Highland Plastics, Inc. v. Enders

109 Cal. App. Supp. 3d 1 | Cal. App. Dep’t Super. Ct. | 1980

Lead Opinion

Opinion

FAINER, J.

Defendant appeals from an unlawful detainer judgment contending that the notice terminating his month-to-month tenancy was not properly served; that the 30-day period of the notice was extended 5 days under Code of Civil Procedure¹ section 1013, subdivision (a) because it was served by mail; that plaintiff had waived the right to proceed in this unlawful detainer action because it had accepted defendant’s rent check during the 30-day notice period, and finally, that defendant was entitled to certain relocation and notice rights under the California Administrative Code, title 25, chapter 6 because plaintiff had acquired the rented premises from defendant in a real property acquisition under the authority of the Pasadena Redevelopment Agency herein called Agency.

These contentions are without merit and we affirm the judgment.

Defendant had owned real property in Pasadena which was used as his business and residence. After eminent domain proceedings were commenced against him by the Agency, defendant agreed with the Agency to sell the property to plaintiff or its assignees, reserving to plaintiff a leasehold interest therein. Plaintiff subsequently arranged for Fair Oaks Partnership to purchase said property. The terms of the sale permitted defendant to remain in possession without charge until June 30, 1977, and then at a monthly rental until December 31, 1978, when his rights under the sales agreement expired.

As a part of the sales transaction, defendant assigned his relocation assistance right from the Agency to plaintiff.

On February 9, 1979, plaintiff had the marshal serve a 30-day notice terminating defendant’s month-to-month tenancy. (Civ. Code, § 1946.) This service was accomplished on February 9, 1979, by posting the notice on the property and mailing a copy on the same day to defendant’s address. Defendant did not vacate the premises. Plaintiff filed its unlawful detainer complaint on March 16, 1979.

1. The service of the 30-day notice was proper.

Defendant contends that the service of the notice by posting and mailing did not comply with the provisions of section 1162, subdivision 3. He argues that posting and mailing method of service of a notice terminating a tenancy must be preceded by an attempted personal service. Section 1162 provides three methods of service of notices terminating a tenancy; by personal delivery to the tenant or by substituted service when the tenant is absent from his place of residence and from his usual place of business by leaving a copy with some person of suitable age and discretion at either place and sending a copy by mail addressed to the tenant’s residence address, or by substituted service by posting and mailing when the tenant’s residence and business addresses cannot be ascertained.

This code section does not require a showing of reasonable diligence in attempting personal service before utilizing the substituted service provisions, as required in section 415.20, subdivision (b). The “post and mail” provision of section 1162, subdivision 3 does require, however, that if the tenant cannot be located for personal service that the person making this substituted service first determine either that the tenant’s “... place of residence and business cannot be ascertained, or that a person of suitable age or discretion there cannot be found....” The deputy marshal who made the substituted service in our present case testified that when he attempted to serve the 30-day notice on defendant, no one answered his knock on the door of the premises which had been identified to him as the place of residence and business of defendant. When there was no response to the deputy’s knock, he then posted the notice “in a conspicuous place on the property” and mailed a copy to the place where the property is situated. This is substantial evidence supporting the trial court’s finding that there had been a proper service of the notice utilizing the “post and mail” provisions. When defendant could not be found, one of the two ways of substituted service of the notice was proper and when a person of suitable age and discretion could not be found, the “post and mail” method of service could be accomplished.² The service of the 30-day notice to terminate defendant’s month-to-month tenancy was proper under the provisions of section 1162, subdivision 3.³

2. Section 1013, subdivision (a) does not extend the notice period under Civil Code section 1946 when the notice is served pursuant to the “post and mail” provisions of section 1162, subdivision 3.

The notice to terminate was served on February 9, 1979, and the unlawful detainer action was filed 35 days later on March 16, 1979. The 35 days is computed, under section 12, by excluding the first day, February 9th and including the last day, March 16th. If the defendant is correct in his contention that the 30-day notice period is extended 5 additional days because the service was accomplished by the “post and mail” procedure, then the unlawful detainer action was filed prematurely and the judgment must be reversed. The tenancy is not terminated on the giving of the notice but on expiration of the notice period. (Nicolaysen v. Pacific Home (1944) 65 Cal.App.2d 769, 773 [151 P.2d 567].) There is no cause of action until after the tenancy has been terminated. (See Bauer v. Neuzil (1944) 66 Cal.App.2d Supp. 1020, 1029 [152 P.2d 47].) We hold that the notice period is not extended by provisions of section 1013, subdivision (a) and plaintiffs unlawful detainer action was not prematurely filed. The more recent and better reasoned appellate court decisions have held that the provisions of section 1013, subdivision (a) are applicable to all pleadings, notices and other documents filed subsequent to the filing and service of the complaint⁴ unless the Legislature has expressed a clear intention to exclude a subsequently filed document from the extension provisions.⁵ Delgado v. Superior Court (1977) 74 Cal.App.3d 560 [141 Cal.Rptr. 528] (motion for change of venue); Shearer v. Superior Court (1977) 70 Cal.App.3d 424 [138 Cal.Rptr. 824] (petition for writ of mandamus); Shell Oil Co. v. Superior Court (1975) 50 Cal.App.3d 489 [123 Cal.Rptr. 307] (pretrial discovery motion); California Accounts, Inc. v. Superior Court (1975) 50 Cal.App.3d 483 [123 Cal.Rptr. 304] (pretrial discovery motion); Richards v. Miller (1980) 106 Cal.App.3d Supp. 13 [165 Cal.Rptr. 276].) The appellate courts have not permitted the extension provisions to be expanded to pre-complaint government tort claims (Smith v. City and County of San Francisco (1977) 68 Cal.App.3d 227 [137 Cal.Rptr. 146]; Thierfeldt v. Marin Hosp. Dist. (1973) 35 Cal.App.3d 186 [110 Cal.Rptr. 791]), but have applied the extensions of section 1013, subdivision (a) to service of notices of decisions and orders of administrative agencies and tribunals (Pesce v. Dept. Alcoholic Bev. Control (1958) 51 Cal.2d 310, 311 [333 P.2d 15]) and to the criminal trial court related 180-day period set forth in Penal Code section 1305 to move the court to set aside a prior court order forfeiting and exonerating bail (People v. National Automobile & Casualty Ins. Co. (1979) 92 Cal.App.3d 907 [155 Cal.Rptr. 602]). In a 1936 case (Colyear v. Tobriner (1936) 7 Cal.2d 735, 743 [62 P.2d 741, 109 A.L.R. 191]) our Supreme Court, in an interpretation of the extension provisions of a predecessor of section 1013, subdivision (a), stated that mail provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure did not apply to the situations where notice is required to be given, under the Civil Code, independent of any action. (See White v. De Martini (1960) 183 Cal.App.2d 665, 668 [6 Cal.Rptr. 782].) We believe that this rule is still applicable for notices required as condition precedent to an unlawful detainer action even though the method of giving the notice is now set forth in the Code of Civil Procedure.

The purpose of section 1013, subdivision (a) is to make allowances for the uncertainties of mail delivery by giving recipients of mailed notices or papers longer time to act or to exercise their rights. It seems clear, however, that the code provisions are limited to civil proceedings where either a civil action is pending or where notice is required for the decision or order of an administrative agency or where court related civil proceedings are involved. The extension provisions are not applicable to any other notice provisions even though the notice is a prerequisite to a civil proceeding.

Turning our attention specifically to unlawful detainer actions we point out that the Legislature, in its wisdom, has made this summary remedy available to landlords to remove tenants. The procedure substantially limits the time in which a defendant-tenant may plead to an unlawful detainer complaint (§§ 1167, 1167.3, 1167.4). The right to a continuance under section 1054 is limited to 10 days without the consent of the adverse party and trial of the action takes precedence over all other civil actions (§ 1179a). There is one statutory exception to the extension provisions of section 1013, subdivision (a) when the notice or other documents are served by mail that expressly refers “directly to” unlawful detainer actions. That exception is in section 594, providing for notice of trial by mail and expressly states that the “... time provisions of section 1013 shall not serve to extend the notice of trial requirements.. .for unlawful detainer actions.” This code provision is a direct expression of a legislative intent to preserve the summary characteristics of an unlawful detainer action after the complaint has been filed and implies a clear legislative intent to exclude the notice requirements for the terminations of tenancies from the time extension provisions of section 1013.

There is an unmistakable benefit to litigants and their lawyers in civil actions in having a uniform application of the provisions of section 1013, subdivision (a). There is, however, no reason to extend the time for every notice that must be given as required by some statute or even by a contract or custom simply because the notice is served by mail. (Alphonzo E. Bell Corp. v. Listle (1942) 55 Cal.App.2d 300, 306 [130 P.2d 251].) Such an application of section 1013, subdivision (a) would cause great confusion and mischief in the nonlegal community. We recognize that the notice to terminate a tenancy is often the first step in an important civil proceeding but not only would the application of section 1013, subdivision (a) as advocated by defendant create confusion and frustration for landowners but such a rule would extend the time for defaulting and hold-over tenants to remain in possession of the premises contrary to the legislative intent to provide the landlords with a summary proceeding.

If we were to adopt defendant’s contention, a 30-day notice to terminate a tenancy would be a 35-day notice and a 3-day notice to correct a default or quit would become an 8-day notice. This is a result that is obviously not intended by the Legislature.

Finally, we point out that the Legislature, in providing for the substituted service of notices to tenants under section 1162, was aware of the uncertainties of mail delivery and yet continued to treat unlawful detainer actions as summary proceedings. In the absence of personal service on the tenant, the Legislature required notice to be left at the tenant’s residence or place of business either with a person of suitable age and discretion (§ 1162, subd. 2) or, if no such person is found, by affixing a copy of the notice in a conspicuous place on the property (§ 1162, subd. 3). The mailing of a copy of the notice is required as a backup notice. A similar backup mailing provision is found in section 415.20, subdivisions (a) and (b). The provision of section 1013 extending the time for filing a responsive pleading is not applicable to substituted service under section 415.20 even though part of the service is by mail. (§ 413.20.) Applying a maxim of jurisprudence, “[w]here the reason is the same, the rule should be the same” (Civ. Code, § 3511), we conclude that the Legislature intended the same rule to apply to substituted service under section 1162.

We reject defendant’s contention that the lawsuit was filed prematurely. The unlawful detainer action was filed more than 30 days after the notice of termination of defendant’s tenancy had been served on him. The notice period was not extended five days under the provisions of section 1013, subdivision (a) because the service was under the “post and mail” provisions of section 1162, subdivision 3.

3. The plaintiff did not accept a payment of rent from defendant after the service of notice terminating the month-to-month tenancy.

If a landlord accepts rent after an alleged breach of a covenant with full knowledge of all of the facts, he waives the breach and is precluded from declaring a forfeiture of a lease for that waived breach. (Kern Sunset Oil Co. v. Good Roads Oil Co. (1931) 214 Cal. 435, 440 [6 P.2d 71, 80 A.L.R. 453]; Salton Community Services Dist. v. Southard (1967) 256 Cal.App.2d 526, 533 [64 Cal.Rptr. 246]; Julien v. Gossner (1951) 103 Cal.App.2d 338, 344 [229 P.2d 786].) Tender of rent and its acceptance by the landlord within the notice period probably results in an implied withdrawal of the landlord’s notice to terminate the periodic tenancy provided the rent accepted is sufficient to cover a period beyond the 30-day period. The mere tender of the rent does not, however, result in a waiver. In order for there to be a waiver, the landlord must accept the rent and the rent accepted must be an amount sufficient to cover the rent period beyond the period specified in the termination notice. This situation is different from the case where the tenant is in default for his failure to pay rent and has been served with a notice to pay the rent due or “quit” the rented premises. In that case, the tenant can cure the rent default by tendering the rent due and the landlord cannot refuse the tender in response to the alternative notice. (See Mau v. Hollywood Commercial Buildings, Inc. (1961) 194 Cal.App.2d 459, 469 [15 Cal.Rptr. 181]; Walker v. Houston (1932) 215 Cal. 742, 746 [12 P.2d 952, 87 A.L.R. 937]; Owen v. Herzihoff (1906) 2 Cal.App. 622, 623 [84 P. 274].)

In our present case, the defendant contends that since the plaintiff-landlord held the defendant’s checks for the February and March rent, which he had given to plaintiff before he had received the notice to terminate, there was an implied withdrawal of the termination notice. The plaintiff presented evidence of various attempts on its part to return the rent checks to the defendant. Each time the checks were returned to the defendant, he would physically leave the checks in one of the plaintiff’s offices during the nonbusiness hours of plaintiff. Defendant had access to these offices of plaintiff because the premises occupied by defendant as plaintiff’s tenant provided open entry to plaintiff’s offices. The plaintiff never cashed the rent checks and kept possession of them because it experienced difficulty in returning them to defendant. The rent checks were eventually returned to defendant by slipping them under defendant’s door during the notice period. This evidence is sufficient to support the implied finding of the trial court that there was no acceptance of the tendered rent during the notice period. If the rent was not accepted by the landlord, there was no waiver of plaintiff’s termination of defendant’s month-to-month tenancy nor was there an implied withdrawal of the notice of termination.

4. Defendant was not entitled to have the unlawful detainer court consider his claim of relocation rights.

Defendant’s final contention is that he is entitled to certain relocation rights and benefits under the provisions of California Administrative Code, title 25. The basis of this claim is that the rented premises had originally belonged to defendant and when he was faced with condemnation proceedings by the Agency, he sold to a third party developer and plaintiff subsequently acquired the property. Defendant was entitled to certain relocation benefits under this procedure but the defendant appears to have assigned those rights to plaintiff by a 1973 agreement and as part of a written stipulated judgment in Los Angeles Superior Court case No. NEC 17013 entitled Pasadena Redevelopment Agency v. Max L. Enders (the defendant herein). The trial court in our case took judicial notice of the stipulation and judgment in said superior court action. The defendant’s brief asks this court to augment the record on appeal to consider the contents of the superior court action and we have done so. The stipulation signed June 7, 1976, by defendant herein states that defendant assigned certain relocation benefits and rights to plaintiffs successors in interest by a separate agreement dated March 19, 1973, and defendant waives all other relocation claims, payments or benefits. The judgment in said superior court action provides that defendant “.. .has no further claim against. . .[the Agency]. . .for any relocation payments or benefits, he having assigned such benefits to Robert Naff and Gordon Naff, dba Highland Plastics, by assignment dated March 19, 1973.” This assignment of said benefits and rights may be dispositive of defendant’s claims for relocation claims or other rights under the provisions of California Administrative Code, title 25, chapter 6, entitled “Department of Housing and Community Development Programs.” Defendant could be collaterally estopped from making a claim for the relocation benefits and rights as to the Agency. (See 4 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (2d ed. 1971) Judgment, § 197.)

We do not resolve those relocation claims in this appeal. Defendant’s relocation rights are not proper issues to be considered in this unlawful detainer action. As we have pointed out, the unlawful detainer action is a summary action. It is an action for possession. The unlawful detainer statutes permitting incidental relief, such as damages, are strictly construed. (Markham v. Fralick (1934) 2 Cal.2d 221 [39 P.2d 804]; Vasey v. California Dance Co. (1977) 70 Cal.App.3d 742, 748 [139 Cal.Rptr. 72]; Greene v. Municipal Court (1975) 51 Cal.App.3d 446 [124 Cal.Rptr. 139].) Defendant must bring a separate nonsummary action to recover any residual relocation benefits he might still have. Defendant’s reliance on the notice period in the relocation regulations and Appel v. Beyer (1974) 39 Cal.App.3d Supp. 7 [114 Cal.Rptr. 336] is misplaced. Appel v. Beyer, supra, held that because tenants in a government sponsored subsidized housing project had a “status of entitlement,” a species of property protected by constitutional guarantees of due process of law, those tenants must be given special notices of termination setting forth facts claimed to constitute good cause for eviction. We find no such property rights or other interest in defendant who claims relocation rights under the detailed provisions of the California Administrative Code, title 25. The state government does not assume the role of being a landlord providing low-cost housing under the relocation regulations. (See California Housing Finance Agency v. Elliott (1976) 17 Cal.3d 575, 591 [131 Cal.Rptr. 361, 551 P.2d 1193].) Defendant Enders was not a beneficiary of any state subsidized housing, he was a person compelled to sell certain property to be used in a redevelopment project. He had incidental relocation benefits that gave him no special property interest requiring any special due process notice to terminate his month-to-month tenancy with a private party successor to the Agency.

We do not decide if the trial court erred in preventing defendant from relitigating his relocation benefit claims because of the waiver or the assignment. These claims were not proper issues in this unlawful detainer action.

The judgment is affirmed.⁶ Plaintiff to recover its costs on appeal.

Bigelow, Acting P. J., concurred.

1 All citations or references to code sections are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise indicated.

2 We note that the defendant’s testimony did not establish that he had not received the notice in the mail or that the notice was not posted. In Wilcox v. Anderson (1978) 84 Cal.App.3d 593 [148 Cal.Rptr. 773], the landlord sent a month-to-month tenant a letter limiting the time an option would remain open. The letter was held to be a sufficient notice under Civil Code section 827 and as the tenant did not establish at trial he did not receive it, it was held that he was sufficiently notified of the termination of the option and was bound by the change. (84 Cal.App.3d at p. 596.) It can be argued that as defendant has not established that he did not receive the notice he has actual notice and the contention that he was improperly served under section 1162, subdivision 3 is moot.

3 The service is complete under section 1162 subdivision 3 when the notice is posted and a copy is deposited in the mail addressed to tenant at the address where the premises are located.

4 The specific statutory language of section 1013, subdivision (a) lends itself to an interpretation that it would only apply to service of subsequent litigation documents. The statute requires service “at his office address as last given by him on any document which he has filed in the cause and served on the party making service by mail; otherwise at his place of residence... ” (italics added). The only way in which the italicized portion could apply is if the parties had communicated previously to the court in the matter. Although the statute provides for service at a residence, the inference of applicability to subsequent service of notices and documents remains from a reading of the statute as a whole.

5 Three statutory exceptions are found in section 1013, subdivision (a) which provides that the “... extension shall not apply to extend the time for filing notice of intention to move for a new trial, notice of intention to move to vacate judgment pursuant to Section 663a of this code or notice of appeal.” In addition section 594, subdivision (b) provides that the extension periods of section 1013 are not applicable to notice of trial requirements for unlawful detainer actions and section 413.20 provides that when service of a summons is by mail, the extensions of section 1013 are not applicable.

6 The monetary prayer in the complaint sought a sum potentially in excess of the subject matter jurisdiction of the municipal court. The relief granted was within the court’s jurisdiction. The judgment is therefore proper as the plaintiff is deemed to have submitted to the jurisdiction of the municipal court by filing the unlawful detainer action in that court. (Babcock v. Antis (1979) 94 Cal.App.3d 823 [156 Cal.Rptr. 673].)

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Dissenting Opinion

SAETA, J., Dissenting.

My colleagues have decided that Code of Civil Procedure, section 1013, subdivision (a) (hereafter section 1013) does not apply to notices terminating tenancies given under Civil Code, section 1946 (hereafter section 1946). I disagree with that conclusion. We all agree that if section 1013 applied, the lawsuit here was prematurely brought.

The 30-day notice was served by posting the notice on the premises and mailing a copy to the defendant. The action was commenced by the filing of the complaint on the 35th day after the mailing and posting of the notice. Section 1013 should give the defendant 5 additional days beyond the 30 days prescribed in section 1946. Section 1013 provides, in part: “(a) In case of service by mail, the notice or other paper must be deposited in a post office... addressed to the person on whom it is to be served, at his office address as last given by him on any document which he has filed in the cause and served on the party making service by mail; otherwise at his place of residence. The service is complete at the time of deposit, but if, within a given number of days after such service, a right may be exercised, or an act is to be done by the adverse party the time within which such right may be exercised or act be done, is extended five days if the place of address is within the State ....” In my view, the section 1946 termination notice is a “notice” within the meaning of section 1013 and requires an act (to leave the premises) to be done by the recipient of the notice.

Section 1946 requires a party to give a “written notice” to the other party of an intention to terminate a month-to-month tenancy. Thirty days’ notice is required unless the parties have agreed that less time (to a minimum of seven days) is needed. The 1947 amendment to section 1946 added the following sentence: “The notice herein required shall be given in the manner prescribed in Section 1162 of the Code of Civil Procedure.” This amendment came after the decision, relied on. by the majority, in Colyear v. Tobriner (1936) 7 Cal.2d 735 [62 P.2d 741, 109 A.L.R. 191]. Colyear held that Code of Civil Procedure, section 1012 applied only to notices to be given under the Code of Civil Procedure. The 1947 amendment tying Code of Civil Procedure, section 1162 to Civil Code, section 1946 removed the applicability of Colyear v. Tobriner to the situation presented in our case. Note further, that Code of Civil Procedure, section 1162 refers back to Code of Civil Procedure, section 1161, and subdivisions 1 and 5 of section 1161 refer back to section 1946. Thus a pattern of interrelationship between the Civil Code provisions for termination of tenancies and the Code of Civil Procedure provisions for unlawful detainer has been constructed by the Legislature. In a similar vein, section 1013 has been applied to notices under the Business and Professions Code (Pesce v. Dept. of Alcoholic Bev. Control (1958) 51 Cal.2d 310 [333 P.2d 15]); and the Penal Code (People v. National Automobile & Casualty Ins. Co. (1979) 92 Cal.App.3d 907 [155 Cal.Rptr. 602]).

The applicability of section 1013 is buttressed by the following considerations:

(1) In several instances the Legislature has expressly provided that section 1013 should not apply to particular situations. In section 1013 itself, the Legislature has excepted from the five-day extension three notices: (a) notice of intention to move for new trial; (b) notice of intention to move to vacate judgment pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure, section 663a; (c) notice of appeal. With respect to mailed service of summons, Code of Civil Procedure, section 413.20 provides that “the provisions of section 1013 that extend the time for exercising a right or doing an act shall not extend any time specified in [title 5—relating to jurisdiction and service of process].” Most crucially, the Legislature has expressly declined to extend the benefits of section 1013 in the unlawful detainer field: In Code of Civil Procedure, section 594, subdivision (b) the notice of trial time provisions are not extended by section 1013. The Legislature has shown, by enacting the above statutes, that it knows how to limit the application of section 1013, including a limitation in unlawful detainer proceedings, when it wants to. I can discern no inference to the contrary as the majority does.¹

Section 1013 applies to all notices unless the Legislature otherwise provides.

(2) The act contemplated by a notice of termination of tenancy is at least as significant, if not more so, than other acts which have been determined to come within the ambit of section 1013. The following cases all apply section 1013: California Accounts, Inc. v. Superior Court (1975) 50 Cal.App.3d 483 [123 Cal.Rptr. 304] (motion for further responses may be made within 35 days, not 30 days, of mailed responses); Shell Oil Co. v. Superior Court (1975) 50 Cal.App.3d 489 [123 Cal.Rptr. 307] (objections to a notice to produce); Shearer v. Superior Court (1977) 70 Cal.App.3d 424 [138 Cal.Rptr. 824] (petition for extraordinary writ); and Delgado v. Superior Court (1977) 74 Cal.App.3d 560 [141 Cal.Rptr. 528] (motion for change of venue).

(3) The termination notice was served by posting and mailing pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure, section 1162, subdivision 3. Posting alone would not be enough to terminate the tenancy. (Jordan v. Talbot (1961) 55 Cal.2d 597, 608-609 [12 Cal.Rptr. 488, 361 P.2d 20].) Therefore mailing was required here for the notice to be effective. Mailing being necessary, the tenant should be given the benefits he would otherwise receive on receipt of other mailed notices.

Turning now to what appear to be the most salient features of the majority opinion, first, the opinion stresses the language of section 1013 which provides that service be made at the office address given in any document filed by the addressee. The opinion gives little effect to the following phrase: “otherwise at his place of residence.” To me, that phrase means that mail should be addressed to the residence if no paper has been filed by the potential addressee (here, defendant). Thus, if an action has not yet been filed, a notice required by law must be mailed to the defendant’s residence. As noted, section 1946 contemplates mailed notice by reference to Code of Civil Procedure, section 1162 and also by reference to the use of certified or registered mail.

Second, the majority discerns an unwritten premise that section 1013 applies only once an action has been commenced. However, section 1013 has been applied to extend the time for doing an act outside of a court proceeding. (Pesce v. Dept, of Alcoholic Bev. Control, supra; Dept, of Alcoholic Bev. Control v. Alcoholic Bev. Control Appeals Board (1959) 169 Cal.App.2d 785, 791, fn 3 [388 P.2d 50].) No court action had been filed in those disputes. Certainly, there is no explicit language in section 1013 that requires a suit to be commenced before section 1013 applies. Nor can I see any reason for such a rule. In contrast, in Smith v. City and County of San Francisco (1977) 68 Cal.App.3d 227 [137 Cal.Rptr. 146], the Court of Appeal declined to extend section 1013 in the government tort claims context. That court held that the policy considerations underlying suits against the government prevailed over the general mailing provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure. Our situation is not analogous.

Third, the majority seeks to preserve the summary nature of unlawful detainer proceedings. I have no quarrel with this goal, provided that statutory authority is present. As noted, the Legislature in Code of Civil Procedure, section 594, subdivision (b) has preserved that goal by not extending section 1013 to notices of trial in unlawful detainer actions. It also has allowed the parties to limit the required notice of termination. Section 1946 provides that the parties can agree to give less than 30 days’ notice (to a minimum of 7 days). Therefore, landlords interested in speed of eviction can draft lease clauses which provide for less than 30 days’ notice, even with the added 5 days provided for in section 1013. Additionally, landlords can use personal service instead of substituted or posted-and-mailed service. The landlord-tenant relationship is a personal and continuing one, unlike, for example the relationship between two drivers involved in an automobile accident. The landlord knows where the tenant lives, and often, where he works. Personal service is more easily accomplished in this situation than in general. Application of section 1013 to section 1946 notices would not work a hardship on landlords nor unduly restrict legislative policy in favor of speedy disposition of unlawful detainer actions.

The Legislature has amended section 1013 from time to time, increasing the number of days from one to five for mailed notices. This is a legislative recognition that mail service is getting ever more inefficient and slow. It would best carry out legislative intent, on a matter as serious as terminating a tenancy and moving out of the premises, that the additional five days provided by section 1013 should apply to posted and mailed notices of termination of tenancies under section 1946. I would reverse the judgment on this ground. Therefore, I need not discuss or enter into the balance of the opinion.

A petition for a rehearing was denied July 16, 1980.

1 In Richards v. Miller (1980) 106 Cal.App.3d.Supp. 13 [165 Cal.Rptr. 276] we state: “The unmistakable legislative intent to be inferred from these provisions [referring to the legislative exceptions to 1013 I have cited in the text] is that section 1013, subdivision (a) does extend the time for notice by mail for any other mailed notice” and “Further, we believe this holding [that section 1013 applies to notices of hearing] conforms to the legislative intent that the extension is required except when otherwise expressly stated.” I still adhere to these views.