64 Ind. App. 159 | Ind. Ct. App. | 1917
This was a bastardy proceeding under §§1013-1034 Burns 1914, §§978-999 R. S. 1881. On March 9, 1908, the relatrix made complaint before Vinton S. Smith, a justice of the peace of Center township, Hancock county, Indiana, charging appellant with being the father of her child. Such further proceedings were had before such justice of the peace that appellant was adjudged the father, and recognized to appear in the Hancock Circuit Court where a transcript of the proceedings was filed.
Appellant, appearing specially in the circuit court, filed an answer to the jurisdiction of such court over the subject-matter and over his person. Such answer alleged, in substance, that appellant was never tried before a justice of the peace on said charge; that on October 23, 1914, he was required to appear before .Vinton A. Smith, who was not at such time a justice of the peace and before whom appellant appeared specially ; that Vinton A. Smith was, on March 1, 1914, duly appointed and qualified as deputy township assessor in and for Center township, Hancock county, Indiana, and by reason of which appointment he did assess as such deputy assessor many property holders living in said township since that date; that at the time of such appointment and qualification he claimed the title of justice of the peace in and for said township and for' many years prior thereto held himself out to be a justice of the peace in and for said township; that he was elected justice of the peace on the......day of
In appellant’s special appearance before Vinton A. Smith the objection to jurisdiction was: “That the said Vinton A. Smith is not now and for many years last past has not been a duly elected, qualified and acting justice of the peace in and for Center township, Hancock county, State of Indiana, in which township said cause of action’is now pending as aforesaid for trial.”
Appellee demurred to such answer for want of facts upon the following grounds: “1. The answer shows that Vinton A. Smith, before whom the preliminary hearing was had was a de facto justice of the peace and was acting as a justice of the peace under color of authority. 2. The answer attempts to question the jurisdiction of the court by a collateral attack upon the jurisdiction of the said Vinton A. Smith, to act in the capacity of a justice of the peace at the time of the aforesaid preliminary hearing, which jurisdiction may not be questioned in a collateral proceeding such as this, but only by a direct action for the purpose of trying •his title to such office of justice of peace.” The demurrer was sustained and appellant refused to plead
The controlling question presented by this appeal is whether or not Vinton A. Smith was an officer de facto on October 23, . 1914, when the preliminary hearing was held and appellant bound over to the circuit court. It therefore becomes material to inquire, What is an officer de facto ?
In a leading case, State v. Carroll (1871), 38 Conn. 449, 471, 472, 9 Am. Rep. 409, after an elaborate review of many decisions, it is said: “An officer de facto is one whose acts, though not those of a lawful officer, the law, upon principles of policy and justice, will' hold valid so far as they involve the interests of the public and third persons, where the duties of the office were exercised. First, without a known appointment or election, but under such circumstances of reputation or acquiescence as were calculated to induce people, without inquiry, to submit to or invoke his action, supposing him to be the officer he assumed to be. Second, under color of a known and valid appointment or election, but where the officer had failed to conform to some precedent requirement or condition, as to take an oath, give a bond, or the like. Third, under color of a known election or appointment, void because the officer was not eligible, or because there was a want of power in the electing or appointing body, or by reason of some defect or irregularity in its exercise, such ineligibility, want of power, or defect being unknown to the public. Fourth, under color of an election or appointment by or pursuant to a public unconstitutional law, before the same is adjudged to be such. Anything less compre
In the same case it is also said: “The de facto doctrine was introduced into the law as a matter of policy and necessity, to protect the interests of the public and individuals, where those interests were involved in the official acts of persons exercising the duties of an office, without being lawful officers. It was seen, as was said in Knowles v. Luce (Moore 109) that the public could not reasonably be compelled to inquire into the title of an officer, nor he compelled to show a title, and these became settled principles in the law. But to protect those who dealt with such officers when apparent incumbents of offices under such apparent circumstances of reputation or color as would lead men to' suppose they were legal officers, the law validated their acts as to the public and third persons, on the ground that, as to them, although not officers de jure, they were officers in fact, whose acts public policy required should be considered valid. It was not because of any quality or character conferred upon the officer,, or attached to him by reason of any defective election or appointment, but a name or character given to his acts by the law, for the purpose of validating them.”
In Case v. State, ex rel. (1879), 69 Ind. 46, a case somewhat analogous to the one before us, the court said: “It is contended by the appellant, that the facts alleged in the second paragraph of answer show that Hutchins had ceased to be a resident of Pike county before the alleged breach of his bond had occurred; that, by ceasing to be a resident of Pike county, he abandoned and forfeited his office as constable, and that for a breach of his bond, which occurred afterwards, his sureties are not liable; but we think he. was still a constable de facto, under color of office, and that his official acts were valid, and that for a breach of his official duty his sureties are liable. His right to the office could not be questioned collaterally; it could be done only in a direct ■ proceeding for that purpose. Until such proceedings were had, and he was ousted of his office, or his term expired, his sureties would remain liable for his misfeasance in office.” See, also, Woodside v. Wagg (1880), 71 Maine 207; Mechem, Public Officers §320; Sheehan’s Case (1877), 122 Mass. 445, 23 Am. Rep. 374.
.In Sheehan’s Case, supra, the justice ha'd accepted a seat in the legislature and it was contended that by accepting such office he vacated his office as special justice and that the commitment was therefore illegal. In the opinion of the court it is said: “If Mr. Hawkes, upon taking his seat in the House of Representatives, ceased to be a justice de jure, he was, by color of the commission which he still assumed to hold and* act under, having the usual signs of judicial office — sitting in the court, using its seal, and attended by its clerk— and no other person having been appointed in his stead,
This disposes of all the questions properly presented. Judgment affirmed.
Note. — Reported in 115 N. E. 601. Officers: de facto, definition, 140 Am. St. 165; right to hold two offices at the same time, 2 Ann. Cas. 380, 10 Ann. Cas. 697, Ann. Cas. 1915A 525. See under (1) 29 Cyc 1401; (2, 3) 24 Cyc 405.