein must be considered without reference to its relation to the provision of the unamended Constitution. This is, we think, an entirely erroneous view to take of the amendment and the design of the people in adopting it. We have said in other cases dealing with the provisions of the amendment that it was intended to take its place in the Constitution as other amendments and to be considered with reference thereto, and that it only repealed other provisions which are found to be necessarily repugnant. Hodges v. Dowdy, 104 Ark. 583; State ex rel. v. Donaghey, 106 Ark. 56; Grant v. Hardage, supra.
But is is by no means necessary to rest the case upon the application of that principle for the reason that there are so many other indications in the amendment, when considered as a whole, which show that the framers did not have it in mind that the words “measure referred to the people” were to be interpreted as meaning all amendments to the Constitution submitted in any manner. The section is easily divisible into paragraphs. The first one, after defining the legislative power of the General Assembly, relates both to the initiative and referendum features and states broadly the reservation by the people to themselves of the power “to propose laws and amendments to the Constitution and to enact or reject the same at the polls as independent of the General Assembly,” and also the “power at their own option to approve or reject at the polls any act of the Legislative Assembly.” The word “laws” was obviously used as meaning statutes in contradistinction to amendments to the Constitution, ,and it is significant that in the later sentence, which we are called upon to construe, the framers of the amendment wrote of laws hut made no reference specifically to amendments to the Constitution, which shows that the later sentence was not intended to cover amendments to the Constitution and had reference only to statutes referred under the referendum feature of the amendment. Another significant thing is that the first paragraph uses the words “enact or reject” with regard to initiated measures, but uses the words ‘ ‘ approve or reject” when dealing with acts of the General Assembly referred to the people. Now, the sentence under consideration, which concerns the number of votes, speaks only of approval by a vote of the majority, thus making use of the word which had in the preceding sentences ■ been applied to acts of the General Assembly referred to the people. The next two sentences, which were manifestly intended to constitute a paragraph, refer entirely to the power reserved by the people through what is termed the initiative, and specifies the percentage of voters necessary to propose a measure and the time within which it must be filed with the Secretary of State. Then begins another paragraph which deals entirely with the power of the people through what is termed the Referendum, and it is manifest that that paragraph continues down to the one which relates to the style of bills and includes the sentence .now under consideration which speaks of the number of votes necessary to approve a law. If it be construed otherwise, that sentence would have to be treated as being coupled with the one which relates to the style of bills, and would make that, too, relate to legislative measures as well as initiated measures. This court held to the contrary in the case of Ferrell v. Keel, 105 Ark. 380, where it was decided that the sentence defining the style of bills related only to those initiated by the people. It was said in that case that the framers of the amendment when using that sentence had in mind only the question of reserving the power of the Initiative and ^ were not dealing with the question of legislative bills.
It is said that the argument of counsel for appellants is based entirely on a confusion in the use of the word “refer” in the amendment with the term “referendum,” but it seems to us that the argument does not involve any such confusion. The word “referendum” has a well known significance, and it is by no means new. Mr. Webster defines it as follows: “The principle or practice of referring measures passed upon by the legislative body to the body of voters, or electorate, for approval or rejection, as in the 'Swiss cantons (except Freiburg) and in various local governments in the United States, and also in the local option laws, etc.; also the right to so approve or reject laws, or the vote by which this is done. Referendum is distinguished from the mandate, or instruction of representatives by the people, from direct government by the people, in which they initiate and make the laws by direct action without representation, and from a Plebiscite, or popular vote taken on any measure proposed by a person or body having the initiative but not constituting a representative or constituent body.” Now, that word was used advisedly by the framers of Amendment No. 10, and the use of the word “referred” in the sentence now under consideration shows that it was intended to apply to those measures which were submitted to the people under the referendum. In other words, the framers of this amendment observed clearly the distinction between the two powers reserved by the people, one through the Initiative and the other through the Beferendum, and the exercise of those powers was designedly kept .separate, except in the two instances specified about the basis for determining the requisite number of signatures on ¡a petition and also the power of the Legislature to provide the ¡method of submission. It would therefore be doing violence to the design of the framers of the amendment to attribute to them an intention to require a less number of votes to adopt an amendment proposed by the people through the -power of the Initiative than one submitted by the G-eneral Assembly.
It is earnestly insisted that this view of the matter leaves Amendment No. 10 without any specification at all as to the number of votes necessary to enact or adopt an intiated bill. That is true, but it does not follow that that feature of the amendment would in the absence ■of enabling legislation fail because there is no such specification. This is a government of majorities, or rather of plurality of the votes cast on any given question, unless there is some contrary specification in the organic law; and when the framers of the amendment provided for the exercise 'of the Initiative and the submission of laws to the people through that agency, they necessarily meant that the majority of those voting on any particular question should control. That, however, does not apply to the adoption of amendments to the Constitution, for the .obvious reason -that the Constitution itself provides another rule, and the framers of this amendment are presumed to have omitted any other provision in récognition of the force of that provision.
We are of the opinion, therefore, that the majority of all votes cast at the election, as shown by the returns, is necessary to adopt a proposed amendment to the Constitution initiated by the people, and that in this instance the proposed amendment has not received such majority, and that therefore it is not legally adopted. The declaration of the Speaker of the House of Representatives was therefore based upon a misconception of the law and has no binding force when we come to consider as a judicial question the matter of the adoption of the amendment. St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Co., v. Kavanaugh, supra.
The chancellor erred in dismissing the complaints in these cases, and the decree in each case is reversed and the causes remanded with directions to enter decrees in accordance with the prayers of the complaints.