188 F. 938 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Northern New York | 1911
(after stating the facts as above). Elizabeth S. Eaton, the testatrix, died at Ann Arbor, Washtenaw county, state of Michigan, of which state she was a resident and a citizen both at the time of the making of her last will and testament and alleged codicil thereto, and at the time of her death on the 17th day of May, 1906. She left her surviving two brothers, Edward Storms and George Albert Storms, and four sisters, Susan C. Higgins, the complainant, Genevieve S. Jacobs, Eeah S. Kersey, and Pamelia S. Dickinson, and also a niece Eizzie Rusher, the only child ot a predeceased sister. Said testatrix left a small amount of personal property at the place of her said residence and domicile, Ann Arbor, Mich., but something like $50,000 in personal property in the hands of Hervey E. Eaton, her friend, agent, and business man who resided at Eaton, Madison county, N. Y. He also had the possession and custody of her papers, or some of them, including her last will and testament and an alleged codicil thereto. On the 29th day of May, 1906, said Hervey E. Eaton executed a petition according to the laws of the state of New York for the proof of the last will and testament of said Elizabeth S. Eaton and of the two codicils thereto, the will being dated October 31, 1901, and the codicils March 19, and March 31, 1906, respectively. This petition alleged that the said testatrix “was at and immediately previous to her death a resident of the county of Washtenaw and state of Michigan, and that said last will and testament relates to personal property only.” This petition was filed in the Surrogate’s Court of the county of Madison, N. Y., on the 28th day of May, 1906, and a citation in due form was issued for service on all the heirs at law and next of kin to said deceased, returnable July 16, 1906. The will itself, dated October 31, 1901, was executed at Eaton, Madison county, N. Y., and witnessed by said Hervey E. Eaton and Olivia C. Eaton, his wife. The codicil of March 31, 1906, in question here, was executed at Ann Arbor, Mich., according to the laws of that state and was witnessed by Thomas W, Young and Sarah R. Ptolemy who also witnessed a
“Sixth. I give and bequeath to my sister Susan O. Storms, during the term of her natural life, from the income of my estate, one hundred dollars per month, provided and on condition that she cares for and makes a home for my mute brother George Albert Storms during his life time.
“Seventh. Should my sister Susan C. Storms die before my brother George Albert Storms, then and in that case I hereby direct and empower my said executor to pay to my sister Leah Catherine Kersey, from the income of my estate the sum of fifty dollars per month for caring for and making a home for my said brother George Albert Storms during his life time, and in case said George Albert Storms should survive both Susan C. Storms and Leah Catherine Kersey then my said executor is hereby authorized and directed to make other suitable and sufficient arrangements for such care and home and to pay for the same.”
Susan C. Storms thereafter married, and her name became Higgins. The will proper then after the death of Susan C. Storms and George Albert Storms gave to Rachel P. Dickinson $1,000, the legacy to lapse in case she did not survive Susan C. and George A. Also after the death of Susan C. and George A. she gave $1,300 to the treasurer of the Baptist Church of Ann Arbor for the Baptist Home Missionary Society and the Baptist Foreign Missionary Society. Also after the death of Susan C. and George A. and the payment of such legacies, she directed her residuary estate to be divided as follows: “Equally to my sisters Leah Catherine Kersey and Genevieve Jacobs and my brother Edwin J. Storms subject to” the conditions that, should Leah Kersey die before final distribution, her share should be paid to her daughter Margaret E. and from the share of Edwin J. $300 was to be deducted and from that of Genevieve $1,000.
The codicil of March 31, 1906, provided as follows:
“Whereas, my brother George A. Storms is unable to care for himself through physical defects and infirmities, it is my wish that my sister Genevieve S. Jacobs and her husband Nathaniel P. Jacobs do so care for him and make his home with them during the term of his natural life and that they shall receive the sum of seventy-five dollars ($75) per month compensation during that time. .In the event of his death before that of Genevieve S. Jacobs or Susan S. Higgins I direct that they shall share alike with the other, heirs, in the general and final distribution of my estate.
“Also that any and all property not mentioned in my will is to go to Genevieve S. Jacobs subject to the memorandum annexed to this document.”
The “memorandum” is not material to this controversy.
One claim of the complainant is that the codicil, if valid, does not revoke the sixth clause of the will, and that therefore she is entitled to the $100 per month in any event. The other claim is that the codicil is invalid and has not been proved or probated in Michigan, but refused probate there, and that the judicial action of the probate court in Michigan, the place of the actual-residence and domicile of the testatrix, determines what her will was and is and controls
.“In the event of his (George A. Storms) death before that - of Genevieve S. Jacobs or Susan S. Higgins, I direct: that they shall share alike with the other heirs in the general and final distribution of iny estate.”
The testatrix evidently referred to the eleventh clause of the will which gives the residuary estate to Reah, Genevieve, and Edwin J. The codicil makes no provision whatever for the care of George A. Storms and the furnishing him a home in case he survives Genevieve S. Jacobs and Nathaniel P. Jacobs. The seventh clause provided for the contingency of the death of Susan C. before that of George A. I think we would do violence to the intent of the testa1 trix to conclude that she intended to release Susan C. Storms, now Higgins, from the obligation to care for George A. Storms, and give him a home in case he survived Genevieve S. Jacobs and Nathaniel P. Jacobs, or in case they should refuse to care for him and give him a home for the $75 per month.
In Schouler on Wills, §§ 409 (page 418), 437 (page 447), 438 (page 448), the law on this subject is thus stated:
“See. 409. Inclination against Revocation; Use of a Codicil. The courts incline to so construe doubtful cases as to preserve, wholly or in part, the contents of the prior will rather than pronounce for a total revocation by inference. Where, for instance, the later will only disposes of a portion of*945 the estate,' they avoid the ill consequence of partial intestacy; and where the, later paper is styled a codicil, they take this to mean that the intent was to amend and not repeal; and in either case the former will is treated as no more than pro tanto revoked. In other cases, perhaps, the context may justify a similar construction. But if the later will does not profess to be a codicil at ail, and disposes moreover of the whole estate inconsistently with the earlier, a court would violate its duty not to hold that the earlier will was wholly revoked, unless the context supplied good reason for supposing that the testator otherwise intended.
■‘The intention to revoke may be collected from informal expressions, though not from ambiguous ones. And in case of doubt, provisions by a later will appear to be presumed additional and cumulative, rather than intended as a substitute and by way of revocation. * * *
“Sec. 437. Codicil Does Not Revoke Will Except so Ear as Necessary. Many testamentary causes arise whore the effect of one or more codicils upon a prior will has to be considered; and it is a fundamental maxim that no codicil shall revoke a prior will more than is absolutely necessary at all events to give its own provisions effect'; unless it contains an express clause of full revocation. The decisions which turn upon this principle are very numerous and need not be stated at length; being quite prolix for the most part and involving the construction of language as variable as the details of mental intention.
“Even though the codicil should profess to make a different disposition of the whole estate, the principle above stated is the natural and controlling one. And words and expressions-contained in the codicil may by construction restrict its operation. Thus, it is held that' a declared purpose therein to alter the will in one or more stated respects, implies that it is not altered in other respects. And that a specific gift in a will is not revoked by a general gift in the codieil. And that a general expression in the codicil must be confined to its meaning in the will. And that a clear gift in the will is not revoked by doubtful expressions in the codicil. But all artificial rules like these should bend to the real intention of the testator, as gathered from the whole face of the paper, aided in doubtful cases by proof aliunde. * * *
“438. Later Provisions, Whether by Way of Substitution or Addition. Whether provisions under a later will or codieil are intended for substitution, or as something additional and cumulative to the gift by the earlier one,, must be determined by comparing the instruments to discover their true intent. But in case of doubt an additional gift is presumed rather than revocation ; unless, indeed, resort may be had to parol evidence outside the instruments for assisting the conclusion.
“In general, the different parts of a will, or of a will and codicil, should be reconciled if possible and receive a fair and consistent interpretation.”
It is said that the gift of $100 per month to Susan C. Higgins during her life is made only provided and on the condition that she furnishes a home and cares for said George A. Storms, and that as she cannot comply with the condition, that having been removed and other provision made for his home and care, the gift fails necessarily. If the gift of $100 per month had been made as compensation for such care and home furnished George A., and so expressed, there would be great and irresistible force in the suggestion. But it is quite plain, as before stated, that the' gift of $100 per month was not so intended. It is not so expressed. The seventh clause is differently worded, viz.:
“Should my sister Susan O. Storms die before my brother George Albert Storms, then and in that case I hereby direct and empower my said executor to pay to my sister Leah Catherine Kersey from the income of my estate the sum of fifty dollars per month for caring for and making a home for my said brother George Albert Storms during his life time, and in case,” etc.
In Newcomb v. Webster, supra, at page 196 of 113 N. Y., at page 78 of 21 N. E., the court said:
*947 “It may be taken as a well-settled general rule that a will and codioil are to be construed together as parts of one and the same instrument, and that a codicil is no revocation of a will further than it is so expressed’’ — citing Westcott v. Cady, supra.
Also:
“But if, regarded as one instrument, it is found to contain repugnant bequests in separate clauses, one or the other, or both, must fail, and therefore the rule is that of the two the bequest contained in the later clause shall stand. The same principle applies with greater force where there are two distinct instruments relating to the same subject-matter. In such a case an inconsistent devise or bequest in the second or last instrument is a complete revocation of the former. But, if part is inconsistent and part is consistent, the first will is deemed to be revoked only to the extent of Uve discordant dispositions, and so far as may be necessary to give effect to the one last made. Nelson v. McGiffert, 3 Barb. Ch. [N. Y.] 158 149 Am. Dec. 170].”
In Hard v. Ashley, supra, the court held:
“A will and codicil must be taken and construed together as parts of one and the same instrument, and the dispositions of the will are not to be disturbed further than are necessary to give effect to the codicil.
In Austin v. Oakes, supra, the court held:
“The doctrine that an earlier provision of a will is revoked by a later one or by a codicil repugnant thereto operates only so far as it is necessary to give the later provision effect; and so does not apply where it (the codicil or later provision) is absolutely void.”
And in Crozier v. Bray, supra, the court said (page 375 of 120 N. Y., page 714 of 24 N. E.):
“If a will and codicil are plainly inconsistent, the latter must control to the extent necessary to give it full effect as the presumption in such a case is much stronger than in the case of a later clause in the same instrument. While a clear gift cannot be cut down by a doubtful expression still when a predominant purpose is apparent, but a doubt arises as to the method devised to effect that purpose, such a doubt should bo so resolved as to accomplish the object of the testator by presuming that he intended a legal, and not an illegal, method.”
“In the event of his death before that of Genevieve S. Jacobs or Susan O. Higgins, I direct that they shall share alike with the other heirs in the general and final distribution of my estate.”
That is, if he dies before either of them, they share in the distribution of the residuary estate which by the eleventh clause of the will is to be made after the death of both George A. and Susan C. Was this provision intended to accelerate the general and final distribution ? The codicil does not so state. But, if the codicil revokes the $100 per month payment to Susan C. during her life, there would be no objection to sufch distribution, as no longer would there be any object in deferring final distribution. So again we are led to inquire was the provision by which Susan C. on the death of George A. was to share in the general distribution by way of substitution for the legacy or provision of $100 per month to Susan C.? We at once enter the field of surmise and conjecture. The intent is doubtful and the provisions are ambiguous so far as they are claimed to affect a revocation of the gift of $100 per month to Susan C. Here we have a gift based on a condition to be performed by the legatee. Rater, by the codicil, the condition is changed as the duty and obligation imposed thereby is transferred to others provided those others see fit to assume it for a compensation, but not otherwise. The transference of the duty' is expressed in the form of a wish, and its performance is not made obligatory. If not assumed by the party later named or they die before the duty is fully performed, the duty rests on the one first named, Susan C. Higgins, as otherwise the care of this brother incapable of caring for himself would pass to strangers. It is evident, I think, that the provisions of the codicil can be fully met and carried into effect without disturbing in any way the gift of $100 per month to the complainant, Susan C. Higgins. The testatrix had the right to let that provision stand in her will and add the provision that Susan C. should share in the general and final distribution of the estate. This, if effective (the final division being postponed until after her death), would give her more than the other sisters, but this the testatrix had the power and right to do. I am of the opinion that the final clause of the first subdivision of the codicil was intended as though it read, “In the event of his death before that of either Genevieve S. Jacobs or Susan C. Higgins, I direct that she shall share alike with the other heirs (brother and sisters named in the eleventh clause of the will) in the general and final distribution of my estate,” although Genevieve was already named as one to share and the codicil is a mere duplication as to her so far as final distribution is concerned. If the codicil had not been made and George A. Storms had died before the death of the testatrix, the gift of $100 per month to Susan G. would have- stood valid and effective. If the codicil had not been made and George A. had survived the testatrix one day, the same result would have followed. And the validity of that gift depended in no way on the action or election of George A. Storms. It was and is entirely immaterial so far as the validity of that bequest is concerned
Validity of the Codicil.
On the return of the citation in the Surrogate’s Court of Madison county, N. Y., Susan C. Higgins, the complainant, Mrs. Kersey, and Mrs. Dickinson appeared in person or by attorney, not having been personally served in the state of New York, and filed objections to the proof and probate of the codicil on the ground of the mental incompetency of Elizabeth S. Eaton to make same. The issue thus framed was tried in said court, and on the 12th day of November, 1906, the surrogate of that county made his decision finding that the testatrix was competent to make and execute the codicil, and the will, codicil, and memorandum were admitted to proof and probate as the last will and testament of said Elizabeth S. Eaton, and a decree was entered accordingly and letters testamentary duly issued to Hcrvey E. Eaton, the executor therein named, who duly qualified and has acted as such in the state of New York ever since. As the testatrix left personal property in Madison county, N. Y., the surrogate and Surrogate’s Court of that county, so far as the state of New York is concerned, had power and jurisdiction to take proof of such will and codicil and make a decree admitting it or them to probate and issue letters testamentary thereon by virtue of the statutes of the state of New York.
But that surrogate and court had no power or jurisdiction to take proof of such will and codicil, or of either, for the courts of Michigan, or which would bind them in any way or affect the rights of legatees or determine so far as the courts of Michigan are concerned the validity of either paper or whether executed by a person possessing the necessary mental capacity to make a will. This is not only elementary law but the fixed rule established and as held by the courts of New York, Michigan, most if not all the states of the United Mates, and by the Supreme Court of the United States. There is no controversy over this proposition. While the petition for the probate of this will was pending in the Surrogate’s Court of Madison county, N. Y., with such objections on file and before any proof was taken, and on the 23d day of July, 1906, Susan C. Higgins, the complainant and Pamelia S. Dickinson and Leah C. Kersey, filed a petition in the probate court of Washtenaw county, Mich., for the proof and probate of the last will and testament of said Elizabeth S. Eaton. This was the place of her actual residence and domicile at the time of and for years prior to her death. The will itself with the codicil was in the hands of Eaton -in New York state, and they were not taken to or produced in court in Michigan. A citation was issued
April 8, 1907, Willis L. Watkins as principal with S. W. Clarkson, who was such special administrator, and A. F. Freeman, executed a bond in the sum of $5,000, which was filed the same day in said probate court, which recites:
‘Whereas tlie above bounden Willis L. Watkins has been appointed by the probate court of said county [county of Washtenaw] administrator with the will annexed of tlie estate of Elizabeth S. Eaton late of said county deceased, now,” etc.
I find no evidence that this complainant had anything to do with this, or that the codicil or even the will had been proved or admitted to probate, and there is no order of that court to that purport or effect. At that time, however, an exemplified copy of the will, codicil, and memorandum and the other proceedings had in the Madison county, N. Y., Surrogate’s Court had been placed on file by some one. No copy of any will or codicil was annexed to the letters. The petition of Susan C. Higgins for the proof of the will of Elizabeth S. Eaton in which Mrs. Dickinson and Mrs. Kersey
“Your petitioner further represents that the said Elizabeth 6. Eaton was not of sound and disposing mind at the time she signed and executed the papers attached to said will purporting to be a codicil and memorandum affecting the same,” and also “and was of sound mind and under no restraint or undue influence whatever, as I am informed and believe except as to the making of said codicil and memorandum.”
This repudiation of the codicil and memorandum has never been retracted or withdrawn by said Susan C. Higgins. No petition was substituted, and, when the proceedings were finally revived and continued, they were based on and proceeded on this petition and resulted in the proof of the will in Washtenaw county, Mich., and the rejection of the codicil and memorandum. The petition referred to a copy of the will as filed with the petition and to the codicil and memorandum attached. As the will and codicil had been propounded for probate in Madison county, N. Y., it cannot be doubted that copies were filed with the petition, although not found with the files. This petition with its allegations was on file at all times, and whatever action was taken subsequently by the probate court of Washtenaw county, Mich., was with reference to it. I find no evidence in this record that Susan C. Higgins ever assented to the codicil or memorandum as a part of the last will and testament of Elizabeth S. Eaton, or as valid instruments. It is not shown that she filed the transcripts from the Surrogate’s Court of Madison county, N. Y., or assented thereto or took any action thereon or directed it to be done. No action was taken thereon by the probate court of Washtenaw county, and, if the grant of letters with will annexed can be construed as an adoption of all these instruments, it was not sanctioned by the complainant here, and was repudiated and canceled by that court itself which later admitted the will to probate, and rejected the codicil and memorandum. It must be presumed that court had jurisdiction and power to do what it did do and to make the decrees it actually made, and, if attacked, it must be by a direct proceeding in that court.
It is, to my mind, intolerable to suppose that a testatrix may have two valid wills differing from each other — one good and controlling at the place of her residence and domicile at the time of and immediately preceding the date of her death, and the other, inconsistent therewith and contrary thereto, valid and controlling in the state where her personal property happened to be at the time of her death. Such a contention is contrary to reason and all settled authority.
In Watkins v. Eaton (C. C.) 173 Fed. 133, while the question was whether or not this court had power and jurisdiction to compel the executor Eaton, appointed by the courts of New York, to transmit and deliver the personal assets to Watkins, the administrator with the will annexed of the estate of Mrs. Eaton appointed by the probate court of Washtenaw county, Mich., this court, foreseeing what might arise, took occasion to point out (1) that in regard to the disposition of personal property wherever situated the will of the testatrix as established by the probate court of Michigan controls, and that the said court had power to determine what her last will and testament, is; (2) that the will as there established and as by that court and the courts of Michigan interpreted must control the executor Eaton and the courts of New York in distribution, and the rights of Susan C. Higgins, this complainant, under it, unless she by coming to New York and contesting the codicil and not appealing from the adverse decision of the Madison County Surrogate’s Court on the question of the validity of the codicil has become bound by the said decision and decree eotwúthstanding the adjudication by the probate court of Michigan to the contrary; (3) that the decision of the probate court of Michigan on the question of the mental competency of Mrs. Eaton to execute the codicil and memorandum controls.
Many of the leading and controlling authorities on these subjects were cited and quoted from. See pages 13S to 145, inclusive. It is unnecessary to repeat them here. Indeed, these decisions have been summarized and condensed and put in the form of a statute by the legislature of the state of New York. Article 7, tit. 3, § 2694, Code Civ. Proc. This court, while dismissing the bill on the ground that application must be made to the Surrogate’s Court of Madison county, and that the transfer of the assets to Michigan was discretionary (subject to review) with that court, also held, following the Supreme Court of the United States in numerous cases, that Susan C. Higgins or any other nonresident of the state with over $2,000 in question could come into this court and have'her right determined. That case was appealed and affirmed. Watkins v. Eaton, 183 Fed. 384, 105 C. C. A. 604. Susan C. Higgins then brought this action to
The defendant, Hervey E. Eaton, as executor of the last will and testament of Elizabeth S. Eaton, deceased, contends, however, that the decree of the Surrogate’s Court of the county of Madison, N. Y., has become and is res adjudicata, final, and conclusive between him and the complainant, Susan C. Higgins, and between Susan C. Higgins and Genevieve S. Jacobs and Nathaniel P. Jacobs, that the codicil and memorandum are valid and to be taken as a part of the last will and testament of said Elizabeth S. Eaton, and that, notwithstanding the decree of the probate court in Michigan, Susan C. Higgins is estopped from claiming that she is entitled to the $100 per month for her life, assuming that the codicil works a revocation of the said gift. In that proceeding in the Madison County Surrogate’s Court, Hervey E. Eaton represented himself, one whose right and duty it was to present the will for probate and maintain it if he could. He also represented all the legatees and beneficiaries named in the will and codicil. However, when objections were filed, Plervey E. Eaton and the contestants became adverse or opposing parties. The issue was what papers or written instruments compose or constitute the last will and testament of Elizabeth S. Eaton, deceased, and this involved the question of the mental competency of Mrs.'Eaton to execute the codicil; that is, whether or not she possessed the necessary testamentary capacity at the time of its execution in Michigan. If the application had been for letters of administration, the mere fact of assets in Madison county would have been the issue. But here the existence of assets in Madison county gave jurisdiction to proceed with the probate of the alleged will of Elizabeth S. Eaton and the probate of her will at all by that court necessarily involved, under the issue framed, the trial and determination of the question of the due execution by and the testamentary capacity of. Elizabeth S. Eaton to exe
In Thormann v. Frame, 176 U. S. 350, 20 Sup. Ct. 446, 44 L. Ed. 500, one Eabacher died in the city of New Orleans leaving a will in which he described himself as of Waukesha, Wis., where his will was executed, where he had a residence, and where the most of his personal estate was situated. Frame, the executor named in this will, presented it for probate in Waukesha county, alleging in the petition that Eabacher at the time of his death was an inhabitant of said county. IIis widow and ten of his children were named as legatees and devisees. Pending this proceeding Antoinette Thormann, a daugln ter of Eabacher by a first marriage, petitioned the proper court in Louisiana to be appointed administratrix of the estate of Eabacher, asserting that he “was at the time of his death and many years before a citizen of Louisiana domiciled! and residing in the city of New-Orleans,” that he left property in the jurisdiction of the court, and that “your petitioner is the sole surviving heir and legitimate child of said deceased, issue of his marriage,” etc. Letters were issued to
“Whatever the effect of the appointment, it must be as a judgment and by way of estoppel. Now, a judgment in rem binds only the property within the control of the court which rendered it; and a judgment in personam binds only the parties to that judgment and those in privity with them. This appointment cannot be treated as a judgment in personam, and as a judgment in rem it merely determined the right to administer the property within the jurisdiction (Louisiana) whether considered as directly operating on the particular things seized or the general status of assets there situated.”
“If then, the decree in Madison county was but a decree or judgment in rem (notwithstanding the appearance and contest of Mrs. Higgins), it only “determined the right to administer the property within the jurisdiction,” and the final distribution, even then, must be according to the law of Michigan and will of Mrs. Eaton as there determined, which law and will control as we have seen.
In Caujolle v. Ferrie, 13 Wall. 465, 20 L. Ed. 507, it was held:
“A grant of letters of administration by a court having sole and exclusive power of granting them, and which by statute is obliged to grant them ‘to the relatives of the deceased, who would be entitled to succeed to his personal estate,’ is conclusive in other courts on a question of legitimacy; the grant having Been made on an issue raised on the question of legitimacy alone, and there having been no question of minority, bad habits, alienage, or other disqualification simply personal. Held, accordingly, after a grant under such circumstances, that the legitimacy could not be gone into by the complainants on a bill for distribution by the persons who had opposed the grant of letters against the person to whom they had been granted; but, on the contrary, that the complainants were estopped on that subject.”
This would seem to be a direct holding by the Supreme Court of the United States that a decision by a probate court on a question necessarily before the court and put in issue and tried and determined estops the party making the contest to deny the fact determined and the legal consequences flowing therefrom. In that case the Revised Statutes of the State of New York provided that the surrogate of each county had sole and exclusive power within the county for which appointed to grant administration on the estate of an intestate who at or immediately previous to his death was an inhabitant of the county of such surrogate. Also, “administration in cases of intestacy shall be granted to the relatives of the deceased who would be entitled to succeed to his personal estate.” Jeannie Du Lux died in New York county, intestate, and leaving a large personal estate, and! one John Pierre Ferrie applied for letters of administration, claiming he was the only child and sole heir and next of kin to said intestate. Other persons appeared, intervened, and claimed they were of the heirs at law and next of kin and entitled to share in the estate. On the issue whether or not Ferrie was sole heir and next of kin, legitimate, evidence was taken, and it was decided that he was, and letters issued, and this was affirmed by the Court of Appeals. Such contest
Should not all these controversies yield to the dominant and controlling rule that the law of the domicil of the testator or intestate controls in the distribution of his personal estate, and that, wherever this is recognized as the rule of distribution, judgments or decrees
These two wills as established! by the court in Michigan and the court in New York have a decree to support them. The New York court did not await the action of the Michigan court and the Michigan court at the place of the testator’s domicile rightfully refused to be bound by it or to follow and determine what the will of Mrs. Eaton was and her testamentary capacity to make it. This determines the policy and law of the state of Michigan which controls the question of testamentary capacity as to personalty and the establishment and interpretation of the will. Suppose that this codicil had been such as to seriously affect the rights of legatees under the will proper who did not appear in New York and! contest or join in the contest if held binding on Mrs. Higgins and enforced accordingly. Would the courts enforce it to the detriment of such others?
In Sharon v. Terry, 36 Fed. 337, 13 Sawy. 387, 1 L. R. A. 572, an action had been commenced in the federal court when one of the parties went into the state court (Sharon v. Sharon, 79 Cal. 633, 22 Pac. 26, 131), and commenced an action against his adversary in
“Sec. 656. Will not be enforced when overriding borne policy, nor when for penalty. We have already seen that a foreign law will not be admitted for the purpose of overriding any rule of distinctive domestic policy. This principle is necessarily applicable to judgments, since, otherwise, all that would be necessary to force the repugnant law upon us would be to formulate it in the shape of a judgment. The fact of the obnoxious prerogative taking shape as a judgment does not make it. any the more authoritative. Nor will a judgment entered for a statutory penalty be enforced in a sister or foreign state.”
In Grover, etc., v. Radcliffe, supra, page 299 of 137 U. S., page 95 of 11 Sup. Ct. (34 L. Ed. 670), the court said:
“The courts of Maryland were not bound to hold this judgment as obligatory either on the ground of comity or duty, thereby permitting the law of another state to override their own.”
In De Brimont v. Penniman, supra, where the French Code provides that a father-in-law and a mother-in-law must make an allowance to a son-in-law who is in need so long as a child of the marriage is living, the son-in-law in France, where all the parties then resided, the son-in-law being domiciled there, but the father-in-law and mother-in-law being citizens of and domiciled in the United States (temporarily in France), obtained a decree for an allowance in the courts of France against the father-in-law and mother-in-law which was not paid. The son-in-law thereafter brought suit on that decree in the federal courts of the United States, which court refused to enforce it as contrary to the policy of our laws. Here was no question of jurisdiction in the courts of France over both the subject-matter and persons of the defendants. To enforce the decree of the Madison County Surrogate’s Court is not only to violate the policy of the law of the state of Michigan, but of the state of New York and of the courts of the United States, in the recognition of wills and the distribution of estates’ of decedents thereunder. Not all judgments or decrees rendered in one state are enforceable in another or binding on the parties there. Says Wharton:
*961 “Nor will a judgment entered for a statutory penalty be enforced in a sister or a foreign state” — citing many cases; New York cases with others.
YCe may look behind the face of the judgment or decree to see what it was for and the grounds upon which based or pronounced.
“In the absence of a local statute substituting the lex situs for the lex domicilii as the governing law with respect to succession to personal property, the administration granted at the deceased’s domicile is everywhere regarded as the administration in chief, while that granted in another country in which assets are found is considered merely as auxiliary or ancillary.”
And at page 1318, § 591a:
“The same general principle that refers a will of personal property to the law of the testator’s last domicile applies, without qualification or exception— other than such as may be made by local statute or the public policy of the forum — to the general capacity of the testator to make a will and to the formal validity of the will.”
And in section 570, p. 1286, the author, citing authority, including Lawrence v. Kitteridge, 21 Conn. 582, 56 Am. Dec. 385, Story, Conflict of Laws, § 465, Schultz v. Dambmann, 3 Bradf. Sur. (N. Y.) 379, Davison’s Will, 1 Tuck. (N. Y.) 479, and 1 Jarmin on Wills (Bigelow’s Ed.) 1881, p. 5, and note, says:
“By the English common law, as held both in England and the United States, testamentary capacity, as to personalty, is governed by the law of the domicile of the testator at the time of his death.”
And at page 1332, § 595, he says:
“Sec. 505. Judgment of court of domicile has ubiquitous authority. The judgment of the court of the domicile of the deceased at the time of his death is authoritative on the courts of a foreign country in all questions as to the succession and title to personal property, whether under testacy or intestacy, where the same questions between the same parties are in issue in the foreign court as have been decided by the court of the domicile, and where such judgment does not conflict with positive prescriptions of the lex situs.”
And at page 1388, § 644, the. author says:
“So far as concerns the adequacy of the execution of the will, the rule is that' the probate of the testator’s last domicile is conclusive” — citing authority.
“The law o£ the testator's domicile determines all questions as t’o the will so far as personalty is concerned — the testator's capacity; the formality of executing and revoking; the legality of the dispositions; the construction and effect of the provisions. Tf complying with the law of his domicile, it will be allowed even in the state where he made it without complying with the formalities required by the laws of that state. If not complying with the law of his domicile, it cannot be sustained, though executed in compliance with tlie taw of the state where made and offered for probate and whore the property is situated.” Rood on Wills, § 400.
In Newcomb v. Newcomb, 108 Ky. 582, 57 S. W. 2, 51 L. R. A. 419, E. B. Newcomb, a subject of the kingdom of Great Britain living in the state of Kentucky, died leaving a widow and two children by her and one by a former wife. He left three different executed papers, each purporting to be his last will and testament, one dated July, 1888, one March 1, 1890, and the other March 4, 1890. The widow presented the paper of March 4, 1890, for probate, and it was probated on her motion in the proper probate court, and she was duly appointed executrix. An appeal was taken by W. S. New-comb and the probate reversed, and such paper held not to be the will of the said E. B. Newcomb. Prior to the appeal the will'was presented in England where Newcomb had personal property, and ancillary letters were issued, and the personal estate in England reduced to possession. After the reversal and affirmance thereof, :\irs. Newcomb presented the will of March 1, 1890, for probate in the Kentucky court and finally presented that of July, 1888, also, but subsequently withdrew both and abandoned the proceedings. Subsequently she took these two papers of July, 1888, and March 1, 1890, to England, and offered them for probate there, and that court on notice required by its laws held that the paper of March 1, 1890, was the true will, and it was probated accordingly and the ancillary probate mentioned was revoked. Subsequently the probate court in Kentucky granted administration of the estate of Newcomb to Ohio V. B. & T. Co. Said W. S. Newcomb subsequently brought suit for a settlement of the estate and made the administrator and Mrs. Newcomb and her children parties, she being the principal legatee in the will proved in England, and sought to have her account for and pay over the money that had come to her hands as executrix to the administrator. The only question was whether or not the probate of the will of E. B. Newcomb in England, of which country he was a subject, was good and controlled. There was no question of two wills in this case. Newcomb left a will and left personal property in England, of which country he was a subject. There is a statute in England which provides for such a case, and provides that the will left by a subject of that kingdom who dies abroad may be proved and shall take effect as to the property left by him in England only. Newcomb and his property left in England were clearly subject to the laws of England as against letters of administration in Kentucky' where he resided. A foreign country or a state even has the right to pass a statute which will control, not only the administration, but the distribution of the personal property in its juris
“The act of Congress declaring the effect to be given in any court within the United States to the records and judicial proceedings of the several states does not require that they shall have any greater force and efficacy in other courts than in the courts of the states from which they are taken, hut only such faith and credit as by law or usage they have there. Any other rule would be repugnant to all principle, and, as we said on a former occasion, would contravene the policy of the provisions of the Constitution and laws of the United States on that subject. Board of Public Works v. Columbia College, 17 Wall. 521, 529 [21 L. Ed. 687].”
As we have seen, the courts and the statutory law of the state of New York fully recognize and declare (1) that the laws of the domicile of the testator or intestate govern in the actual distribution of the personal estate of the decedent, and (2) that testamentary capacity to make a will is governed by the law of the testator’s domicile, and (3) that proof of the will of a testator or the grant of letters of administration of the estate of an intestate, actually domiciled in some other state at the time of his death, within and by the courts of the state of New York who dies leaving personal property only in the state of New York, is for the sole purpose of administering that personal property so situated in New York, paying creditors, taxes, etc., and then either passing it over to the executor or administrator of the testator or intestate, as the case may be, of the state of the domicile for distribution, or retaining and distributing it itself, but in either event the balance of such estate is to be distributed according to the law of the state of the domicile of such testator or intestate. Matter of Hughes, 95 N. Y. 55, 60; Harvey v. Richards, 1 Mason, 381, Fed. Cas. No. 6,184; Despard v. Churchill 53 N. Y. 192; Dammert v. Osborn, 140 N. Y. 30, 35 N. E. 407; Fowler’s Decedent Estate Law, 324, who says:
“WiZJs of Personalty. It was a postulate of the common law, that movable or personal property has no situs or visible locality, but is subject to that law which governs the person of the owner, both with respect to the manner of its disposition and with respect to the transmission of it either by succession or by the act of the owner. This postulate of the common law became the law of this state by the effectual and formal continuation of that law by the Constitution of the state; and it still remains the law of this state, although the exigencies of modern governments tend more and more to give a local situs to personal property for merely local purposes of taxation.”
It was not the purpose of the Legislature of the state of New York to substitute its probate courts in place of those of the state of the testator’s domicile as arbiter of the testamentary capacity of the testator or the proper execution of the will. [To say that this
“Sec. 2691. Wliat Laws Govern as t'o Effect of Testamentary Disposition. The validity and effect of a testamentary disposition of real property, situated within the state, or of an interest in real property so situated, which would descend to the heir of an intestate, and the manner in which such property or such an interest descends, where it is not disposed of by will, are regulated by the laws of the state, without regard to the residence of the decedent. Except where special provision is otherwise made by law, the validity and effect of a testamentary disposition of any other property situated within the state, and the ownership and disposition of snch property, where it is not disposed of by will, are regulated by the laws of the state or country, of which the decedent was a resident at the time of his death.”
“The place of domicile is the place of principal administration and other administrations are merely ancillary. The law of the place of ancillary administration governs as to the payment of debts there; but the distribution is made according to the lex domicilii.” Churchill v. Prescott, 3 Bradf. Sur. (N. Y.) 233: Suarez v. Mayor, 2 Sandf. Ch. (N. Y.) 173; Mills v. Fogal, 4 Edw. Ch. (N. Y.) 559.
Section 2700 of Code of Civil Procedure, which provides for the disposition of the personal estate here belonging to the estate of a testator or intestate domiciled in other states, reads as follows:
“See. 2700. Ancillary Executors and Administrators to Transmit Moneys. The person to whom ancillary letters are issued, as prescribed in this article, must, unless otherwise directed in the decree awarding the letters; or in a decree made upon an accounting, or by an order of the surrogate, made during the administration of the estate; or by the Judgment or order of a court of record in an action to which that person is a party; transmit the money and other personal property of the decedent, received by him after the let-tei’K are issued, or then in his hands in another capacity, to the state, territory, or country, where the principal letters were granted, to be disposed of pursuant io the laws thereof. Money or other property, so transmitted by him, at any time before he is so directed to retain it, must bo allowed to him upon an accounting.”
It seems to me very clear that it is the policy of the probate and administration laws of the state of New York, in the case of a testator or intestate domiciled in another state, to respect and conform to the law of that state and either transmit the personal estate located here, after payment of debts and taxes and other charges, if any, to that court for distribution there in accordance with the law of such state which includes the decisions of its courts as to what the
I do hot think, in face of the provisions quoted, the New York courts will give any such effect as is contended for to the probate of this codicil in the Madison County Surrogate’s Court, but that they will and must recognize the will as-probated in Michigan. New York can hardly afford to establish the doctrine contended for against its own domiciled citizens and their estates who have assets in other states at the time of death. '- If such is its law, California or Oregon or any far distant state . may enact a like statute, and, in case of domiciled citizens in New York who happen to have personal estate there prove his will, determine for itself all the questions referred to, determine for itself the New York laws, and, disregarding the decisions of its courts in regard thereto, distribute the personal estate as it says the laws of New York require. If its courts get ahead of those of New York, New York must accord such judgments full faith and credit, regardless of its own. I think, therefore, that so far as the probate in Madison county is concerned it conclusively established the right to administer in New York; that a will existed; that Eaton was executor named therein, and justified the letters testamentary and administration of the property here to the extent stated, but that it did not conclusively establish that Elizabeth S. Eaton had testamentary capacity according to the law of Michigan to execute the codicil on which question the decree of the probate court of that state is conclusive; and that, therefore, the codicil must be held void, and that it forms no part of her last will and testament. This is giving to the decree of the Madison County Surrogate’s Court the full faith and credit it is entitled to, and the same force and effect the courts of the state of New York will, or should, give it so far as distribution of the estate is concerned. Again, sections 2695-2704, New York Code of Civil Procedure, provide for the record and execution in New York of wills made by testators domiciled in other states and proved there, and such wills
“Personal property Is subject to tlie law of tlie owner’s domicil both in respect to a disposition of it by act inter vivos and to its transmission by will, or by succession on its owners dying intestate.”
So in that case a trust of personal estate created by a will in Rhode Island to be executed in New York and which trust was to be executed in New York was held valid, and our courts would not: interfere or entertain an action to declare the invalidity of the trust under our laws. All that Foulke v. Zimmerman, 14 Wall. 113, 20 L. Ed. 785, decides is that a will proved in New York and then in Louisiana protects a purchaser in good faith and for value in Louisiana, who relied on such probate, although the probate in New York had been reversed.
It is not dear that the courts of New York will refuse to give greater force to the will of a testator domiciled in Michigan and first proved in New York and then in Michigan than they would if such will had been first proved in Michigan, and then recorded in New York. The policy of the New York statutes and decisions is very plain, viz., to recognize and enforce the will of a testator domiciled in another state relating to personal property, and, so far as it relates thereto, as it is finally declared to he by the courts of such state. And 1 doubt not that the New York courts expect the same rule to be applied by the courts of other states with reference to the wills of the testators domiciled in New York leaving personal property in such states, excepting, of course, those states which have adopted a distinctly different statutory rule and policy. There is conflict of authority as to the effect of a decree admitting or rejecting a will outside the state pronouncing it. Kerr v. Moon, 9 Wheat. 565, 6 L. Ed. 161, not conclusive; Bowen v. Johnson, 5 R. J. 112, 73 Am. Dec. 49, is only prima facie evidence; Rice v. Jones, 4 Call. (Va.) 89, decree of one state rejecting a will for incapacity of testator has no effect in probate proceedings in Virginia. See, also, In re Gaines, 84 Hun, 520, 32 N. Y. Supp. 398, affirmed 154 N. Y. 747, 49 N. E. 1097, absolute rejection as a forgery did not preclude proof in New York, the state of testatrix’s domicile. Also Williams v. Jones, 14 Bush. (Ky.) 418, not within the full faith and credit clause; arid see Blount v. Walker, 134 U. S. 607, 10 Sup. Ct. 606, 33 L. Ed. 1036, question not decided. But see Ives v. Salisbury, 56 Vt. 565; and Crippen v. Dexter, 13 Gray (Mass.) 330, contra. In Nat v. Coons, 10 Mo. 543, and Stewart v. Pettus, 10 Mo. 755, it is held that, when the domicile of the testator is in another state than Missouri, the probate in such other state is invalid. So held in Varner v. Bevil, 17 Ala. 286; Brock v. Frank, 51 Ala. 85; Sturdivant v. Neill, 27 Miss. 157; Wells v. Wells, 35 Miss. 638; Manuel v. Manuel, 13 Ohio St. 458; Stark v. Parker, 56 N. H. 481, record, etc., from another state of no effect if domicile was in New Hampshire.
It is claimed that the probate court of Washtenaw county, Mich., had no jurisdiction to take proof of the will of Elizabeth S. Eaton and admit it to probate, for the reason the statutes of that state require that the will itself be produced (or its loss or destruction proved), and that this will was never produced in that court. I do not think this point has merit.
•‘That any will duly admitted to probate without the probate court of ¡my county in this state in which the testator left real or personal estate, and in the place of the testator’s domicile, may be duly admitted to probate and recorded in this state 'by duly filing an exemplified copy of said will and of the record admitting the same to probate; and proceeding in the manner hereinafter provided.”
(9283) Section 23:
“If, on hearing the case, it shall appear to the court that the instrument ought to be allowed in this state, as the last will and testament of the deceased, the copy shall be filed and recorded and the will shall have the same force and effect as if it had been originally proved and allowed in the same court.”
See In re Mower, 48 Mich. 441, 12 N. W. 646. As to the policy of the Michigan courts, see Glynn v. Corning, decided February 3, 1910, 159 Mich. 474, 476, 477, 124 N. W. 514-516 (134 Am. St. Rep. 739), where it is held:
“■The question presented is whether the will of a person domiciled in another state, who died leaving an estate within this state, may be admitted to probate here before its validity is established in a proceeding in the couiis of the domicile of the testator. * * * It is plain that the Legislature has recognized the right of the courts of the domicile of a testator to conclusively*969 determino the validity of the will, and quite as plain that the courts of the domicile of this testator have made no such determination. It has been repeatedly held that the issue here upon the offering of a domestic will for probate is ‘will or no will.’ We have then these two methods provided by the Legislature for admitting wills of deceased persons to probate: One, to try out every issue upon which validity of the instrument depends; the other. 10 accept the determination of all of these issues by the courts of the domicile of the testator. There is no method pointed out for admitting a will here as valid to the extent of appointment of an administrator of the estate, leaving the question of its validity to be determined at the domicile of the i estator. It is not conceivable that the courts of this state will inquire about and finally decide that a certain instrument is, or is not, a valid will, subject to having the determination reversed by the courts of any other state. Assuming the right of each state to assert complete jurisdiction in rem over all property of decedents found within the state, including the right to determine, through its tribunals, the validity or nonvalidity of a foreign will, it is equally tile right of each state, acting through its Legislature, to accept as conclusive the judgment of the courts of the domicile of the testator as to the validity of his will and to permit his property, found in the state, to bo disposed of according to the provisions of the will. I find in the sta hites sufficient evidence of a state policy which denies to the probate court of Saginaw county the jurisdiction which it assumed when it admitted the particular will to probate.”
In Matter of Rubens, 128 App. Div. 626, 112 N. Y. Supp. 941, affirmed by Court of Appeals on opinion below, holds that the will of Rubens, who died in France leaving property in New York, might be proved in New York even if not executed according to the laws of France. That this is the law I do not doubt. It is not a decision, however, that if a will of Rubens had been proved and probated in France as his will, and this one denied probate there on the ground of mental incompetency to make it, that the will proved here and denied probate there would control the distribution of the personal estate here. Neither does the case hold that the will will control the disposition of the personal estate of Rubens in New York. The effect of the will was not passed upon. And the question of testamentary capacity to make the will was not in question. It is not held in the Rubens Case that if Rubens had been shown domiciled in France, and then by the laws of his domicile declared incompetent to execute a will, the will would have been admitted to probate here. Indeed, Judge Clarke quotes with approval Surrogate Rollins in Matter of McMulkin, 5 Dem. Sur. (N. Y.) 295:
“There is no inconsistency between section 2011 as thus interpreted and section 20!)4. ® * * A will may he entitled to probate although all its dispositions of property may be discovered to be invalid. It was not intended to overthrow, the established law that the law of the domicile of a testator leaving a valid will determines the distribution of all personal property. Indeed. as said Judge Clarke, the will of a testator domiciled in one state relating to both real and personal property, or only real property, must be proved, if duly executed and the testator was competent to make a will, but it would have no effect in the disposition of real property in another state if not executed according to the laws of such state. The law that domicile controls disposition is not changed.”
In Cross et al. v. U. S. T. Co. et al., 131 N. Y. 330, 341, 30 N. E. 125, 127, 15 L. R. A. 606, 27 Am. St. Rep. 597, the court said:
*970 “Should our Legislature deem it for the public good to repeal the statute relating to wills, and to provide iliat all property should, upon the death of the owner, pass under the laws of intestacy, a disposition by will of personal property, actually within the territory of the state, but owned by a person domiciled in another state, would still he valid, providing it was valid by the law which governed the owner. When it is urged that we are bound by foreign law as to all the formal requisites of a will, as a testamentary instrument, the capacity of the testator to make it, and its legal construction, meaning and effect,-and not bound by such law with respect to the particular bequests by which the testatrix has distributed her property among her heirs .and next of kin, it is not perceived that such a distinction has any sound reason or principle to rest upon.”
The will of a person domiciled in New York must be proved! in New York, and Michigan recognizes its action as final and conclusive. It would be a violation of all rules of justice and comity for New York to say it will prove the will of a person domiciled in Michigan in its own courts and assert its action against the courts of Michigan and distribute the personal estate as it determines the will to be regardless of the action of the Michigan courts.
It is claimed that Mrs. Higgins has accepted benefits under the codicil as proved in New York, and' therefore is estopped to question its validity. I find no evidence establishing such fact. While in the first instance objections were filed to both will and codicil and memorandum, these were abandoned as to the will proper, and the sole question was over the codicil and memorandum. The proof of the will proper was and is valid, and the issue of letters to Hervey E. Eaton was and! is valid, and conferred power on him to pay all debts owing by Elizabeth S. Eaton, whether owing.to persons in New York state or elsewhere. He has the right to administer the estate, but not to distribute same except according to the law of the state of Michigan. How far he may be protected in making payments to Mrs. and Mr. Jacobs under the codicil can be determined in an appropriate proceeding. If I am correct in my understanding and interpretation of the will and codicil, allowing both to stand, and, if both stand, the executor is fully protected!, as the codicil in providing for the care of George A. Storms by Mrs. and Mr. Jacobs simply modifies the condition of the will imposing that duty on Mrs. Higgins, but does not revoke or annul the gift of $100 per month to her.
My conclusion, therefore, is pursuant to Waterman v. Canal Louisiana Bank & Trust Co., Executor, 215 U. S. 33, 30 Sup. Ct. 10, 54 L. Ed. 80, that the complainant, Susan C. Higgins, is entitled to a decree establishing her interest in the estate of Elizabeth S. Eaton, late of Ann Arbor, Mich., and now in the hands of Hervey E. Eaton, as executor, etc., under the last will and testament of said Elizabeth S. Eaton, viz., that the legacy to her of $100 per month for and during the term of her natural life is not revoked expressly or by implication or substitution, but is in full force and effect, and is a charge on the income of the personal estate and property of said testatrix to be paid in .due course of administration by said executor if distribution is retained in New York, or by the administration with the will annexed in case such property is transmitted to Michigan for
Decree accordingly, with costs to be paid from the estate in due course of administration