78 Miss. 695 | Miss. | 1900
delivered the opinion of the court.
We áre relieved of unnecessary fullness in stating the law
Without more elaboration, we quote, to adopt as an accurate statement, the law announced in Weir v. Marley, 99 Mo., 494, s.c. 12 S. W., 798, 6 L. R. A., 672, a case cited by appellants’ counsel: “In all civilized countries, in which the family is regarded as the unit of social organization, its minor members must and ought to be subject to the custody and control of those who are immediately responsible for their being, for the reason that by nature there has been implanted in the human heart those seeds of parental and filial affection that will assure to the infant care and protection in the years of its helplessness, to be returned to the parents again'when they in their turn may need protection in their years of helplessness and of their child’s strength and maturity. The law at the birth of’ an infant imposes upon the parent the duty of such care and protection, to the performance of which the instincts of nature so readily prompt, and clothes him with the right of custody, and that he may perform it effectually, upon the presumption that such custody, being in harmony with nature, is best for the interest not only of the parent and child, but also of soci_ety._ 1 Conceding, however, that the primary object is the interest of the child, the presumption of the law is that its interest is to be in the custody of its parent. The law has made provision in two instances whereby this presumption may be overcome, in the statutes providing for the adoption and apprenticing of children, when, for their interest, this right of custody is permitted to be transferred to another. In regard
Such being the law applicable, let us examine each of the authorities cited by the appellants, analyzing carefully their facts. It is the facts of a case which make the case, and the expressions published, then, in cases are to be interpreted, if we wish to reach correct results, strictly in the light of the very facts of each particular case. What, tfien, are the cases upon which appellants rely ?
In the case of Sheers v. Stein, 75 Wis., 44, s.c. 43 N. W., 728, 5 L. R. A., 781, the facts were that the respondent was the sister of the father, seeking to recover the custody of his daughter, about ten years old at the time of the application. This sister had nursed the child and its father through a dangerous illness, of which the mother had died, the child being-then six months old, and, but for the aid of friends, the father and this infant daughter and a son, about five years old at that time, would have been dependent upon charity for support. The father never exhibited any affection for his daughter, though living in the family of his sister with her for three years, but avoided her, having very little to say to or to do with her. In 1886 the father married again, and moved to
In the case of Verser v. Ford, 37 Ark., 27, the facts were that the father had placed his infant daughter, at her birth, in the care of her grandmother and grandfather, the mother dying. The grandparents had kept the child for three years. It was very delicate in health. They understood its physical constitution, having nursed it. The father, marrying again, sought to recover the custody when the infant was only three years old. The order was merely temporary, the court remarking that the father might apply again when the child was more advanced in years; but at .that early age ‘ ‘ the infant needed female care, which is better insured by the natural affection of a grandmother than the inexperienced efforts of a father or the sense of duty of the second wife.”
The case of United States v. Green, 3 Mason, 482, Fed. Cas. No. 15,256, went off on a motion for an attachment against respondent because his answers were unsatisfactory. The case was disposed of by consent decree. It was a contract between father and grandfather as to the custody of an infant daughter, then attending a girl’s college. Judge Story very properly remarks “that the'father’s right is not absolute, but it is for the benefit of the infant, the law presuming it to be for its interest to be under the nurture and care of its natural protectpr, both for maintenance and education. When, therefore, the court is asked to lend its aid to put the infant into the custody of the father, and to withdraw him from other persons, it will look
Washaw v. Gimble, 50 Ark., 351, 7 S. W., 389, was a contest to recover the custody of a boy four and one-half years old, brought by the father, from a man and wife not of kin, who had had its custody from birth, and is precisely like the case in 37 Ark., in the disposition of the case, the court simply saying that the order was temporary, and as the child advanced in years the father might apply for the child, but the application was premature.
Marshall v. Reams, 32 Fla. ,499, s.c. 14 So., 95, was a contest between a humane master, to whom a boy sixteen years old had been apprenticed, and his uncle, to whom his mother intrusted his custody. The boy was an illegitimate child. He was sixteen years old at the time of the application, and expressed a strong preference against his .uncle. The evidence showed that the uncle, in the language of the court, had inflicted 1 ‘ immoderate and cruel punishment on the boy; had repeatedly whipped him- — -once with a switch three feet long; had compelled him-to fish by dragging his seine in cold weather, in ragged clothes, and shoes with his feet sticking through; and that he had scars on his body from a whipping inflicted by his uncle. ’ ’
Smith v. Bragg, 68 Ga., 650, was a contest between a father, who had married again, and an aunt, for the custody of a boy nine years old, which boy the aunt had nursed at her breast, and always cared for, and which boy his mother and father had abandoned,' contributing nothing to his support, and only seeking his custody rvhen he got old enough to labor.
Bentley v. Terry, 59 Ga., 555, was a contest between the parents and a childless aunt over the custody of a girl then eight years old. Mrs. Terry, the childless aunt, took the child when it was about two years old, almost lifeless, nursed it into health, the parents contributing nothing to its support within the eight years. There was a contract there by the parents that Mrs. Terry should have it. Section 1793, Code of Georgia,
Janes v. Cleghorn, 54 Ga., 9, is precisely like the case just analyzed, in that the decision rested expressly on the contract for the custody of the child, which the court held was valid under the Georgia code, and was not revocable. The child was only three years old when the application was made, and the court animadverts severely upon some sharp practice by which Cleghorn kidnaped the child from the custody of Mrs. Janes and her husband, who had no children.
In Chapsky v. Wood, 26 Kan., 650, the child was a girl only five and a half years old at the time of the trial, still in the period of helpless infancy. The court rested its decision upon this fact, and on the nature of the father, saying of him ‘ ‘ that there was a coldness, a lack of enórgy, and a shiftlessness of disposition which made him an unfit guardian for a warm-hearted child to develop under, and upon the significant fact that the father had not married again, and the child was the child of a disowned daughter-in-law and sister-in-law, and could not expect, therefore, from the aunt and grandmother the sympathy such a child needed.”
In Re Beckwith, 43 Kan., 159, s.c. 23 Pac., 164, the father was a drayman and a poor man, living in a rented house, intemperate in his habits, even using vulgar and profane language in his family, and the mother had gone to a son with the boy, the subject of the suit, and died there, requesting the son not to let his brother go back to the father. The father had with him one son and one daughter, both nearly of age, and the daughter declared her intention of leaving her father as soon as she got of age, and going to her brother, with whom two of his sisters were already living. It is perfectly obvious that
. In the case of Ellis v. Jesup, 11 Bush, 405, the contest was between the father and the sister-in-law, to whom the girl, then thirteen years of age, had been given when she was about two years of age, and with whom she had remained during all that period, the father never having contributed one cent to her support, and visiting her very rarely, though living in an adjacent county, only ten or twelve miles away from his sister-in-law. She and her husband were childless, and in every way were competent to give the child an excellent home and education. It also appears that the child had inherited some property, which, it would seem, the father was endeavoring to get control of, as it seems, by certain extraordinary proceedings set out in the suit, having for their object the removal of her guardian from office, and the child herself to a distant state. Besides, the child was over thirteen years of age, very intelligent, and protested against any change.
In the case of Com. v. Hammond, 10 Pick., 274, the court refused to decide upon the relative rights of a mother and a grandmother- as to the custody of an eleven-year-old girl, on the' ground that the liberty of the child was not interfered with in any way, and it has no bearing on this case.
In the case of Curtis v. Curtis, 5 Gray, 535, the girl was then sixteen years of age, and the decision was rested upon two propositions, chiefly that she was old enough to judge for herself, and that the mother had lost. her rights by indenture, which estopped her. . It is further to be noticed that the court did not award the custody of the girl, but left her at large to go- where she pleased. These two last cases are not in point under our law. Moore v. Christian, 56 Miss., 408.
In the case of Lucile Stockman, 71 Mich., 180, s.c. 38 N. W., 876, the contest was between parental and maternal grandparents over the custody of Lucile, who was nine years of age
Corrie v. Corrie, 42 Mich., 509, s.c. 4 N. W., 213, was a contest between father and mother, who were living apart, for the custody of a daughter, Fanny, seven years of age at the time, and living with her mother in Detroit. The court found that the father was not' a suitable person to have possession of his child, and denied his application upon that ground.
Weir v. Marley, 99 Mo., 484, s.c. 12 S. W. 798, 6 L. R. A., 672, and the Scarritt case, 76 Mo., 565, cited by counsel for appellants, are the strongest sort of cases for appellee.
In the McShan case, 56 Miss., 413, the father was attempting to recover the custody of two children of very tender years from the mother. He had deserted this mother in the state of Arkansas when one of these children was two and a half years old, and a few months before the birth of the other, taking with him all the money in the house, and leaving his wife a very small supply of provisions. She scrambled back to her father’s house in Itawamba county, where they found a good home. He had contributed nothing to the support of 'these children in the meantime. One of the children, at the time of the application, was five years old, the other three. The court rested its decision in refusing to disturb the custody of the children with the mother on the fact of their very tender age and the father’s cruel and inexcusable conduct in abandoning his wife and children when and where he did.
The Waldron case, 13 Johns., 417, like the two cases previously cited from Massachusetts, did not award the custody of the child, but' simply held that her liberty was not restrained, she being with her mother and her grandfather, a man of wealth, all of whose property she was to inherit, and the father was
The case of Joseph Murphy, 12 How. Prac., 513, went off upon the notion entertained by the court that the father’s gift of the child was legal under the statute of the state of New York at that time, the child being only nine years of age, and having spent all its life with an uncle and aunt, from whose custody he sought to take him.
In the case of People v. Erbert, 17 Abb. Prac., 395, the father had turned over his three children (on the death of' his wife), aged eight, six, and. five years, to respondent, abundantly able to provide for them. The father failed to pay board-as agreed to, and the children were legally indentured to the respondent. The father sought to recover these children- after a second marriage. The court expressly decided the case.upon the ground that the father’s testimony in the case was perjured, and that he could not be believed, and that he was utterly insolvent; that he ivas the keeper of a drinking saloon in Chicago, and that his second wife’s conduct in possessing herself fraudulently and forcibly of one of the children, in defiance of the authority of the court, showed her unfitness.
In Spears v. Snell, 74 N. C., 215, the contest was between an uncle with whom the boy, then thirteen years old, had been all his life, and the stepfather. The uncle had been married for ten years, and had no children. The stepfather was a roving tenant cropper. The mother desired the child to remain with the uncle. ' The court expressly adverts to the fact that the stepfather was under no legal obligation to provide for the child, and that the mother wanted him to remain with the uncle.
In Richards v. Collins, 45 N. J. Eq., 286, s.c. 17 Atl., 831, the contest was between the parent and an uncle and aunt for the custody of a girl who was old enough to make a sensible choice as to which one she would go with. Durjng all the years she had been with her uncle and aunt, the parents, either
In Sturdevant v. State, 15 Neb., 459, s.c. 19 N. W., 617, the contest was between the father, twenty-three years old, and' the grandparents, over the custody of an infant girl, just eight months old. The court very properly rested its decision on the age and sex of the child, expressly awarding custody to-the grandparents “until such time as its age and condition-would justify the father in assuming the custody.”
In State v. Libbey, 44 N. H., 324, the contest was between the father and the grandparents for the custody of a child then six and a half years old, which had been left with the grandparents four and a half years, and the court held that, as the father and stepmother were suitable persons, the custody should be awarded to the father. It is a strong case for appelleeThis case also shows that Pool v. Gott, 14 Law Rep., 269, was a case where a child had been given at its birth to grandparents, who. kept the child for fourteen years, wholly at their1 expense, the father contributing nothing, and taking no interest in the child.
The case of State v. Barrett, 45 N. H., 15, holds the unsound doctrine, now almost universally repudiated, that a contract for the transfer of the child by the father binds the father.. Such contracts are manifestly void as against public policy.
The case of Gishwiler v. Dodez, 4 Ohio St., 615, was a contest between a. father on one hand and the mother and another woman, who was a fortune teller, and her husband, who was a man of unsound mind, over the custody of an infant daughter four and a half years old. Father and mother were living apart by reason of the wife’s fault. The wife was a drunkard, profane in her language, a notorious liar, had taught the little girl to swear, and was of very ungovernable temper. It certainly needs no argument to show that the father should have had the child.
The case of Clark v. Bayer, 32 Ohio St., 299, was a contest
In Com. v. Gilkeson, 1 Phila., 194, the girl was fifteen years of age, and had been transferred by father and mother, under contract, to the custody of an aunt and uncle, the aunt and uncle agreeing to adopt her as their child. The court held the contract valid as against the father and mother, and the judgment was simply that the girl should be discharged from restraint and left to go where she pleased.
In Hoxsie v. Potter, 16 R. I., 374, s.c. 17 Atl., 129, an indigent widowed mother put her infant child in the care of her deceased husband’s sister at the age of three months, and left it with her for nine years. The mother had three other children whom she parceled out among her relatives. She then worked for her own support for four years, when she married Mr. Hoxsie. Then she brought suit for this infant. The child received no support whatever from her during these nine years, the mother never having seen the child but once in the nine years. The'court in this case found that the mother did not give the child absolutely, but only until she could care for it herself, and under these circumstances the extent of the judgment was that the' child should remain with its aunt until a change might make it proper to award the custody to the mother. The judgment was only temporary.
In Jones v. Darnall, 103 Ind., 569, s. c. 2 N. E., 229, the boy was of very tender years at the time of the application by the father to recover his custody from the maternal grand
In Bryan v. Lyon, 104 Ind., 227, s.c. 3 N. E., 880, the contest was between father and two uncles over the custody of a boy ten years old and a girl eight years old. The mother of the children had been divorced from the father because he wholly failed to provide the necessaries of life, was utterly worthless, and wholly unsuited for the care of the children, and the court awarded the custody to the uncles, as against him, on this ground. During the six years after the divorce until the death of the wife he never once came to see the children, and never contributed one cent at any time, except $7 5 in the year 1881. He married a second wife, by whom he had another child, who was also with its maternal relations. He had no home of his own, and the court put its decision expressly upon his unfitness for their custody.
In Bonnett v. Bonnett, 61 Iowa, 199, s.c. 16 N. W., 91, the contest was between the' mother and the stepfather and the grandparents for the custody of an infant daughter of four years of age, who had been with her grandparents most of the time since her birth. There was a contract in this case for the transfer of the child, and the court held it valid-, and put its decision on that ground, and that the stepfather was under no legal obligation to support the child, and that the birth of children to the mother and stepfather would create new obligations; but the chief ground was the alleged validity of the contract.
In the case of Drumb v. Keen, 47 Iowa, 435, the contest was between the father and the grandparents for a boy five years old at the time. The father lived in the Indian Territory, had no person to care for the child except an Indian or negro
In the case of Ex parte Schumpert, 6 Rich. L., 344, the wife was compelled to leave her husband’s home and go to her father’s roof, taking with her an infant daughter, four years of age at the time of the last application by the husband. He had made two previous applications, when the child was about one year old and when about two years old. The court rested its decision upon the age and sex of the child, allowing the mother so keep it, and upon the unwarranted conduct of the father in forcing his wife from home.
In the case of Ingram v. Smith, 1 Head, 410, it appears that the child was a female, frail and unhealthy, only eight years old, and had been principally reared by her grandmother, in every way able to care for her. The father had neither home nor property.
The case of Legate v. Legate, 87 Texas, 248, s.c. 28 S. W., 281, was a contest over the custody of a little girl only two years old at the time, who had been placed with its foster parents since it was three months old. The court held that a contract for the custody of the child is not void, but did not decide to whom the custody of the child in the case should be awarded, the court answering merely questions certified to it.
In the case of Stringfellow v. Somerville, 95 Va., 701, s.c. 29 S. E., 685, 40 L. R. A., 623, the child was a girl, six years old, placed in the custody of aunts by the will of the mother, acquiesced in by the father. The court, at pages 706, 707, 95 Va. (page 687, 29 S. E., and page 625, 40 L. R. A.), shows that the decision was put upon the immorality of the father and
Green v. Campbell, 35 W. Va., 698, s.c. 14 S. E., 212, is a contest, on the one hand, between the father and stepmother and the grandparents for the custody of a boy five years old. The decision expressly rested on the ground that a contract for the custody of the child was valid.
In Re Goodenough, 19 Wis., 274, a little girl had been placed, at six years of age, with foster parents, and she had stayed there six years, the home being in every respect all it ought to be, and at the time she was placed there she and her mother were inmates of the county poorhouse, and the father a convict in the state prison, and there was no evidence to show that there had been any change in him morally or that he was pecuniarily fitted to care for his child, and it was on this last ground expressly that the case went off.
In Cunningham v. Barnes, 37 W. Va., 756, s.c. 17 S. E., 308, the contest was over a child seven years of age, whose custody had been given by contract to the grandparents by the dying mother. These grandparents had wholly supported the child, the father contributing nothing. The father was shown' to be immoral, high-tempered, without property. The court expressly held (pages 754, 755, 37 W. Va. , page 312, 17 S. E.) that the contract was valid, ,and rested its decision on that ground and upon the unfitness of the father. The stepmother in this case had made the father promise not to bring the child to her home, to which the court also refers.
The case of Fullilove v. BanksE, 62 Miss., 11, was expressly decided upon the ground that the mother should not recover the custody of her illegitimate child from its alleged grandmother, because the mother was a common prostitute.
In the case of Com. v. Addicks, 5 Bin., 520, the father of two female children, aged respectively seven and ten years, was endeavoring to recover their custody from his former
What, now, are the facts of this particular case ? A great and largely controlling fact is that the father is just as suitable a person, morally, financially and socially, to have the custody of these children as the appellants. The finding of that fact makes it absolutely necessary that the evidence shall show1 clearly an abandonment by the father of his children, operating in law as a forfeiture of his natural and legal right to their custody. Addressing the facts in this record to the solution of that inquiry, is there any such abandonment shown in this case ? When the wife died the father was prosperous, owned his home and a partnership in four different drug stores. He never claimed anything from the Armistead estate, the income from which was about $400 per year, and in which his wife owned a one-sixth share. After his wife died, leaving the children — a boy, a mere infant, about four months old, and a girl about three years old — with their grandmother, the father went to Birmingham, Ala. He sustained, in common with a great many others about that time, great loss, as a consequence of which he was forced to take the benefit of the bankrupt law. Struggling on, he has succeeded in regaining his financial footing, has married a woman of large means and excellent character, who has built in Birmingham a new and elegant home. This lady, a widow when he married her, has always been childless, having no children by her present husband to divide her affection, though she has been married to her present husband since June, 1895. At the time of the death of the mother, Mrs. Hibbette and Mrs. Land were young ladies,
From the wife’s death, in 1889, until July, 1891, the father remitted monthly to Mrs. Armistead, for the children, twenty-five dollars. He failed in July, 1891, and sent for some
The present Mrs. Baines made some presents to the children, and she is shown by the testimony of two witnesses to have manifested for them affection and tenderness and a desire to promote their happiness. What does the record show' as to the state of feeling between the father and his children ? The father came from Birmingham to see his children several times every year, except for one interval of two years, and was visited by his children at his home in Birmingham; and there was a regular correspondence kept up between him and the aunts and the grandmother, and letters were also regularly written or messages sent for the children to their father. These letters and messages on the part of the children breathe the tenderest affection. They call him ££ Darling Pops ’ ’ and anticipated his visits with greatest pleasure. On his part his letters show the deepest and most constant affection and solicitude. We do not think the expression on the part of these children of a prefer
We have purposely left for the last the alleged contract in the adoption proceeding. It was prayed that the grandmother should have the children for her own during her life, and the aunts after her death. There is considerable conflict in the testimony as to what precisely did occur at the deathbed of the wife and mother. It was a scene of pathetic interest beyond power of words properly to describe. The very tenderness and silence and awful sanctity of that scene — the last interview between the husband and wife — would make it doubly hard for the husband to express any dissent, if he felt it, from her expressed wishes. The cold processes of reason, proper enough as tests of conduct in the ordinary transactions of life, are not the alembic by which to try the reasonableness of conduct in
In the changing scenes of life is it at all unreasonable to anticipate the time when these aunts may live in different homes, distant from each other, and if that time shall come, will not there be as cruel a severance of affection’s ties between one aunt and the boy and the other aunt and the girl, and also between the brother and the sister ? Again, one of the aunts has children of her own, possibly also the other. There would then be two sets of children in each household. It is not natural that the same affection could exist between the aunts and these cüildren which would exist between the mothers and their own children. Most obviously these gentlemen, Mr. Land and Mr. Hibbette, are entitled to the highest praise for their noble conduct in agreeing to take care of these children, and these aunts for their pure and unselfish love lavished upon them for years. But they are not legally bound for the maintenance and education of these children. If death should remove them — as it removes us all in time —where, then, would be the expectation of these children % Is it not clear that all they get from uncles and aunts while living is bounty merely, and that at the •death of the uncles and aunts they cannot become their heirs if nearer kin be living ? Shall these two children grow up with this sense of dependence embittering life ? All this is wholly different under the father’s roof. He is bound by the law of the land to maintain and educate these children. They become his heirs when he dies intestate. So far as this record discloses, they have so far experienced from the stepmother kindness alone. Every consideration would prompt her to continue that kindness. Love for the husband, if there were none for the children, would demand this, that there might be peace in the home. But the testimony is that she has manifested affection for them, evidenced by substantia] tokens.
Summing up, then, our review of the facts touching the contract, two things seem to us clear: first, that, if the contract was as contended by appellants, they cannot claim any right under it, since it is utterly void; second, that, if you look at the contract as illumining the relations of the parties in connection with all the circumstances of the case, it is plain that the father has never abandoned these, children or lost his right to reclaim their custody. The duty which has been placed
Pronouncing now the judgment of the law, after the most painstaking consideration of this case, we are constrained to
Affirm the judgment of the learned court below.